0:00:00.000,0:00:06.086
So, in that video, the University of[br]Michigan, the unexpected underdog in the

0:00:06.086,0:00:13.089
competition for the National Science[br]Foundation wins. And they win using, sort

0:00:13.089,0:00:20.567
of an old fashion technique. Basically,[br]many might say that was cheating, right?

0:00:20.567,0:00:25.845
They didn't play exactly by the rules.[br]This is becoming an increasingly common

0:00:26.063,0:00:31.656
technique sometimes when, when an[br]institution wants to win a grant. They'll,

0:00:31.656,0:00:37.839
they'll you know, they'll, they'll bring[br]so much more money to bear on but it's

0:00:37.839,0:00:42.965
kind of an obvious, obvious thing that[br]they can, that they're going to win the

0:00:42.965,0:00:47.708
grant. So the, but, so there is actually a[br]couple of schools that thought that was

0:00:47.708,0:00:53.080
kind of unfair. But the other thing to[br]think about in this is the lobbyists

0:00:53.080,0:00:59.083
carefully crafted the15 million dollars. I[br]would claim they carefully crafted the

0:00:59.083,0:01:03.840
fifteen million dollars so this network[br]would fail because they knew how much, if

0:01:03.840,0:01:09.542
you leased the lines from AT&T, it[br]would, it would cost so much that the only

0:01:09.542,0:01:14.232
thing you could afford was 56 kilobit[br]lines for the network that was being

0:01:14.232,0:01:18.894
proposed. Now, when you think of 56[br]kilobits, right? So here, take your, take

0:01:18.894,0:01:23.619
your phone, right? You got your 3G and[br]your 4G, and the thing that came before

0:01:23.619,0:01:27.859
all those was EDGE. You remember EDGE?[br]Now, of course, if you go to the wrong

0:01:27.859,0:01:32.899
place, you end up in a basement or[br]something, you go EDGE on your, on your

0:01:32.899,0:01:38.312
phone. Edge, the thing that's your phone's[br]doing when it's doing real bad connection.

0:01:38.312,0:01:43.478
Edge is 128 kilobits, which is twice what[br]the national backbone for all the

0:01:43.478,0:01:49.095
scientists talking to all the computers in[br]the country. 56 kilobits was the national

0:01:49.095,0:01:54.865
backbone that the lobbyists carefully[br]authorized funds for. And there will be

0:01:54.865,0:02:01.350
only one conclusion at this point and that[br]was that they wanted it to fail. And, as

0:02:01.350,0:02:06.890
is said in the movie Jurassic Park, nature[br]finds a way. And, and if, if you think

0:02:06.890,0:02:13.077
about it the story that Doug van Holland[br]just told is like a perfect storm. Mci

0:02:13.077,0:02:19.349
just started existing. You know, they just[br]started existing and so they wanted to do

0:02:19.349,0:02:25.157
something cool , and so they were willing[br]to take a risk. Doug had, just come from

0:02:25.157,0:02:30.377
Carnegie Mellon University, where he had[br]worked with IBM before. So, what's the

0:02:30.377,0:02:36.390
likelihood that, here's a school that has[br]a long network history, but didn't work on

0:02:36.390,0:02:42.846
the Arpanet. Knows IBM intimately. Just[br]it's just pretty amazing, you know, that,

0:02:43.095,0:02:50.213
that this all happened. And so, but it[br]did. Nature found a way just like in

0:02:50.213,0:02:56.857
Jurassic Park and all the plans and all[br]the attempts to, to, to box, to put and to

0:02:56.857,0:03:03.398
draw a fine line around this failed. And[br]so, the NSF net as Dough said, just took

0:03:03.398,0:03:09.874
off, alright. And the, going back to what[br]Larry said, the, the key was is that each

0:03:09.874,0:03:15.628
school had to be, you know, first on it or[br]you're going lose your physicist, right,

0:03:15.628,0:03:21.320
it became a badge of honor. And so,[br]schools basically panicked and they found

