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So I'd like to start by focusing on

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the world's most dangerous animal.

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Now, when you talk about dangerous animals,

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most people might think of lions or tigers or sharks.

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But of course the most dangerous animal

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is the mosquito.

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The mosquito has killed more humans

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than any other creature in human history.

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In fact, probably adding them all together,

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the mosquito has killed more humans.

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And the mosquito has killed more humans than wars

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and plague.

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And you would think, would you not,

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that with all our science, with all our advances in society,

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with better towns, better civilizations, better sanitation,

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wealth, that we would get better at controlling mosquitos,

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and hence reduce this disease.

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And that's not really the case.

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If it was the case, we wouldn't have

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between 200 and 300 million cases of malaria every year,

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and we wouldn't have

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a million and a half deaths from malaria,

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and we wouldn't have a disease

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that was relatively unknown 50 years ago

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now suddenly turned into

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the largest mosquito-borne virus threat that we have,

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and that's called dengue fever.

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So 50 years ago, pretty much no one had heard of it,

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no one certainly in the European environment.

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But dengue fever now, according to the World Health Organization,

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infects between 50 and 100 million people every year,

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so that's equivalent to the whole of the population

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of the U.K. being infected every year.

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Other estimates put that number at roughly double

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that number of infections.

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And dengue fever has grown in speed quite phenomenally.

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In the last 50 years, the incidence of dengue

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has grown thirtyfold.

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Now let me tell you a little bit about what dengue fever is,

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for those who don't know.

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Now let's assume you go on holiday.

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Let's assume you go to the Caribbean,

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or you might go to Mexico. You might go to Latin America,

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Asia, Africa, anywhere in Saudi Arabia.

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You might go to India, the Far East.

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It doesn't really matter. It's the same mosquito,

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and it's the same disease. You're at risk.

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And let's assume you're bitten by a mosquito

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that's carrying that virus.

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Well, you could develop flu-like symptoms.

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They could be quite mild.

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You could develop nausea, headache,

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your muscles could feel like they're contracting,

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and you could actually feel like your bones are breaking.

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And that's the nickname given to this disease.

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It's called breakbone fever,

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because that's how you can feel.

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Now the odd thing is, is that once you've been bitten

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by this mosquito, and you've had this disease,

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your body develops antibodies,

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so if you're bitten again with that strain,

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it doesn't affect you.

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But it's not one virus, it's four,

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and the same protection that gives you the antibodies

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and protects you from the same virus that you had before

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actually makes you much more susceptible to the other three.

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So the next time you get dengue fever,

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if it's a different strain, you're more susceptible,

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you're likely to get worse symptoms,

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and you're more likely to get the more severe forms,

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hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome.

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So you don't want dengue once,

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and you certainly don't want it again.

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So why is it spreading so fast?

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And the answer is this thing.

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This is Aedes aegypti.

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Now this is a mosquito that came, like its name suggests,

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out of North Africa, and it's spread round the world.

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Now, in fact, a single mosquito will only travel

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about 200 yards in its entire life. They don't travel very far.

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What they're very good at doing is hitchhiking,

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particularly the eggs.

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They will lay their eggs in clear water, any pool, any puddle,

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any birdbath, any flower pot,

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anywhere there's clear water, they'll lay their eggs,

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and if that clear water is near freight, it's near a port,

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if it's anywhere near transport,

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those eggs will then get transported around the world.

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And that's what's happened. Mankind has transported

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these eggs all the way around the world,

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and these insects have infested over 100 countries,

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and there's now 2.5 billion people living in countries

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where this mosquito resides.

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To give you just a couple of examples

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how fast this has happened,

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in the mid-'70s, Brazil declared, "We have no Aedes aegypti,"

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and currently they spend about a billion dollars now

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a year trying to get rid of it, trying to control it,

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just one species of mosquito.

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Two days ago, or yesterday, I can't remember which,

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I saw a Reuters report that said

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Madeira had had their first cases of dengue,

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about 52 cases, with about 400 probable cases.

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That's two days ago.

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Interestingly, Madeira first got the insect in 2005,

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and here we are, a few years later,

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first cases of dengue.

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So the one thing you'll find is that where the mosquito goes,

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dengue will follow.

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Once you've got the mosquito in your area,

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anyone coming into that area with dengue,

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mosquito will bite them, mosquito will bite somewhere else,

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somewhere else, somewhere else,

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and you'll get an epidemic.

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So we must be good at killing mosquitos.

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I mean, that can't be very difficult.

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Well, there's two principle ways.

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The first way is that you use larvicides.

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You use chemicals. You put them into water where they breed.

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Now in an urban environment, that's extraordinarily difficult.

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You've got to get your chemical into every puddle,

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every birdbath, every tree trunk.

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It's just not practical.

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The second way you can do it

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is actually trying to kill the insects as they fly around.

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This is a picture of fogging.

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Here what someone is doing

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is mixing up chemical in a smoke

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and basically spreading that through the environment.

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You could do the same with a space spray.

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This is really unpleasant stuff,

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and if it was any good, we wouldn't have this massive increase

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in mosquitos and we wouldn't have this massive increase in dengue fever.

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So it's not very effective, but it's probably

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the best thing we've got at the moment.

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Having said that, actually, your best form of protection

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and my best form of protection is a long-sleeve shirt

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and a little bit of DEET to go with it.

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So let's start again. Let's design a product,

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right from the word go, and decide what we want.

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Well we clearly need something that is effective

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at reducing the mosquito population.

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There's no point in just killing the odd mosquito here and there.

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We want something that gets that population right the way down

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so it can't get the disease transmission.

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Clearly the product you've got has got to be safe to humans.

