[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.31,0:00:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's begin with a story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.33,0:00:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once upon a time --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.28,0:00:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well actually less than two years ago --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.34,0:00:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a kingdom not so very far away,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.38,0:00:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a man
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.13,0:00:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who traveled many miles
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.99,0:00:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come to work at the jewel in the kingdom's crown --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.58,0:00:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an internationally famous company.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.16,0:00:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's call it Island Networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.28,0:00:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this kingdom had many resources
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.13,0:00:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mighty ambitions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.34,0:00:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the one thing it lacked was people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.91,0:00:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it invited workers from around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.34,0:00:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come and help it build the nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.99,0:00:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in order to enter and to stay
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.96,0:00:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these migrants had to pass a few tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.50,0:00:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it was, our man presented himself
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.98,0:00:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to authorities in the kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.75,0:00:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking forward to settling into his new life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.94,0:00:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then something unexpected happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.20,0:00:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The medical personnel who took blood samples from the man
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.80,0:01:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never actually told him what they were testing for.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.48,0:01:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wasn't offered counseling before or after the test,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.75,0:01:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is best medical practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.08,0:01:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was never informed of the results of the test.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.08,0:01:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, a couple of weeks later,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.20,0:01:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was picked up and taken to prison
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.23,0:01:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he was subjected to a medical exam,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.76,0:01:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including a full-body search
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.51,0:01:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in full view of the others in the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.11,0:01:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was released, but then a day or two later,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.88,0:01:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was taken to the airport and he was deported.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.85,0:01:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What on earth did this man do
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.11,0:01:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to merit this treatment?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.26,0:01:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was his terrible crime?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.86,0:01:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was infected with HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.51,0:01:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the kingdom is one of about 50 countries
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.64,0:01:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that imposes restrictions on the entry or stay
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.92,0:01:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people living with HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.52,0:01:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The kingdom argues
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.12,0:02:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that its laws allow it to detain or deport foreigners
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.32,0:02:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who pose a risk to the economy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.02,0:02:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the security or the public health
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.52,0:02:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the morals of the state.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.63,0:02:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these laws, when applied to people living with HIV,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.47,0:02:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a violation of international human rights agreements
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.85,0:02:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which these countries are signatories.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.07,0:02:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you know what?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.32,0:02:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Matters of principle aside,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.80,0:02:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practically speaking, these laws drive HIV underground.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.78,0:02:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are less likely to come forth
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.38,0:02:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be tested or treated or to disclose their condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.42,0:02:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of which helps these individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.25,0:02:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the communities these laws purport to protect.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.42,0:02:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we can prevent the transmission of HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.48,0:02:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with treatment, it is a manageable condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.90,0:02:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are very far from the days
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.73,0:02:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the only practical response to dread disease
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.92,0:03:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to have banished the afflicted --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.50,0:03:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this, "The Exile of the Leper."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.40,0:03:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you tell me why, in our age of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.62,0:03:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still have laws and policies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.18,0:03:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which come from an age of superstition.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.47,0:03:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Time for a quick show of hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.73,0:03:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who here has been touched by HIV --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.100,0:03:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either because you yourself have the virus
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.08,0:03:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you have a family member or a friend or a colleague
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.57,0:03:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is living with HIV?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.60,0:03:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hands up.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.70,0:03:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wow. Wow.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.68,0:03:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a significant number of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.60,0:03:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know better than anyone
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.13,0:03:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that HIV brings out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.40,0:03:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the best and the worst in humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.98,0:03:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the laws reflect these attitudes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.70,0:03:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not just talking about laws on the books,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.38,0:03:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but laws as they are enforced on the streets
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.75,0:03:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and laws as they are decided in the courts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.68,0:03:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not just talking about laws
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.23,0:03:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they relate to people living with HIV,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.60,0:04:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but people who are at greatest risk of infection --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.83,0:04:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people such as those who inject drugs or sex workers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.60,0:04:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or men who have sex with men
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.75,0:04:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or transgendered persons
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.63,0:04:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or migrants or prisoners.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.10,0:04:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in many parts of the world that includes women and children
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.65,0:04:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are especially vulnerable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.68,0:04:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there are laws in many parts of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.48,0:04:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which reflect the best of human nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.92,0:04:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These laws treat people touched by HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.20,0:04:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with compassion and acceptance.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.10,0:04:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These laws respect universal human rights
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.50,0:04:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are grounded in evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.18,0:04:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These laws ensure that people living with HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.32,0:04:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those at greatest risk
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.43,0:04:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are protected from violence and discrimination
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.02,0:04:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they get access to prevention and to treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.23,0:04:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, these good laws
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.03,0:04:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are counter-balanced by a mass
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.16,0:04:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of really bad law --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.16,0:05:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,law which is grounded in moral judgement
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.61,0:05:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fear and in misinformation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.47,0:05:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laws which specifically punish people living with HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.57,0:05:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or those at greatest risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.20,0:05:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These laws fly in the face of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.96,0:05:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are grounded in prejudice