0:03:21.320,0:03:27.227
money somewhere to run fiber, to run[br]networks to people's offices. This is a

0:03:27.227,0:03:33.152
whole bunch of infrastructure that, that[br]needed to be installed. And I wasn't at

0:03:33.152,0:03:38.722
University of Michigan at the time, I was[br]at Michigan State University at the time,

0:03:38.722,0:03:44.084
just up the road. And I saw the internet[br]for the first time in the, in the building

0:03:44.084,0:03:51.043
that's here in this upper left hand corner[br]of the, of the slide. And that is the what

0:03:51.043,0:03:57.094
we used to call SI North, the school that[br]I'm part of. It's really a rather

0:03:57.094,0:04:02.770
nondescript building but they used to have[br]monitors and watching all these things.

0:04:02.770,0:04:07.931
And so, the traffic grew, the performance[br]grew there's all kinds of things that,

0:04:07.931,0:04:13.827
that had to be solved through this thing.[br]It started in 1988 and was supposed to go

0:04:13.827,0:04:19.364
through 1993, for five years and it ended[br]up going through 1995. Now, the key thing

0:04:19.364,0:04:25.189
is if you think about that time frame, you[br]know, by early 1990s, things were pretty

0:04:25.189,0:04:30.039
universal. I mean we'd gone from will this[br]happen to every, everyone had to be, you

0:04:30.039,0:04:34.213
know, everyone that mattered was pretty[br]much on the network. And the question was

0:04:34.213,0:04:38.537
how much bandwidth, what with these[br]servers, how do we work with all these

0:04:38.537,0:04:44.433
things? And so the, the original NSF Net[br]was aimed at research universities and

0:04:44.433,0:04:51.527
they had made a bunch of rules about that.[br]And, and there were some universities in

0:04:51.527,0:04:57.220
particular Cleveland the Case Western[br]Reserve at Cleveland it, well Cleveland

0:04:57.220,0:05:02.014
area, Case Western, around Case Western[br]Reserve University, had this thing called

0:05:02.014,0:05:06.976
a Freenet. And these were bulletin board[br]systems. And there was lots of bulletin

0:05:06.976,0:05:12.169
board systems but they were all very local[br]and some bulletin board systems started

0:05:12.169,0:05:16.610
having sort of partnerships with[br]universities and sneaking regular people

0:05:16.610,0:05:21.375
onto the Internet. I remember personally,[br]just in a working university, the internet

0:05:21.375,0:05:25.625
was this cool thing. And, it was something[br]that only we at universities could do.

0:05:25.625,0:05:29.500
And, we, we're the only ones that could[br]use it and all you want to do is tell

0:05:29.500,0:05:33.856
people about it. And then, things like[br]these Freenets made it available to the

0:05:33.856,0:05:38.778
average citizen and that just created so[br]much more demand. And so, towards, you

0:05:38.778,0:05:43.619
know, early 1990, late 1980s, this[br]academic only rule sort of started to be

0:05:43.619,0:05:49.298
relaxed and they made some rules about who[br]could do what. And by, by this point in

0:05:49.298,0:05:55.273
time, the cat was totally out of the bag,[br]right. I mean the network was 45 megabits

0:05:55.273,0:06:01.058
and all the schools on the planet. So, it[br]was pretty tough at this point for the,

0:06:01.058,0:06:06.578
for the lobbyists to shut it down [laugh],[br]right? They had carefully laid plans, had

0:06:06.578,0:06:11.796
failed and out we go. Okay, and so we have[br]this connectivity. And one thing I

0:06:11.796,0:06:17.491
remember about the connectivity in the[br]early days is we used to have post-it

0:06:17.491,0:06:23.819
notes of all the cool servers where you[br]could download software or where email

0:06:23.819,0:06:28.961
list were or, or newsgroups were. And, and[br]you, you have to have post-it notes and

0:06:28.961,0:06:34.447
keep track of all these host names[br]etcetera, etcetera, etcetera. And so, once

