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So, in that video, the University of
Michigan, the unexpected underdog in the

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competition for the National Science
Foundation wins. And they win using, sort

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of an old fashion technique. Basically,
many might say that was cheating, right?

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They didn't play exactly by the rules.
This is becoming an increasingly common

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technique sometimes when, when an
institution wants to win a grant. They'll,

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they'll you know, they'll, they'll bring
so much more money to bear on but it's

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kind of an obvious, obvious thing that
they can, that they're going to win the

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grant. So the, but, so there is actually a
couple of schools that thought that was

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kind of unfair. But the other thing to
think about in this is the lobbyists

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carefully crafted the15 million dollars. I
would claim they carefully crafted the

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fifteen million dollars so this network
would fail because they knew how much, if

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you leased the lines from AT&T, it
would, it would cost so much that the only

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thing you could afford was 56 kilobit
lines for the network that was being

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proposed. Now, when you think of 56
kilobits, right? So here, take your, take

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your phone, right? You got your 3G and
your 4G, and the thing that came before

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all those was EDGE. You remember EDGE?
Now, of course, if you go to the wrong

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place, you end up in a basement or
something, you go EDGE on your, on your

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phone. Edge, the thing that's your phone's
doing when it's doing real bad connection.

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Edge is 128 kilobits, which is twice what
the national backbone for all the

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scientists talking to all the computers in
the country. 56 kilobits was the national

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backbone that the lobbyists carefully
authorized funds for. And there will be

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only one conclusion at this point and that
was that they wanted it to fail. And, as

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is said in the movie Jurassic Park, nature
finds a way. And, and if, if you think

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about it the story that Doug van Holland
just told is like a perfect storm. Mci

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just started existing. You know, they just
started existing and so they wanted to do

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something cool , and so they were willing
to take a risk. Doug had, just come from

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Carnegie Mellon University, where he had
worked with IBM before. So, what's the

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likelihood that, here's a school that has
a long network history, but didn't work on

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the Arpanet. Knows IBM intimately. Just
it's just pretty amazing, you know, that,

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that this all happened. And so, but it
did. Nature found a way just like in

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Jurassic Park and all the plans and all
the attempts to, to, to box, to put and to

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draw a fine line around this failed. And
so, the NSF net as Dough said, just took

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off, alright. And the, going back to what
Larry said, the, the key was is that each

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school had to be, you know, first on it or
you're going lose your physicist, right,

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it became a badge of honor. And so,
schools basically panicked and they found

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money somewhere to run fiber, to run
networks to people's offices. This is a

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whole bunch of infrastructure that, that
needed to be installed. And I wasn't at

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University of Michigan at the time, I was
at Michigan State University at the time,

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just up the road. And I saw the internet
for the first time in the, in the building

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that's here in this upper left hand corner
of the, of the slide. And that is the what

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we used to call SI North, the school that
I'm part of. It's really a rather

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nondescript building but they used to have
monitors and watching all these things.

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And so, the traffic grew, the performance
grew there's all kinds of things that,

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that had to be solved through this thing.
It started in 1988 and was supposed to go

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through 1993, for five years and it ended
up going through 1995. Now, the key thing

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is if you think about that time frame, you
know, by early 1990s, things were pretty

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universal. I mean we'd gone from will this
happen to every, everyone had to be, you

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know, everyone that mattered was pretty
much on the network. And the question was

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how much bandwidth, what with these
servers, how do we work with all these

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things? And so the, the original NSF Net
was aimed at research universities and

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they had made a bunch of rules about that.
And, and there were some universities in

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particular Cleveland the Case Western
Reserve at Cleveland it, well Cleveland

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area, Case Western, around Case Western
Reserve University, had this thing called

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a Freenet. And these were bulletin board
systems. And there was lots of bulletin

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board systems but they were all very local
and some bulletin board systems started

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having sort of partnerships with
universities and sneaking regular people

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onto the Internet. I remember personally,
just in a working university, the internet

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was this cool thing. And, it was something
that only we at universities could do.