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We are going to use it in and around humans.

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It has to be safe.

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We don't want to have a lasting impact on the environment.

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We don't want to do anything that you can't undo.

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Maybe a better product comes along in 20, 30 years.

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Fine. We don't want a lasting environmental impact.

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We want something that's relatively cheap, or cost-effective,

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because there's an awful lot of countries involved,

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and some of them are emerging markets,

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some of them emerging countries, low-income.

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And finally, you want something that's species-specific.

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You want to get rid of this mosquito that spreads dengue,

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but you don't really want to get all the other insects.

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Some are quite beneficial. Some are important to your ecosystem.

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This one's not. It's invaded you.

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But you don't want to get all of the insects.

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You just want to get this one.

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And most of the time, you'll find this insect

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lives in and around your home,

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so this -- whatever we do has got to get to that insect.

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It's got to get into people's houses, into the bedrooms,

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into the kitchens.

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Now there are two features of mosquito biology

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that really help us in this project,

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and that is, firstly, males don't bite.

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It's only the female mosquito that will actually bite you.

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The male can't bite you, won't bite you,

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doesn't have the mouth parts to bite you.

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It's just the female.

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And the second is a phenomenon

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that males are very, very good at finding females.

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If there's a male mosquito that you release,

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and if there's a female around, that male will find the female.

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So basically, we've used those two factors.

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So here's a typical situation,

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male meets female, lots of offspring.

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A single female will lay about

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up to 100 eggs at a time,

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up to about 500 in her lifetime.

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Now if that male is carrying a gene

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which causes the death of the offspring,

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then the offspring don't survive,

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and instead of having 500 mosquitos running around,

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you have none.

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And if you can put more, I'll call them sterile,

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that the offspring will actually die at different stages,

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but I'll call them sterile for now.

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If you put more sterile males out into the environment,

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then the females are more likely to find a sterile male

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than a fertile one, and you will bring that population down.

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So the males will go out, they'll look for females,

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they'll mate. If they mate successfully, then no offspring.

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If they don't find a female, then they'll die anyway.

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They only live a few days.

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And that's exactly where we are.

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So this is technology that was developed

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in Oxford University a few years ago.

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The company itself, Oxitec, we've been working

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for the last 10 years, very much on a sort of similar

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development pathway that you'd get with a pharmaceutical company.

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So about 10 years of internal evaluation, testing,

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to get this to a state where we think it's actually ready.

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And then we've gone out into the big outdoors,

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always with local community consent,

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always with the necessary permits.

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So we've done field trials now in the Cayman Islands,

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a small one in Malaysia,

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and two more now in Brazil.

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And what's the result?

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Well, the result has been very good.

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In about four months of release,

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we've brought that population of mosquitos

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— in most cases we're dealing with villages here

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of about 2,000, 3,000 people, that sort of size,

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starting small —

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we've taken that mosquito population down

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by about 85 percent in about four months.

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And in fact, the numbers after that get,

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those get very difficult to count, because there just aren't any left.

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So that's been what we've seen in Cayman,

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it's been what we've seen in Brazil

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in those trials.

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And now what we're doing is we're going through a process

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to scale up to a town of about 50,000,

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so we can see this work at big scale.

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And we've got a production unit in Oxford,

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or just south of Oxford, where we actually produce these mosquitos.

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We can produce them,

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in a space a bit more than this red carpet,

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I can produce about 20 million a week.

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We can transport them around the world.

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It's not very expensive, because it's a coffee cup --

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something the size of a coffee cup

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will hold about three million eggs.

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So freight costs aren't our biggest problem. (Laughter)

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So we've got that. You could call it a mosquito factory.

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And for Brazil, where we've been doing some trials,

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the Brazilian government themselves have now built

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their own mosquito factory, far bigger than ours,

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and we'll use that for scaling up in Brazil.

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There you are. We've sent mosquito eggs.

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We've separated the males from the females.

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The males have been put in little pots

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and the truck is going down the road

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and they are releasing males as they go.

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It's actually a little bit more precise than that.

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You want to release them so that

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you get good coverage of your area.

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So you take a Google Map, you divide it up,

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work out how far they can fly,

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and make sure you're releasing such that you get

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coverage of the area, and then you go back,

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and within a very short space of time,

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you're bringing that population right the way down.

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We've also done this in agriculture.

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We've got several different species of agriculture coming along,

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and I'm hoping that soon

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we'll be able to get some funding together so we can get back

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and start looking at malaria.

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So that's where we stand at the moment,

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and I've just got a few final thoughts,

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which is that this is another way in which biology

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is now coming in to supplement chemistry

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in some of our societal advances in this area,

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and these biological approaches are coming in

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in very different forms,

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and when you think about genetic engineering,

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we've now got enzymes for industrial processing,

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enzymes, genetically engineered enzymes in food.

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We have G.M. crops, we have pharmaceuticals,

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we have new vaccines,

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all using roughly the same technology, but with very different outcomes.

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And I'm in favor, actually. Of course I am.

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I'm in favor of particularly where the older technologies

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don't work well or have become unacceptable.

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And although the techniques are similar,

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the outcomes are very, very different,

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and if you take our approach, for example,

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and you compare it to, say, G.M. crops,

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both techniques are trying to produce a massive benefit.

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Both have a side benefit,

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which is that we reduce pesticide use tremendously.

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But whereas a G.M. crop is trying to protect the plant,

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for example, and give it an advantage,

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what we're actually doing is taking the mosquito

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and giving it the biggest disadvantage it can possibly have,

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rendering it unable to reproduce effectively.

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So for the mosquito, it's a dead end.

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Thank you very much. (Applause)