0:06:34.447,0:06:41.389
the connectivity was there, and this was[br]happening worldwide and in additional states

0:06:41.389,0:06:47.592
as well. And the question was is how would[br]we organize all this information? How

0:06:47.592,0:06:52.842
would we make sense of it? And so we[br]started Illinois, University Illinois in

0:06:52.842,0:06:58.893
the supercomput er centers and we moved to[br]the University of Michigan, where the

0:06:58.893,0:07:04.251
first NSF Net happened, and then grew and[br]expanded. And the, the next place on our

0:07:04.251,0:07:10.100
stop is CERN, CERN High Energy Physics[br]Lab. And so, you probably know that the

0:07:10.100,0:07:16.037
CERN is the birthplace of the web but[br]that's not all it does. A matter of fact,

0:07:16.037,0:07:22.756
it chose that the web was not it's purpose[br]because it's purpose is Physics, high

0:07:22.756,0:07:30.022
Energy Physics. And. One of the things[br]about experimental Physics is that, kinda

0:07:30.022,0:07:38.536
like super computers. The in order to make[br]the next step in physics research, you

0:07:38.536,0:07:43.975
need to you need to build a bigger[br]experiment and a bigger experiment. So, it

0:07:43.975,0:07:48.853
used to be that a physicist could learn[br]things about electrons and neutrons by

0:07:49.039,0:07:53.489
something about the size of this table[br]like a cloud chamber. And something would

0:07:53.489,0:07:58.149
go through and they could write a little[br]paper. And then once, once you've seen

0:07:58.149,0:08:02.768
everything you can see and things and the[br]size of this table, you'll say, well, I'll

0:08:02.768,0:08:07.499
do something ten times larger than the[br]table. And then I get a new set of papers

0:08:07.499,0:08:11.274
and a new set of results and at some[br]point, you've, you've gained as much

0:08:11.274,0:08:15.980
Physics as you can gain from that. And[br]this repeats itself, and it gets larger

0:08:15.980,0:08:21.554
and larger and larger. And it gets to the[br]point where you literally can only afford

0:08:21.554,0:08:26.413
to have one experimental facility in the[br]entire world. And this is what CERN is

0:08:26.413,0:08:31.041
dedicated to. It's dedicated to the notion[br]of if you're going to build a physics

0:08:31.041,0:08:36.059
experiment, let's build it here at CERN.[br]And there's a whole structure around this

0:08:36.059,0:08:41.869
where people come from all over the world.[br]It physically straddles the border between

0:08:42.044,0:08:47.524
France and Switzerland. It's got, you[br]know, that Switzerland of course, has you

0:08:47.524,0:08:53.013
know, has really good relationships and[br]people can come and, you know, even

0:08:53.013,0:08:58.235
Russian, you know, back when there was[br]some tension between governments,

0:08:58.235,0:09:04.591
scientists can still get together and[br]work. And the lead time on these projects

0:09:04.591,0:09:10.233
is fifteen to twenty years and the, the[br]size of the things that they build is just

0:09:10.233,0:09:16.632
gigantic like the, the Atl as the, the,[br]the, the, most recent detector is like six

0:09:16.632,0:09:24.162
stories tall and took years to build. So,[br]these people have to work and build and

0:09:24.162,0:09:32.538
think. And it turns out that they have a[br]lot of fun. So I'm going to introduce you

0:09:32.538,0:09:40.146
in this next slide to the Cernettes. So,[br]the Cernettes, is a musical group from

0:09:40.146,0:09:46.643
CERN. And, and so basically you [laugh],[br]you, you can view some of the videos that

0:09:46.643,0:09:51.736
I have here. You don't have to, but I[br]suggest that you do. They're just pure

0:09:51.736,0:09:57.150
fun. Their, their, their music is about[br]the web, about high-energy physics, about

0:09:57.150,0:10:02.577
colliders, and about supercomputers. And[br]you see the women sitting around the

0:10:02.577,0:10:08.608
supercomputer in one of their music[br]videos. And so, it's just kind of fun. But