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And, we, we're the only ones that could
use it and all you want to do is tell

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people about it. And then, things like
these Freenets made it available to the

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average citizen and that just created so
much more demand. And so, towards, you

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know, early 1990, late 1980s, this
academic only rule sort of started to be

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relaxed and they made some rules about who
could do what. And by, by this point in

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time, the cat was totally out of the bag,
right. I mean the network was 45 megabits

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and all the schools on the planet. So, it
was pretty tough at this point for the,

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for the lobbyists to shut it down [laugh],
right? They had carefully laid plans, had

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failed and out we go. Okay, and so we have
this connectivity. And one thing I

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remember about the connectivity in the
early days is we used to have post-it

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notes of all the cool servers where you
could download software or where email

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list were or, or newsgroups were. And, and
you, you have to have post-it notes and

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keep track of all these host names
etcetera, etcetera, etcetera. And so, once

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the connectivity was there, and this was
happening worldwide and in additional states

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as well. And the question was is how would
we organize all this information? How

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would we make sense of it? And so we
started Illinois, University Illinois in

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the supercomput er centers and we moved to
the University of Michigan, where the

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first NSF Net happened, and then grew and
expanded. And the, the next place on our

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stop is CERN, CERN High Energy Physics
Lab. And so, you probably know that the

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CERN is the birthplace of the web but
that's not all it does. A matter of fact,

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it chose that the web was not it's purpose
because it's purpose is Physics, high

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Energy Physics. And. One of the things
about experimental Physics is that, kinda

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like super computers. The in order to make
the next step in physics research, you

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need to you need to build a bigger
experiment and a bigger experiment. So, it

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used to be that a physicist could learn
things about electrons and neutrons by

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something about the size of this table
like a cloud chamber. And something would

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go through and they could write a little
paper. And then once, once you've seen

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everything you can see and things and the
size of this table, you'll say, well, I'll

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do something ten times larger than the
table. And then I get a new set of papers

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and a new set of results and at some
point, you've, you've gained as much

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Physics as you can gain from that. And
this repeats itself, and it gets larger

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and larger and larger. And it gets to the
point where you literally can only afford

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to have one experimental facility in the
entire world. And this is what CERN is

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dedicated to. It's dedicated to the notion
of if you're going to build a physics

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experiment, let's build it here at CERN.
And there's a whole structure around this

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where people come from all over the world.
It physically straddles the border between

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France and Switzerland. It's got, you
know, that Switzerland of course, has you

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know, has really good relationships and
people can come and, you know, even

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Russian, you know, back when there was
some tension between governments,

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scientists can still get together and
work. And the lead time on these projects

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is fifteen to twenty years and the, the
size of the things that they build is just

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gigantic like the, the Atl as the, the,
the, the, most recent detector is like six

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stories tall and took years to build. So,
these people have to work and build and

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think. And it turns out that they have a
lot of fun. So I'm going to introduce you

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in this next slide to the Cernettes. So,
the Cernettes, is a musical group from

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CERN. And, and so basically you [laugh],
you, you can view some of the videos that

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I have here. You don't have to, but I
suggest that you do. They're just pure

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fun. Their, their, their music is about
the web, about high-energy physics, about

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colliders, and about supercomputers. And
you see the women sitting around the

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supercomputer in one of their music
videos. And so, it's just kind of fun. But

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remember that the reason that these people
are together is to mix something that

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can't be made separately. So, take a look
and then come back. Well, welcome back. So

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continuing. I have been to CERN many
times. The first time that I went to CERN

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was to do a lecture recording. And I have
been working for many years, since 1999,

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with a physicist named Steven Goldfarb.
That's Steven Goldfribe right there. He is

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the lead singer of the, of the Canettes
Blues Band. And everyone else in the

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Canettes Blues Band is also a physicist,
[inaudible] physicist. She actually is I

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believe the secretary general something.
So, these people are all physicist and,

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and, and so they, they play together,
right? You saw the Cernettes, if you

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choose to see. And now, here we have the
Canettes. This is a blues band. Part of

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the reason that they do blues is because,
you know, these people come from America

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and they like the blues, and there might
not be a blues band so they just make one.

