[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.88,0:00:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we use the word "architect" or "designer,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.05,0:00:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we usually mean is a professional,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.85,0:00:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone who gets paid,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.32,0:00:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we tend to assume that it's those professionals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.25,0:00:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are going to be the ones to help us solve
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.23,0:00:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the really big, systemic design challenges that we face
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.79,0:00:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like climate change, urbanization and social inequality.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.63,0:00:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's our kind of working presumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.72,0:00:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think it's wrong, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.72,0:00:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2008, I was just about to graduate from architecture school
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.97,0:00:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after several years, and go out and get a job,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.64,0:00:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.57,0:00:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The economy ran out of jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.82,0:00:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a couple of things struck me about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.28,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, don't listen to career advisers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And two, actually this is a fascinating paradox for architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.66,0:00:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that, as a society, we've never needed design thinking more,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.93,0:00:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet architecture was literally becoming unemployed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.89,0:01:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It strikes me that we talk very deeply about design,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.44,0:01:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually there's an economics behind architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.56,0:01:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we don't talk about, and I think we need to.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.02,0:01:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a good place to start is your own paycheck.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.66,0:01:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as a bottom-of-the-rung architecture graduate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.10,0:01:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I might expect to earn about 24,000 pounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.07,0:01:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's about 36,000, 37,000 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.69,0:01:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in terms of the whole world's population,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.39,0:01:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that already puts me in the top 1.95 richest people,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.28,0:01:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which raises the question of, who is it I'm working for?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.04,0:01:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The uncomfortable fact is that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.75,0:01:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually almost everything that we call architecture today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.63,0:01:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually the business of designing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.92,0:01:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for about the richest one percent of the world's population,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.85,0:01:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it always has been.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.08,0:01:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason why we forgot that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.82,0:01:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because the times in history when architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.93,0:01:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did the most to transform society were those times
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.85,0:01:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when, actually, the one percent would build
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.51,0:01:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on behalf of the 99 percent, for various different reasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.54,0:01:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether that was through philanthropy in the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.16,0:01:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communism in the early 20th,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.43,0:02:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the welfare state, and most recently, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.47,0:02:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through this inflated real estate bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.08,0:02:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all of those booms, in their own various ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.39,0:02:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have now kicked the bucket,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.31,0:02:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're back in this situation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.60,0:02:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the smartest designers and architects in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.51,0:02:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are only really able to work for one percent of the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.29,0:02:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's not just that that's bad for democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.40,0:02:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though I think it probably is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.24,0:02:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's actually not a very clever business strategy, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.34,0:02:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the challenge facing the next generation of architects
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.20,0:02:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, how are we going to turn our client
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.24,0:02:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the one percent to the 100 percent?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.86,0:02:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to offer three slightly counterintuitive ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.43,0:02:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for how it might be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.28,0:02:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is, I think we need to question this idea
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.66,0:02:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that architecture is about making buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.95,0:02:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, a building is about the most expensive solution
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.69,0:02:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can think of to almost any given problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.71,0:02:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And fundamentally, design should be much, much more interested
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.24,0:02:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in solving problems and creating new conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.97,0:03:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a story.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.49,0:03:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The office was working with a school,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.09,0:03:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had an old Victorian school building.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.51,0:03:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they said to the architects, "Look,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.24,0:03:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our corridors are an absolute nightmare.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.20,0:03:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're far too small. They get congested between classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.56,0:03:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's bullying. We can't control them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.95,0:03:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we want you to do is re-plan our entire building,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.79,0:03:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we know it's going to cost several million pounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.98,0:03:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're reconciled to the fact."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.89,0:03:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the team thought about this, and they went away,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.60,0:03:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they said, "Actually, don't do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.61,0:03:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, get rid of the school bell.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.39,0:03:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And instead of having one school bell that goes off once,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.22,0:03:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have several smaller school bells that go off
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.48,0:03:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in different places and different times,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.73,0:03:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distribute the traffic through the corridors."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.98,0:03:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It solves the same problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.39,0:03:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead of spending several million pounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.20,0:03:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you spend several hundred pounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.34,0:03:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it looks like you're doing yourself out of a job,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.14,0:03:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you're not. You're actually making yourself more useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.70,0:03:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Architects are actually really, really good
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.18,0:03:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this kind of resourceful, strategic thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.52,0:03:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the problem is that, like a lot of design professions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.48,0:03:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we got fixated on the idea of providing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.66,0:03:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a particular kind of consumer product,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.95,0:04:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I don't think that needs to be the case anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.42,0:04:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second idea worth questioning is this 20th-century thing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.62,0:04:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that mass architecture is about big --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.88,0:04:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,big buildings and big finance.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.47,0:04:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, we've got ourselves locked into this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.56,0:04:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrial Era mindset which says that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.97,0:04:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only people who can make cities are large organizations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.45,0:04:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or corporations who build on our behalf,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.97,0:04:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,procuring whole neighborhoods
