[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.32,0:00:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain is an amazing and complex organ.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.63,0:00:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while many people\Nare fascinated by the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.09,0:00:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can't really tell you that much
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.86,0:00:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the properties\Nabout how the brain works
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.14,0:00:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we don't teach\Nneuroscience in schools.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.46,0:00:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the reasons\Nwhy is that the equipment
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.90,0:00:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is so complex and so expensive
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.56,0:00:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's really only done at major\Nuniversities and large institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.70,0:00:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so in order to be able\Nto access the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.94,0:00:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you really need to dedicate your life
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.77,0:00:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spend six and a half years\Nas a graduate student
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.25,0:00:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to become a neuroscientist\Nto get access to these tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.20,0:00:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a shame\Nbecause one out of five of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.54,0:00:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's 20 percent of the entire world,\Nwill have a neurological disorder.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.36,0:00:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are zero cures\Nfor these diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.80,0:00:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it seems that\Nwhat we should be doing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.02,0:00:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is reaching back earlier\Nin the eduction process
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.43,0:00:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and teaching students about neuroscience\Nso that in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.01,0:00:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may be thinking about possibly\Nbecoming a brain scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.06,0:00:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a graduate student,\Nmy lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.76,0:01:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided that what if we took\Nthis complex equipment that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.64,0:01:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for studying the brain and made it simple\Nenough and affordable enough
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.04,0:01:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that anyone that you know, an amateur\Nor a high school student,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.35,0:01:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could learn and actually participate\Nin the discovery of neuroscience.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.84,0:01:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we did just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.57,0:01:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few years ago, we started\Na company called Backyard Brains
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.47,0:01:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we make DIY neuroscience equipment\Nand I brought some here tonight,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.87,0:01:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to do some demonstrations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.38,0:01:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You guys want to see some?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.81,0:01:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I need a volunteer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.77,0:01:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So right before -- what is your name?\N(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.03,0:01:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sam Kelly: Sam.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.07,0:01:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going\Nto record from your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.10,0:01:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you had this before?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.85,0:01:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SK: No.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.95,0:01:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GG: I need you to stick out\Nyour arm for science,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.26,0:01:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roll up your sleeve a bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.83,0:01:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I'm going to do,\NI'm putting electrodes on your arm,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.71,0:01:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're probably wondering,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.20,0:01:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just said I'm going to record from your\Nbrain, what am I doing with your arm?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.94,0:01:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you have about 80 billion neurons\Ninside your brain right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.18,0:01:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're sending electrical messages\Nback and forth, and chemical messages.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.66,0:02:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of your neurons\Nright here in your motor cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.34,0:02:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to send messages down\Nwhen you move your arm like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.43,0:02:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're going to go down\Nacross your corpus callosum,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.92,0:02:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down onto your spinal cord\Nto your lower motor neuron
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.45,0:02:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out to your muscles here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.72,0:02:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that electrical discharge\Nis going to be picked up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.33,0:02:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by these electrodes right here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.86,0:02:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're going to be able to listen
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.58,0:02:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to exactly what your brain\Nis going to be doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.84,0:02:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to turn this on for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.84,0:02:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you ever heard\Nwhat your brain sounds like?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.13,0:02:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SK: No.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.17,0:02:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GG: Let's try it out.\NSo go ahead and squeeze your hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.90,0:02:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Rumbling)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.97,0:02:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you're listening to,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.85,0:02:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this is your motor units\Nhappening right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.11,0:02:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look at it as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.19,0:02:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to stand over here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.01,0:02:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to open up our app here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.03,0:02:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now I want you to squeeze.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.73,0:02:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Rumbling)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.82,0:02:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So right here, these are the motor units\Nthat are happening
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.67,0:02:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from her spinal cord\Nout to her muscle right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.13,0:02:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as she's doing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.36,0:02:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're seeing the electrical activity\Nthat's happening here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.19,0:02:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can even click here\Nand try to see one of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.63,0:02:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So keep doing it really hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.10,0:02:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now we've paused
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.17,0:03:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on one motor action potential that's\Nhappening right now inside of your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.45,0:03:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you guys want to see some more?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.23,0:03:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.81,0:03:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's interesting,\Nbut let's get it better.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.95,0:03:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need one more volunteer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.86,0:03:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is your name, sir?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.27,0:03:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GG: Miguel, all right.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.40,0:03:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to stand right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.98,0:03:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you're moving your arm like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.97,0:03:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain is sending a signal\Ndown to your muscles right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.08,0:03:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to move your arm as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.86,0:03:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So your brain is going to send\Na signal down to your muscles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.73,0:03:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it turns out that there is\Na nerve that's right here
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.58,0:03:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that runs up here that innervates\Nthese three fingers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.34,0:03:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's close enough to the skin\Nthat we might be able
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.01,0:03:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stimulate that so that what we can do
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.35,0:03:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is copy your brain signals\Ngoing out to your hand
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.83,0:03:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inject it into your hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.35,0:03:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that your hand will move\Nwhen your brain tells your hand to move.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.73,0:03:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in a sense, she will take away\Nyour free will
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.93,0:03:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you will no longer have\Nany control over this hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.96,0:03:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You with me?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.57,0:03:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I just need to hook you up.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.62,0:03:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.37,0:03:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.43,0:04:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is probably right around here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.63,0:04:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't know what you're signing up for
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.63,0:04:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you come up.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.73,0:04:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now I'm going to move away\Nand we're going to plug it in
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.52,0:04:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our human-to-human interface over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.34,0:04:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so Sam, I want you\Nto squeeze your hand again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.19,0:04:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do it again. Perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.15,0:04:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now I'm going to hook you up\Nover here so that you get the --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.16,0:04:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to feel\Na little bit weird at first,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.40,0:04:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is going to feel like a --\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.86,0:04:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, when you lose your free will,\Nand someone else becomes your agent,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.68,0:04:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it does feel a bit strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.31,0:04:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I want you to relax your hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.21,0:04:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sam, you're with me?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.53,0:04:36.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you're going to squeeze.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.100,0:04:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to turn it on yet,\Nso go ahead and give it a squeeze.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.28,0:04:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, are you ready, Miguel?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.24,0:04:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MG: Ready as I'll ever be.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.06,0:04:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead\Nand turn your hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.26,0:04:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you feel that a little bit?\NMG: Nope.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.30,0:04:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GG: Okay, do it again?\NMG: A little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.20,0:04:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GG: A little bit? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.88,0:04:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So relax.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.91,0:04:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So hit it again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.32,0:04:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.52,0:04:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, perfect, perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.23,0:05:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So relax, do it again.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.11,0:05:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, so right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.88,0:05:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain is controlling your arm\Nand it's also controlling his arm,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.28,0:05:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so go ahead and just do it one more time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.47,0:05:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.50,0:05:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, what would happen\Nif I took over my control of your hand?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.26,0:05:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, just relax your hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.51,0:05:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.73,0:05:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.76,0:05:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why not?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.30,0:05:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the brain has to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.99,0:05:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you do it again.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.35,0:05:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, that's perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.78,0:05:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you guys for being\Nsuch a good sport.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.32,0:05:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what's happening\Nall across the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.58,0:05:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrophysiology!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.91,0:05:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to bring on\Nthe neuro-revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.16,0:05:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.18,0:05:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)