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.25,0:05:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in ignorance and in a rewriting of tradition
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.07,0:05:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a selective reading of religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.35,0:05:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you know what? You don't have to take my word for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.96,0:05:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to hear from two people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.85,0:05:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are on the sharp end of the law.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.38,0:05:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is Nick Rhoades. He's an American.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.58,0:05:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was convicted under the U.S. State of Iowa's law
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.58,0:05:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on HIV transmission and exposure --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.47,0:05:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neither of which offense he actually committed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.92,0:05:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Nick Rhoades: If something is against the law
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.12,0:05:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then that is telling society
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.32,0:05:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is unacceptable, that's bad behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.92,0:05:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think the severity of that punishment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.49,0:05:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells you how bad you are as a person.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.18,0:05:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're a class B felon,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.66,0:06:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lifetime sex offender.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.45,0:06:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are a very, very, very bad person.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.48,0:06:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you did a very, very, very bad thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.87,0:06:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that's just programmed into you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.42,0:06:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you go through the correctional system
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.66,0:06:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everyone's telling you the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.46,0:06:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're just like, I'm a very bad person.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.42,0:06:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shereen El-Feki: It's not just a question
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.39,0:06:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of unfair or ineffective laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.49,0:06:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some countries have good laws,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.59,0:06:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laws which could stem the tide of HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.24,0:06:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is that these laws are flouted.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.34,0:06:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because stigma gives unofficial license
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.30,0:06:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to treat people living with HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.62,0:06:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or those at greatest risk
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.94,0:06:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unlike other citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.27,0:06:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is exactly what happened
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.97,0:06:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Helma and Dongo from Namibia.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.18,0:06:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Hilma: I found out
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.91,0:06:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I went to the hospital for a pregnancy check-up.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.86,0:06:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nurse announced that every pregnant woman
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.51,0:06:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must also be tested for HIV that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.60,0:07:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took the test and the result showed I was positive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.65,0:07:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the day I found out.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.25,0:07:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nurse said to me, "Why should you people bcome pregnant
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.86,0:07:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you know you are HIV positive?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.39,0:07:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are you pregnant when you are living positive?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.78,0:07:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am sure now that is the reason they sterilized me.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.77,0:07:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I am HIV positive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.90,0:07:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't give the forms to me
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.95,0:07:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or explain what was in the form.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.67,0:07:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nurse just came with it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.07,0:07:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already marked where I had to sign.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.15,0:07:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with the labor pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.10,0:07:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't have the strength to ask them to read it to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.17,0:07:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just signed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.71,0:07:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SE: Hilma and Nick and our man in the kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.85,0:07:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are among the 34 million people living with HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.20,0:07:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to recent estimates.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.32,0:07:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're the lucky ones
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.18,0:07:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're still alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.87,0:07:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to those same estimates,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.73,0:08:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 2010 1.8 million people died
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.72,0:08:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of AIDS related causes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.12,0:08:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are terrible and tragic figures.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.62,0:08:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we look a little more broadly into the statistics,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.05,0:08:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually see some reason for hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.25,0:08:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking globally, the number of new infections of HIV is declining.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.65,0:08:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And looking globally as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.10,0:08:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deaths are also starting to fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.47,0:08:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many reasons for these positive developments,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.50,0:08:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one of the most remarkable
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.64,0:08:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in the increase in the number of people around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.80,0:08:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on anti-retroviral therapy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.98,0:08:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the medicines they need to keep their HIV in check.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.12,0:08:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there are still many problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.15,0:08:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only about half of the people who need treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.50,0:08:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are currently receiving it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.73,0:08:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some parts of the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.59,0:08:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like here in the Middle East and North Africa --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.94,0:08:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new infections are rising and so are deaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.32,0:08:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the money, the money we need
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.47,0:08:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the global response to HIV,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.40,0:09:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is shrinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.40,0:09:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for the first time
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.69,0:09:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in three decades into this epidemic
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.90,0:09:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a real chance to come to grips with HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.02,0:09:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in order to do that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.99,0:09:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to tackle an epidemic of really bad law.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.89,0:09:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's for this reason
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.50,0:09:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Global Commission on HIV and the Law,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.64,0:09:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which I'm a member,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.93,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was established by the agencies of the United Nations --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at the ways that legal environments
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.65,0:09:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are affecting people living with HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.67,0:09:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those at greatest risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.80,0:09:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to recommend what should be done
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.55,0:09:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the law an ally, not an enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.79,0:09:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the global response to HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.52,0:09:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you just one example
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.87,0:09:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the way a legal environment
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.52,0:09:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can make a positive difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.08,0:09:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who inject drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.90,0:09:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are one of those groups I mentioned.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.71,0:09:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're at high risk of HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.84,0:09:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through contaminated injection equipment
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.70,0:09:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other risk-related behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.38,0:10:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, one in every 10 new infections of HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.06,0:10:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is among people who inject drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.80,0:10:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now drug use or possession
