[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.00,0:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Nature sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first began recording wild soundscapes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,45 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had no idea that ants,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insect larvae, sea anemones and viruses
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created a sound signature.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.00,0:00:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so does every wild habitat on the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Amazon rainforest you're hearing behind me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, temperate and tropical rain forests
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each produce a vibrant animal orchestra,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that instantaneous and organized expression
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And every soundscape that springs from a wild habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generates its own unique signature,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that contains incredible amounts of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's some of that information I want to share with you today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.00,0:01:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The soundscape is made up of three basic sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is the geophony,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the nonbiological sounds that occur
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.00,0:01:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in any given habitat,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like wind in the trees, water in a stream,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waves at the ocean shore, movement of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.00,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second of these is the biophony.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biophony is all of the sound
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's generated by organisms in a given habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at one time and in one place.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third is all of the sound that we humans generate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's called anthrophony.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of it is controlled, like music or theater,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most of it is chaotic and incoherent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.00,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which some of us refer to as noise.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a time when I considered wild soundscapes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a worthless artifact.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were just there, but they had no significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I was wrong. What I learned from these encounters
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that careful listening gives us incredibly valuable tools
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.00,0:02:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which to evaluate the health of a habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.00,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the entire spectrum of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I began recording in the late '60s,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the typical methods of recording were limited
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the fragmented capture of individual species
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like birds mostly, in the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but later animals like mammals and amphibians.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, this was a little like trying to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the magnificence of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by abstracting the sound of a single violin player
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the context of the orchestra
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hearing just that one part.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, more and more institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are implementing the more holistic models
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.00,0:02:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I and a few of my colleagues have introduced
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the field of soundscape ecology.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I began recording over four decades ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could record for 10 hours
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and capture one hour of usable material,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good enough for an album or a film soundtrack
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a museum installation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, because of global warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resource extraction,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and human noise, among many other factors,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can take up to 1,000 hours or more
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.00,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to capture the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fully 50 percent of my archive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from habitats so radically altered
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they're either altogether silent
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or can no longer be heard in any of their original form.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The usual methods of evaluating a habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been done by visually counting the numbers of species
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the numbers of individuals within each species in a given area.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, by comparing data that ties together
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both density and diversity from what we hear,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm able to arrive at much more precise fitness outcomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to show you some examples
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that typify the possibilities unlocked
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by diving into this universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Lincoln Meadow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.00,0:04:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lincoln Meadow's a three-and-a-half-hour drive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.00,0:04:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,east of San Francisco in the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at about 2,000 meters altitude,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've been recording there for many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1988, a logging company convinced local residents
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there would be absolutely no environmental impact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a new method they were trying
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called "selective logging,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking out a tree here and there
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than clear-cutting a whole area.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With permission granted to record
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both before and after the operation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I set up my gear and captured a large number of dawn choruses
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to very strict protocol and calibrated recordings,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I wanted a really good baseline.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.00,0:04:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an example of a spectrogram.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.00,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A spectrogram is a graphic illustration of sound
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with time from left to right across the page --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15 seconds in this case is represented —
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.00,0:04:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frequency from the bottom of the page to the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.00,0:05:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lowest to highest.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see that the signature of a stream
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is represented here in the bottom third or half of the page,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.00,0:05:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while birds that were once in that meadow
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are represented in the signature across the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were a lot of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.00,0:05:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's Lincoln Meadow before selective logging.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Nature sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, a year later I returned,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and using the same protocols
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recording under the same conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I recorded a number of examples
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the same dawn choruses,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now this is what we've got.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.00,0:05:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is after selective logging.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that the stream is still represented
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.00,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the bottom third of the page,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but notice what's missing in the top two thirds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:06:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Nature sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.00,0:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coming up is the sound of a woodpecker.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I've returned to Lincoln Meadow 15 times
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last 25 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can tell you that the biophony,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the density and diversity of that biophony,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.00,0:06:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has not yet returned to anything like it was
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the operation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's a picture of Lincoln Meadow taken after,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.00,0:06:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see that from the perspective of the camera
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.00,0:06:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the human eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.00,0:06:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hardly a stick or a tree appears to be out of place,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would confirm the logging company's contention
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's nothing of environmental impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.00,0:06:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, our ears tell us a very different story.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.00,0:06:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Young students are always asking me
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:06:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what these animals are saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really I've got no idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.00,0:07:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I can tell you that they do express themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.00,0:07:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether or not we understand it is a different story.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.00,0:07:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was walking along the shore in Alaska,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.00,0:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I came across this tide pool
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filled with a colony of sea anemones,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these wonderful eating machines,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relatives of coral and jellyfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:07:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And curious to see if any of them made any noise,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.00,0:07:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I dropped a hydrophone,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.00,0:07:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an underwater microphone covered in rubber,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.00,0:07:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down the mouth part,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.00,0:07:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and immediately the critter began