0:10:08.608,0:10:14.927
remember that the reason that these people[br]are together is to mix something that

0:10:14.927,0:10:21.442
can't be made separately. So, take a look[br]and then come back. Well, welcome back. So

0:10:21.689,0:10:28.095
continuing. I have been to CERN many[br]times. The first time that I went to CERN

0:10:28.095,0:10:34.524
was to do a lecture recording. And I have[br]been working for many years, since 1999,

0:10:34.524,0:10:41.677
with a physicist named Steven Goldfarb.[br]That's Steven Goldfribe right there. He is

0:10:41.677,0:10:48.317
the lead singer of the, of the Canettes[br]Blues Band. And everyone else in the

0:10:48.317,0:10:54.873
Canettes Blues Band is also a physicist,[br][inaudible] physicist. She actually is I

0:10:55.109,0:11:01.798
believe the secretary general something.[br]So, these people are all physicist and,

0:11:02.059,0:11:06.115
and, and so they, they play together,[br]right? You saw the Cernettes, if you

0:11:06.115,0:11:10.590
choose to see. And now, here we have the[br]Canettes. This is a blues band. Part of

0:11:10.590,0:11:15.282
the reason that they do blues is because,[br]you know, these people come from America

0:11:15.282,0:11:20.155
and they like the blues, and there might[br]not be a blues band so they just make one.

0:11:20.155,0:11:24.338
They actually have a club. The CERN[br]provides a place for them to play music

0:11:24.338,0:11:30.090
and they have lots of fun. And so, so, the[br]other thing I like about CERN, if you ever

0:11:30.090,0:11:35.700
get a chance to visit go in the back, this[br]is the cafeteria right by the building 40.

0:11:35.700,0:11:41.699
And they have steak. I mean, the food is[br]just magnificent. I mean, it's Europe.

0:11:41.699,0:11:46.784
It's, it's France and Switzerland, after[br]all. And, and there's, I just have so many

0:11:46.784,0:11:52.560
fond memories of hanging out at this, at[br]this cafe. And so, then we have over here

0:11:52.779,0:11:59.027
not a lot of people probably have a family[br]photo, deep inside the detector pit, of

0:11:59.027,0:12:04.082
the Atlas. And so and so, let's see,[br]where's my, there's my wife, Teresa, right

0:12:04.082,0:12:10.066
there, my son, Brent there's me and[br]there's my daughter, Mandy. And so we took

0:12:10.066,0:12:15.596
a family trip to CERN and now, you can't[br]go in, let me clear this bit here, let me

0:12:15.596,0:12:21.005
clear this. You can't go in the detector[br]anymore, right. So, this is the five

0:12:21.005,0:12:26.004
stories, this is where the beam comes in.[br]So, down there that`s the 2.5 stories and

0:12:26.004,0:12:30.547
then up is another 2.5 stories. We happen[br]to be in the middle when we are taking

0:12:30.547,0:12:35.617
this picture. If you are to go into, into[br]this area right now, this is full of

0:12:35.617,0:12:40.907
equipment, okay. Just absolutely, just[br]full. Go look for the Atlas detector. And,

0:12:41.110,0:12:46.832
and basically you actually can't go in cuz[br]it's all full of radiation now, too. And

0:12:46.832,0:12:52.667
so we got in one of the, this was not,[br]this was early on. I came back and got

0:12:52.667,0:13:02.180
another tour when it was almost done. And[br]so, this just is fun, but really smart

0:13:02.180,0:13:11.997
people. And so, that's sort of the, the[br]key message here. So I'm going to show you

0:13:12.327,0:13:21.446
another video and this video is optional[br]and this is a video of blues, our blues

0:13:21.446,0:13:26.685
band, Steven Goldfarb, and other[br]physicists and then I, I showed up and

0:13:26.685,0:13:33.045
sang with them. And so, this again is[br]optional. So again, what I say is as you

0:13:33.045,0:13:40.014
see the crowd shots, most of the crowd are[br]also physicists. They work really hard and