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.40,0:10:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is illegal in almost every country.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.55,0:10:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some countries take a harder line on this than others.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.80,0:10:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Thailand people who use drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.48,0:10:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are merely suspected of using drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.33,0:10:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are placed in detention centers,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.20,0:10:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the one you see here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.12,0:10:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they are supposed to clean up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.20,0:10:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is absolutely no evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.13,0:10:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show that throwing people into detention
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.98,0:10:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cures their drug dependence.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.32,0:10:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is, however, ample evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.48,0:10:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show that incarcerating people
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.48,0:10:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increases their risk of HIV and other infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.70,0:10:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know how to reduce HIV transmission and other risks
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.35,0:10:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in people who inject drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.12,0:10:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called harm reduction,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.25,0:10:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it involves, among other things,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.03,0:10:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,providing clean needles and syringes,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.16,0:11:00.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,offering opioid substitution therapy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.100,0:11:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other evidence-based treatments
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.26,0:11:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce drug dependence.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.51,0:11:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It involves providing information
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.03,0:11:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and education and condoms
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.05,0:11:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce HIV transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.18,0:11:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also providing HIV testing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.70,0:11:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and counseling and treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.53,0:11:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should people become infected.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.35,0:11:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where the legal environment allows for harm reduction
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.88,0:11:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the results are striking.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.13,0:11:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Australia and Switzerland
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.96,0:11:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were two countries which introduced harm reduction
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.56,0:11:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very early on in their HIV epidemics,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.26,0:11:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have a very low rate of HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.28,0:11:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among injecting drug users.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.45,0:11:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The U.S. and Malaysia
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.80,0:11:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came to harm reduction a little later,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.35,0:11:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have higher rates of HIV in these populations.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.31,0:11:47.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thailand and Russia, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.100,0:11:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have resisted harm reduction
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.90,0:11:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have stringent laws
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.63,0:11:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which punish drug use.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.20,0:11:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hey, surprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.70,0:12:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very high rates of HIV among people who are injecting drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.06,0:12:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the Global Commission we have studied the evidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.93,0:12:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've heard the experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.68,0:12:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of over 700 people from 140 countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.01,0:12:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the trend? Well the trend is clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.27,0:12:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where you criminalize people living with HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.60,0:12:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or those at greatest risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.96,0:12:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you fuel the epidemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.71,0:12:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now coming up with a vaccine for HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.98,0:12:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a cure for AIDS --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.18,0:12:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now that's rocket science.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.68,0:12:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But changing the law isn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.46,0:12:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, a number of countries are starting to make progress
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.18,0:12:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a number of points.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.76,0:12:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To begin, countries need to review their legislation
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.80,0:12:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it touches HIV and vulnerable groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.33,0:12:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the back of those reviews,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.45,0:12:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,governments should repeal laws
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.41,0:12:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that punish or discriminate against people living with HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.58,0:12:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or those at greatest risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.80,0:12:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Repealing a law isn't easy,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.31,0:12:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's particularly difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.10,0:12:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it relates to touchy subjects like drugs and sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.38,0:13:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's plenty you can do while that process is underway.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.95,0:13:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the key points is to reform the police
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.25,0:13:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they have better practices on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.06,0:13:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, outreach workers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.82,0:13:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are distributing condoms to vulnerable populations
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.82,0:13:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not themselves subject to police harassment
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.93,0:13:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or abuse or arbitrary arrest.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.88,0:13:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can also train judges
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.38,0:13:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they find flexibilities in the law
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.55,0:13:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so that they rule on the side of tolerance
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.70,0:13:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than prejudice.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.60,0:13:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can retool prisons
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.12,0:13:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that HIV prevention and harm reduction
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.48,0:13:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is available to prisoners.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.70,0:13:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key to all this is reinforcing civil society.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.22,0:13:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because civil society is key
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.90,0:13:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to raising awareness among vulnerable groups
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.77,0:13:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their legal rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.55,0:13:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But awareness needs action.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.17,0:13:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we need to ensure
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.64,0:13:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these people who are living with HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.97,0:13:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at greatest risk of HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.64,0:13:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have access to legal services
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.37,0:14:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have equal access to the courts.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.28,0:14:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also important is talking to communities
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.99,0:14:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we change interpretations
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.14,0:14:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of religious or customary law,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.64,0:14:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is too often used
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.45,0:14:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to justify punishment and fuel stigma.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.94,0:14:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For many of us here
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.18,0:14:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HIV is not an abstract threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.70,0:14:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It hits very close to home.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.20,0:14:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The law, on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.72,0:14:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can seem remote, arcane, the stuff of specialists,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.15,0:14:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it isn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.23,0:14:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because for those of us who live in democracies,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.12,0:14:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in aspiring democracies,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.44,0:14:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the law begins with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.45,0:14:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laws that treat people living with HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.38,0:14:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or those at greatest risk with respect
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.05,0:14:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start with the way that we treat them ourselves: as equals.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.90,0:14:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we are going to stop the spread of HIV in our lifetime,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.54,0:14:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then that is the change we need to spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.20,0:14:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.60,0:15:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)