[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is something about phsyics
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been really bothering me\Nsince I was a little kid.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's related to a question
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that scientists have been asking\Nfor almost 100 years
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no answer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do the smallest things in nature --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the particles of the quantum world --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,match up with the largest\Nthings in nature --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,planets and stars and galaxies\Nheld together by gravity?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a kid I would puzzle\Nover questions just like this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would fiddle around with\Nmicroscopes and electromagnets,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would read about\Nthe forces of the small,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about quantum mechanics,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would marvel
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at how well that description\Nmatched up to our observation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I would look at the stars,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would read about how well\Nwe understand gravity,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would think surely there\Nmust be some elegant way
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these two systems match up,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's not.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the books would say,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yeah, we understand a lot about\Nthese two realms separetely,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we try to link them mathematically,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything breaks.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for 100 years,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of our ideas\Nas to how to solve this --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physics disaster,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has ever been supported by evidence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to little old me,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little, curious, skeptical James,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was a supremely unsatisfying answer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm still a skeptical little kid --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, flash-forward now\Nto December of 2015,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I found myself smack in the middle
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the physics world\Nbeing flipped on its head.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all started when we at CERN\Nsaw something intriguing in our data;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hint of a new particle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an inkling of a possibly extraordinary\Nanswer to this question.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm still a skeptical\Nlittle kid, I think,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm also now a particle hunter.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am a physicist at CERN's Large\NHadron Collider,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest science\Nexperiment ever mounted.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a 27-kilometer tunnel\Non the border of France and Switzerland
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buried 100 meters underground.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this tunnel,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we use superconducting magnets\Ncolder than outer space
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accelerate protons\Nto almost the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and slam them into each other\Nmillions of times per second,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collecting the debris of these collisions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to search for new, undiscovered\Nfundamental particles.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its design and construction\Ntook decades of work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by thousands of physicists\Nfrom around the globe,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the summer of 2015,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had been working tirelessly\Nto switch on the LHC
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the highest energy that humans\Nhave ever used in a collider experiment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, higher energy is important
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because for particles\Nthere is an equivalence
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between energy and particle mass,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mass is just number\Nput there by nature.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To discover new particles,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to reach these bigger numbers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to do that,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to build a bigger,\Nhigher energy collider,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the biggest, highest energy collider\Nin the world is the Large Hadron Collider.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we collide protons\Nquadrillions of times,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we collect this data very slowly\Nover months and months.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the new particles might show up\Nin our data as bumps --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slight deviations from what you expect.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little clusters of data points\Nthat make a smooth line not so smooth.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this bump,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after months of data taking in 2012,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to the discovery\Nof the Higgs particle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Higgs boson,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to a Nobel Prize\Nfor the confirmation of its existence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This jump up in energy in 2015
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represented the best chance\Nthat we as a species had ever had
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at discovering new particles --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new answers to these\Nlongstanding questions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was almost twice\Nas much energy as we used
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we discovered the Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of my colleagues had been working\Ntheir entire careers for this moment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frankly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to little curious me,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was the moment I'd been\Nwaiting for my entire life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 2015 was go time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So June 2015,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the LHC is switched back on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleagues and I held our breath\Nand bit our fingernails,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then finally we saw the first\Nproton collisions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this highest energy ever.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Applause, champagne, celebration.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a milestone for science,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had no idea what we would find\Nin this brand new data.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then a few weeks\Nlater we found a bump.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't a very big bump,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was big enough to make you\Nraise your eyebrow.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on a scale of one to 10\Nfor eyebrow raises,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if 10 indicates that you've\Ndiscovered a new particle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this eyebrow raise was about a four.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spent hours, days, weeks\Nin secret meetings
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arguing with my colleagues\Nover this little bump,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poking and prodding it with our\Nmost ruthless experimental sticks