0:13:40.014,0:13:54.043
they play really hard. Okay. Welcome back.[br]So, why did I waste all that time showing

0:13:54.043,0:14:02.002
you music videos and other silly things?[br]Well, I mentioned that innovation springs

0:14:02.002,0:14:08.019
from a culture. It doesn't spring from[br]sort of like someone saying you innovate

0:14:08.019,0:14:14.059
right now. It springs from a culture of[br]fun and accepting new ideas and trying new

0:14:14.059,0:14:20.037
things and then attempting to do[br]something. And maybe, maybe you don't even

0:14:20.037,0:14:25.785
accomplish w hat you tried to do but you,[br]you run into something really cool along

0:14:25.785,0:14:33.408
the way. And that really is the story of[br]the web. You know the internet was there.

0:14:33.408,0:14:38.401
The packets were moving. We could move[br]files. We could, move images. We could

0:14:38.401,0:14:43.787
move video. But we couldn't find it and it[br]looked ugly. But frankly, to those of us

0:14:43.787,0:14:48.904
using it, who cared if it was ugly. Once[br]you figured it out, it was just, just

0:14:48.904,0:14:55.080
totally awesome. And so, this group,[br]Robert Cailliau and Tim Berners-Lee were

0:14:55.080,0:14:59.940
working at CERN. And they had a problem to[br]solve. And the problem they wanted to

0:14:59.940,0:15:04.658
solve was the distributed documentation[br]for physicists. Now, these people have to

0:15:04.658,0:15:09.660
build things that take twenty years with[br]thousands of people spread all over the

0:15:09.660,0:15:14.341
earth. So, they have to like come up with[br]designs. They have to share the designs.

0:15:14.341,0:15:18.698
They have to write reports. They have to[br]tell, you know, they have to do some kind

0:15:18.698,0:15:23.369
of an audit. So, they needed to sort of[br]write documents. Except they wanted to

0:15:23.369,0:15:28.084
share them. And they wanted to use this[br]new internet thing to allow the collective

0:15:28.084,0:15:32.086
editing of documents. Now, that starts to[br]sound a little bit like Wikipedia, but

0:15:32.086,0:15:35.987
it's not. What they wanted to, what they[br]wanted was the documents to be on

0:15:35.987,0:15:39.851
different computers and then link the[br]documents together and make it so you

0:15:39.851,0:15:43.951
could edit them. So, certain documents[br]might be in Poland, and certain documents

0:15:43.951,0:15:47.911
might be in Switzerland, and certain[br]documents might be in the United States of

0:15:47.911,0:15:51.857
America, other documents might be in[br]Japan. And they wanted to be able to edit

0:15:51.857,0:15:57.406
them all and then link them all together[br]and edit them both locally and remotely as

0:15:57.406,0:16:04.486
well. And so, they created effectively a[br]hypertext text editor with hyper links in

0:16:04.486,0:16:11.482
it. Alright, these links from one web, one[br]online document to another. They had to

0:16:11.482,0:16:17.078
figure out the format to write these[br]documents in. Then they had to figure out

0:16:17.078,0:16:22.758
a way to represent links. And then they[br]had to figure out a network protocol to

0:16:22.758,0:16:27.812
move the data back and forth, to store and[br]retrieve the documents. And all that

0:16:27.812,0:16:33.563
becomes HTTP, the hypertext transf er[br]protocol, HTML, the hypertext markup

0:16:33.563,0:16:39.376
language. Web servers, which is where the[br]HTPD web servers, which is where the

0:16:39.376,0:16:45.625
documents are stored. And web browsers.[br]And so, they had to build a complete

0:16:45.625,0:16:51.508
infrastructure to create the document,[br]distributed documentation environment that

0:16:51.508,0:16:57.932
they had imagined. So, lets go meet Robert[br]Cailliau at CERN, in his office just

0:16:57.932,0:17:04.716
across the street from where the coffee[br]shop and the steaks are at in the CERN