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They actually have a club. The CERN
provides a place for them to play music

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and they have lots of fun. And so, so, the
other thing I like about CERN, if you ever

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get a chance to visit go in the back, this
is the cafeteria right by the building 40.

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And they have steak. I mean, the food is
just magnificent. I mean, it's Europe.

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It's, it's France and Switzerland, after
all. And, and there's, I just have so many

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fond memories of hanging out at this, at
this cafe. And so, then we have over here

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not a lot of people probably have a family
photo, deep inside the detector pit, of

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the Atlas. And so and so, let's see,
where's my, there's my wife, Teresa, right

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there, my son, Brent there's me and
there's my daughter, Mandy. And so we took

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a family trip to CERN and now, you can't
go in, let me clear this bit here, let me

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clear this. You can't go in the detector
anymore, right. So, this is the five

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stories, this is where the beam comes in.
So, down there that`s the 2.5 stories and

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then up is another 2.5 stories. We happen
to be in the middle when we are taking

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this picture. If you are to go into, into
this area right now, this is full of

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equipment, okay. Just absolutely, just
full. Go look for the Atlas detector. And,

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and basically you actually can't go in cuz
it's all full of radiation now, too. And

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so we got in one of the, this was not,
this was early on. I came back and got

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another tour when it was almost done. And
so, this just is fun, but really smart

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people. And so, that's sort of the, the
key message here. So I'm going to show you

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another video and this video is optional
and this is a video of blues, our blues

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band, Steven Goldfarb, and other
physicists and then I, I showed up and

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sang with them. And so, this again is
optional. So again, what I say is as you

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see the crowd shots, most of the crowd are
also physicists. They work really hard and

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they play really hard. Okay. Welcome back.
So, why did I waste all that time showing

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you music videos and other silly things?
Well, I mentioned that innovation springs

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from a culture. It doesn't spring from
sort of like someone saying you innovate

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right now. It springs from a culture of
fun and accepting new ideas and trying new

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things and then attempting to do
something. And maybe, maybe you don't even

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accomplish w hat you tried to do but you,
you run into something really cool along

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the way. And that really is the story of
the web. You know the internet was there.

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The packets were moving. We could move
files. We could, move images. We could

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move video. But we couldn't find it and it
looked ugly. But frankly, to those of us

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using it, who cared if it was ugly. Once
you figured it out, it was just, just

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totally awesome. And so, this group,
Robert Cailliau and Tim Berners-Lee were

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working at CERN. And they had a problem to
solve. And the problem they wanted to

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solve was the distributed documentation
for physicists. Now, these people have to

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build things that take twenty years with
thousands of people spread all over the

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earth. So, they have to like come up with
designs. They have to share the designs.

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They have to write reports. They have to
tell, you know, they have to do some kind

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of an audit. So, they needed to sort of
write documents. Except they wanted to

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share them. And they wanted to use this
new internet thing to allow the collective

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editing of documents. Now, that starts to
sound a little bit like Wikipedia, but

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it's not. What they wanted to, what they
wanted was the documents to be on

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different computers and then link the
documents together and make it so you

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could edit them. So, certain documents
might be in Poland, and certain documents

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might be in Switzerland, and certain
documents might be in the United States of

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America, other documents might be in
Japan. And they wanted to be able to edit

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them all and then link them all together
and edit them both locally and remotely as

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well. And so, they created effectively a
hypertext text editor with hyper links in

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it. Alright, these links from one web, one
online document to another. They had to

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figure out the format to write these
documents in. Then they had to figure out

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a way to represent links. And then they
had to figure out a network protocol to

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move the data back and forth, to store and
retrieve the documents. And all that

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becomes HTTP, the hypertext transf er
protocol, HTML, the hypertext markup

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language. Web servers, which is where the
HTPD web servers, which is where the

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documents are stored. And web browsers.
And so, they had to build a complete

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infrastructure to create the document,
distributed documentation environment that

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they had imagined. So, lets go meet Robert
Cailliau at CERN, in his office just

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across the street from where the coffee
shop and the steaks are at in the CERN