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.00,0:07:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to absorb the microphone into its belly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the tentacles were searching out of the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.00,0:07:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for something of nutritional value.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.00,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The static-like sounds that are very low,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're going to hear right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Static sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.00,0:07:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, but watch. When it didn't find anything to eat --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.00,0:07:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Honking sound)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that's an expression that can be understood
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.00,0:07:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in any language.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.00,0:07:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of its breeding cycle,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Great Basin Spadefoot toad
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,digs itself down about a meter under
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hard-panned desert soil of the American West,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.00,0:08:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it can stay for many seasons
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.00,0:08:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until conditions are just right for it to emerge again.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when there's enough moisture in the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the spring, frogs will dig themselves to the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.00,0:08:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gather around these large, vernal pools
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in great numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they vocalize in a chorus
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.00,0:08:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's absolutely in sync with one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they do that for two reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is competitive, because they're looking for mates,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:08:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the second is cooperative,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.00,0:08:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if they're all vocalizing in sync together,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes it really difficult for predators like coyotes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,foxes and owls to single out any individual for a meal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a spectrogram of what the frog chorusing looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's in a very healthy pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:09:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Frogs croaking)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.00,0:09:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mono Lake is just to the east of Yosemite National Park
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in California,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.00,0:09:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a favorite habitat of these toads,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.00,0:09:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's also favored by U.S. Navy jet pilots,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who train in their fighters flying them at speeds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.00,0:09:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exceeding 1,100 kilometers an hour
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.00,0:09:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and altitudes only a couple hundred meters
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.00,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above ground level of the Mono Basin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very fast, very low, and so loud
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.00,0:09:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the anthrophony, the human noise,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.00,0:09:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though it's six and a half kilometers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.00,0:09:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the frog pond you just heard a second ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.00,0:09:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it masked the sound of the chorusing toads.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.00,0:09:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see in this spectrogram that all of the energy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.00,0:09:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was once in the first spectrogram is gone
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.00,0:09:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the top end of the spectrogram,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.00,0:09:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that there's breaks in the chorusing at two and a half,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.00,0:09:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four and a half, and six and a half seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the sound of the jet, the signature,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:09:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in yellow at the very bottom of the page.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.00,0:10:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Frogs croaking)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.00,0:10:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now at the end of that flyby,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.00,0:10:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it took the frogs fully 45 minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.00,0:10:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to regain their chorusing synchronicity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.00,0:10:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during which time, and under a full moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we watched as two coyotes and a great horned owl
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came in to pick off a few of their numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.00,0:10:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is that, with a little bit of habitat restoration
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.00,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fewer flights, the frog populations,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once diminishing during the 1980s and early '90s,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have pretty much returned to normal.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.00,0:10:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to end with a story told by a beaver.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.00,0:10:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very sad story,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.00,0:10:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it really illustrates how animals
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.00,0:10:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can sometimes show emotion,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very controversial subject among some older biologists.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.00,0:10:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A colleague of mine was recording in the American Midwest
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.00,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around this pond that had been formed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe 16,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.00,0:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was also formed in part by a beaver dam
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:11:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at one end that held that whole ecosystem together
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.00,0:11:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a very delicate balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one afternoon, while he was recording,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.00,0:11:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there suddenly appeared from out of nowhere
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a couple of game wardens,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who for no apparent reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walked over to the beaver dam,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.00,0:11:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dropped a stick of dynamite down it, blowing it up,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.00,0:11:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killing the female and her young babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Horrified, my colleagues remained behind
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to gather his thoughts
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.00,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to record whatever he could the rest of the afternoon,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that evening, he captured a remarkable event:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lone surviving male beaver swimming in slow circles
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crying out inconsolably for its lost mate and offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.00,0:11:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is probably the saddest sound
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.00,0:12:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've ever heard coming from any organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human or other.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.00,0:12:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Beaver crying)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.00,0:12:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah. Well.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.00,0:12:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many facets to soundscapes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among them the ways in which animals taught us to dance and sing,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'll save for another time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.00,0:12:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you have heard how biophonies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.00,0:12:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help clarify our understanding of the natural world.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.00,0:12:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've heard the impact of resource extraction,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.00,0:12:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human noise and habitat destruction.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.00,0:12:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And where environmental sciences have typically
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.00,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to understand the world from what we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a much fuller understanding can be got from what we hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Biophonies and geophonies are the signature voices
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.00,0:13:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the natural world,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as we hear them,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.00,0:13:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're endowed with a sense of place,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.00,0:13:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the true story of the world we live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.00,0:13:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a matter of seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.00,0:13:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a soundscape reveals much more information
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.00,0:13:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from many perspectives,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from quantifiable data to cultural inspiration.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Visual capture implicitly frames
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a limited frontal perspective of a given spatial context,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.00,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while soundscapes widen that scope
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a full 360 degrees, completely enveloping us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.00,0:13:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while a picture may be worth 1,000 words,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.00,0:13:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a soundscape is worth 1,000 pictures.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.00,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our ears tell us
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:13:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the whisper of every leaf and creature
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.00,0:13:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,speaks to the natural sources of our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.00,0:13:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which indeed may hold the secrets of love for all things,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.00,0:13:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially our own humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.00,0:14:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the last word goes to a jaguar from the Amazon.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.00,0:14:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Growling)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.00,0:14:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.00,0:14:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)