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.78,0:04:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in single, monolithic projects, and of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.21,0:04:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,form follows finance.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.43,0:04:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you end up with are single, monolithic neighborhoods
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.46,0:04:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on this kind of one-size-fits-all model.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.14,0:04:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lot of people can't even afford them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.66,0:04:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if, actually, it's possible now for cities
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.62,0:04:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be made not just by the few with a lot
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.39,0:04:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also by the many with a bit?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.58,0:04:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they do, they bring with them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.88,0:04:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a completely different set of values about the place that they want to live.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.22,0:04:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it raises really interesting questions about,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.32,0:04:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how will we plan cities? How will finance development?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.60,0:05:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How will we sell design services?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.26,0:05:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would it mean for democratic societies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.50,0:05:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to offer their citizens a right to build?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.90,0:05:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a way it should be kind of obvious, right,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.18,0:05:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the 21st century, maybe cities can be developed by citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.65,0:05:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, we need to remember that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.82,0:05:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a strictly economic point of view,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.17,0:05:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,design shares a category with sex and care of the elderly --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.01,0:05:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mostly it's done by amateurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.61,0:05:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a good thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.50,0:05:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the work takes place outside of the monetary economy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.96,0:05:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what's called the social economy or the core economy,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.02,0:05:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is people doing it for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.42,0:05:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the problem is that, up until now,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.66,0:05:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was the monetary economy which had
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.47,0:05:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the infrastructure and all the tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.62,0:05:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the challenge we face is, how are we going
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.45,0:05:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build the tools, the infrastructure and the institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.68,0:05:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for architecture's social economy?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.42,0:05:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that began with open-source software.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.15,0:05:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over the last few years, it's been moving
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.52,0:05:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the physical world with open-source hardware,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.02,0:05:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are freely shared blueprints
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.55,0:06:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that anyone can download and make for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.59,0:06:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's where 3D printing gets really, really interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.83,0:06:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? When suddenly you had a 3D printer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.37,0:06:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was open-source, the parts for which
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.92,0:06:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be made on another 3D printer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.20,0:06:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or the same idea here, which is for a CNC machine,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.27,0:06:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is like a large printer that can cut sheets of plywood.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.76,0:06:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What these technologies are doing is radically
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.58,0:06:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lowering the thresholds of time and cost and skill.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.66,0:06:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're challenging the idea that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.24,0:06:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want something to be affordable it's got to be one-size-fits-all.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.06,0:06:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're distributing massively
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.40,0:06:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really complex manufacturing capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.28,0:06:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're moving into this future where the factory is everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.42,0:06:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increasingly that means
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.61,0:06:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the design team is everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.90,0:06:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That really is an industrial revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.42,0:06:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we think that the major ideological conflicts
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.64,0:06:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we inherited were all based around this question
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.66,0:06:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of who should control the means of production,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.57,0:06:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these technologies are coming back with a solution:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.30,0:07:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually, maybe no one. All of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.29,0:07:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were fascinated by
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.46,0:07:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what that might mean for architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.06,0:07:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So about a year and a half ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.58,0:07:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we started working on a project called WikiHouse,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.48,0:07:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and WikiHouse is an open-source construction system.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.75,0:07:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea is to make it possible for anyone
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.55,0:07:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go online, access a freely shared library
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.94,0:07:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 3D models which they can download and adapt in,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.40,0:07:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the moment, SketchUp, because it's free, and it's easy to use,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.79,0:07:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and almost at the click of a switch
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.35,0:07:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can generate a set of cutting files
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.83,0:07:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allow them, in effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.87,0:07:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to print out the parts from a house using a CNC machine
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.06,0:07:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a standard sheet material like plywood.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.27,0:07:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the parts are all numbered,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.39,0:07:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and basically what you end up with is a really big IKEA kit.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.57,0:07:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.84,0:07:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it goes together without any bolts.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.10,0:07:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It uses wedge and peg connections.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.30,0:07:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even the mallets to make it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.44,0:07:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be provided on the cutting sheets as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.92,0:08:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a team of about two or three people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.46,0:08:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working together, can build this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.50,0:08:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't need any traditional construction skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.98,0:08:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't need a huge array of power tools or anything like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.13,0:08:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can build a small house of about this size