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if it would withstand scrutiny.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even after months\Nof working feverishly --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sleeping in our offices\Nand not going home,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,candy bars for dinner,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coffee by the bucket full --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physicists are machines for turning\Ncoffee into diagrams --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump would not go away.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after a few months,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we presented our little bump to the world\Nwith a very clear message:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this little bump is interesting\Nbut it's not definitive,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let's keep an eye on it\Nas we take more data.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we were trying to be\Nextremely cool about it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the world ran with it anyway.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The news loved it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People said it reminded\Nthem of the little bump
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was shown on the way\Ntowards the Higgs boson discovery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Better than that,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my theorist colleagues --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love my theorist colleagues --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my theorist colleagues wrote 500 papers\Nabout this little bump.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world of particle phsyics\Nhas been flipped on its head.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what was it about this particular bump
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cause thousands of physicists\Nto collectively lose their cool?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump was unique.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump indicated
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were seeing an unexpectedly\Nlarge number of collisions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose debris consisted\Nof only two photons --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two particles of light.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's rare.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particle collisions are not\Nlike automobile collisions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have different rules.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When two particles collide\Nat almost the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quantum world takes over.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the quantum world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these two particles can briefly\Ncreate a new particle
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lives for a tiny fraction of a second
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before splitting into other particles\Nthat hit our detector.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a car collision where\Nthe two cars vanish upon impact,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bicycle appears in their place --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then that bicycle explodes\Ninto two skateboards
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which hit our detector.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully not literally --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're very expensive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The events where only two photons\Nhit out detector are very rare.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because of the special\Nquantum properties of photons,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually have --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a very small\Nnumber of new particles --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these mythical bicycles --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can give birth to only two photons.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one of these options is huge,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has to do with\Nthat longstanding question
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bothered me as a tiny little kid
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about gravity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So gravity may seem super strong to you,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's actually crazily weak\Ncompared to the other forces of nature.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can briefly beat gravity when I jump,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I can't pick a proton out of my hand.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The strength of gravity compared\Nto the other forces of nature
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it ten to the minus 39.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a decimal with 39 zeros after it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worse than that,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the other known forces of nature
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are perfectly described by this thing\Nthat we call the Standard Model,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is our current best description\Nof nature at its smallest scales,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quite frankly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most successful\Nachievements of humankind ...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for gravity which is absent\Nfrom the Standard Model.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's crazy.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's almost as though most\Nof gravity has gone missing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We feel a little bit of it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but where's the rest of it?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one knows.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one theoretical explanation\Nproposes a wild solution.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You and I --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even you in the back --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we live in three dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope that's a\Nnon-controversial statement.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the known particles also live\Nin three dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact a particle is just a name
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an excitation\Nin a three-dimensional field;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a localized wobbling in space.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More importantly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the math that we use\Nto describe all this stuff
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assumes that there are only\Nthree dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But math is math,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can play around\Nwith our math however we want,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people have been playing around\Nwith extra dimensions of space
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a very long time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's always been an abstract\Nmathematical concept.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean just look around you --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you at the back,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look around you --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's clearly only\Nthree dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if that's not true?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the miss gravity is leaking\Ninto an extra spacial dimension
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's invisible to you and I.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if gravity is just as strong\Nas the other forces
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were to view it in this\Nextra spacial dimension?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you and I experience\Nis a tiny slice of gravity --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make it seem very weak.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this were true,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would have to expand\Nour Standard Model of particles
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to include an extra particle;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hyperdimensional particle of gravity,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a special graviton that lives\Nin extra spacial dimensions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I see the looks on your faces.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should be asking me the question,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How in the world are we going to test\Nthis crazy science-fiction idea
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stuck as we are in three dimensions?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way we always do;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by slamming together two protons --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hard enough that the\Ncollision reverberates
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into any extra spacial dimensions\Nthat might be there,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,momentarily creating\Nthis hyperdimensional graviton
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that then snaps back into\Nthe three dimensions of the LHC,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spits off two photons --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two particles of light.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this hypothetical,\Nextradimensional graviton
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the only possible\Nhypothetical new particles
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has the special quantum properties
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could give birth to our little,\Ntwo-photon bump.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the possibility of explaining\Nthe mysteries of gravity,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of discovering extra\Ndimensions of space,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps now you get a sense
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as to why thousands of physics geeks\Ncollectively lost their cool
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over out little, two-photon bump.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A discovery of this type\Nwould rewrite the textbooks.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But remember,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the message from us experimentalists
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually were doing\Nthis work at the time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was very clear:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need more data.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With more data,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the little bump will either turn into\Na nice, crisp Nobel Prize,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the extra data will fill in\Nthe space around the bump,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turn it into a nice, smooth line.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we took more data,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with five times the data,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several months later,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our little bump turned into a smooth line.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The news reported\Non a "huge disappointment,"\N
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on "faded hopes,"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on particle physicists "being sad."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Given the tone of the coverage,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd think that we had decided\Nto shut down the LHC and go home.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not what we did.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why not?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, if I didn't\Ndiscover a particle --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I didn't --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I didn't discover a particle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why am I here talking to you?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why didn't I just hang my head in shame
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go home?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particle physicists are explorers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very much of what\Nwe do is cartography.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to put it this way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forget about the LHC for a second.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine you are a space explorer\Narriving at a distant planet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,searching for aliens.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is your first task?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To immediately orbit the planet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,land, take a quick look around\Nfor any big, obvious signs of life,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and report back to home base.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the stage we're at now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took a first look at the LHC
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for any new, big,\Nobvious-to-spot particles,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can report that there are none.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We saw a weird-looking alien bump\Non a distant mountain,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but once we got closer,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we saw it was a rock.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then what do we do?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we just give up and fly away?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolutely not.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would be terrible scientists if we did.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We spend the next\Ncouple of decades exploring,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mapping out the territory,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sifting through the sand\Nwith a fine instrument,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,peeking under every stone,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drilling under the surface.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New particles can either\Nshow up immediately
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as big, obvious-to-spot bumps,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they can only reveal themselves\Nafter years of data taking.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humanity has just begun its exploration\Nof the LHC at this big, high energy,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have much searching to do.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if even after 10 or 20 years\Nwe still find no new particles?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We build a bigger machine.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We search at higher energies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We search at higher energies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planning is already underway\Nfor a 100-kilometer tunnel
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will collide particles\Nat 10 times the energy of the LHC.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't decide where nature\Nplaces new particles.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We only decided to keep exploring.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if even after\Na 100-kilometer tunnel,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a 500-kilometer tunnel,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 10,000-kilometer collider,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,floating in space between\Nthe earth and the moon,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still find no new particles?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then perhaps we're doing\Nparticle physics wrong.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps we need to rethink things.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we need more --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resources, technology, expertise\Nthan what we currently have.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We already use artificial intelligence\Nand machine-learning techniques
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in parts of the LHC,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but imagine designing\Na particle physics experiment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using such sophisticated algorithms
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it could teach itself to discover\Na hyperdimensional graviton.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what it?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the ultimate question,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even artificial intelligence can't\Nhelp us answer our question?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if these open questions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for centuries,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are destined to be unanswered\Nfor the foreseeable future?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the stuff that's bothered me\Nsince I was a little kid
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is destined to be unanswered\Nin my lifetime?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then that will be even more fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will be forced to think\Nin completely new ways.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll have to go back to our assumptions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and determine if there\Nwas a flaw somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll need to encourage more people\Nto join us in studying science
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since we need fresh eyes\Non these century-old problems.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't have the answers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm still searching for them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But someone --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe she's in school right now,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe she's not even born yet --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could eventually guide us to see\Nphysics in a completely new way,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to point out that perhaps\Nwe're just asking th wrong questions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which would not be the end of physics,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a novel beginning.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)