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.64,0:08:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in about a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.40,0:08:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.71,0:08:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you end up with is just the basic chassis of a house
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.70,0:08:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto which you can then apply systems like windows
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.16,0:08:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cladding and insulation and services
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.22,0:08:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on what's cheap and what's available.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.27,0:08:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, the house is never finished.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.45,0:08:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're shifting our heads here, so the house is not a finished product.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.33,0:08:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the CNC machine, you can make new parts for it
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.09,0:08:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over its life or even use it to make the house next door.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.95,0:08:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can begin to see the seed of a completely open-source,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.38,0:08:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,citizen-led urban development model, potentially.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.66,0:08:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we and others have built a few prototypes around the world now,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.21,0:09:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some really interesting lessons here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.33,0:09:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them is that it's always incredibly sociable.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.66,0:09:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People get confused between construction work and having fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.36,0:09:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the principles of openness go right down
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.02,0:09:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the really mundane, physical details.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.82,0:09:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, never designing a piece that can't be lifted up.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.82,0:09:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, when you're designing a piece,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.12,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make sure you either can't put it in the wrong way round,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, if you do, it doesn't matter, because it's symmetrical.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.96,0:09:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably the principal which runs deepest with us
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.100,0:09:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the principal set out by Linus Torvalds,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.95,0:09:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the open-source pioneer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.68,0:09:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was that idea of, "Be lazy like a fox."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.97,0:09:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't reinvent the wheel every time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.68,0:09:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take what already works, and adapt it for your own needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.47,0:09:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Contrary to almost everything that you might get taught
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.05,0:09:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at an architecture school, copying is good.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.15,0:09:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is appropriate, because actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.15,0:09:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this approach is not innovative.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.93,0:09:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually how we built buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.54,0:09:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hundreds of years before the Industrial Revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.04,0:09:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these sorts of community barn-raisings.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.46,0:10:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only difference between traditional
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.61,0:10:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vernacular architecture and open-source architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.01,0:10:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be a web connection,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.13,0:10:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a really, really big difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.95,0:10:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We shared the whole of WikiHouse
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.38,0:10:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under a Creative Commons license,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.22,0:10:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now what's just beginning to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.64,0:10:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that groups around the world are beginning to take it
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.62,0:10:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use it and hack it and tinker with it, and it's amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.36,0:10:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a cool group over in Christchurch in New Zealand
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.33,0:10:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at post-earthquake development housing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.46,0:10:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thanks to the TED city Prize,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.71,0:10:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're working with an awesome group in one of Rio's favelas
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.45,0:10:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to set up a kind of community factory
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.94,0:10:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and micro-university.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.85,0:10:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are very, very small beginnings,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.72,0:10:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually there's more people in the last week
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.59,0:10:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have got in touch and they're not even on this map.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.77,0:10:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope next time you see it, you won't even be able to see the map.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.51,0:10:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're aware that WikiHouse is a very, very small answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.96,0:10:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a small answer to a really, really big question,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.54,0:10:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that globally, right now, the fastest-growing cities
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.31,0:10:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not skyscraper cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.54,0:11:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're self-made cities in one form or another.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.64,0:11:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we're talking about the 21st-century city,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.26,0:11:08.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are the guys who are going to be making it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.89,0:11:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, like it or not, welcome to the world's biggest design team.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.37,0:11:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we're serious about problems
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.49,0:11:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like climate change, urbanization and health,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.65,0:11:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually, our existing development models aren't going to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.55,0:11:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I think Robert Neuwirth said, there isn't a bank
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.63,0:11:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a corporation or a government or an NGO
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.41,0:11:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's going to be able to do it
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.80,0:11:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we treat citizens only as consumers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.45,0:11:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How extraordinary would it be, though, if collectively
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.23,0:11:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were to develop solutions not just to the problem
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.50,0:11:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of structure that we've been working on,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.91,0:11:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to infrastructure problems like solar-powered air conditioning,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.63,0:11:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off-grid energy, off-grid sanitation --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.45,0:11:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,low-cost, open-source, high-performance solutions
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.38,0:11:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that anyone can very, very easily make,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.32,0:11:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to put them all into a commons
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.22,0:12:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're owned by everyone and they're accessible by everyone?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.57,0:12:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A kind of Wikipedia for stuff?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.74,0:12:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once something's in the commons,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.78,0:12:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will always be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.14,0:12:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much would that change the rules?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.66,0:12:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think the technology's on our side.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.10,0:12:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If design's great project in the 20th century
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.76,0:12:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the democratization of consumption --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.52,0:12:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was Henry Ford, Levittown, Coca-Cola, IKEA —
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.95,0:12:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think design's great project in the 21st century
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.57,0:12:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the democratization of production.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.44,0:12:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it comes to architecture in cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.12,0:12:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really matters.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.19,0:12:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.95,0:12:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)