[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.19,0:00:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know that we receive\Nbenefits from nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.72,0:00:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but have you ever tried\Nto list them out?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.05,0:00:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To identify them,\Nassign values to them
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.61,0:00:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or actually trace them back, to particular\Nlandscapes that give rise to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.19,0:00:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of us probably don't go\Nthrough this exercise
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.48,0:00:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a regular basis if ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.26,0:00:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the answer to these questions\Nis fundamental to our ability
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.11,0:00:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to manage our landscapes,\Nfor both sustainability
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.61,0:00:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for improved quality of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.96,0:00:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to answer these questions,\NI need to know,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.52,0:00:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what values you assign
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.31,0:00:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to wetlands,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.52,0:00:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,streams, forests, fields?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.03,0:00:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this question isn't particularly\Neasy to answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.49,0:00:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.03,0:00:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have familiarity with assigning\Na value to a pint of maple syrup
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.41,0:00:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a glass of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.10,0:01:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, what's the value of the maple trees\Nthat produced that syrup,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.45,0:01:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the forest\Nwhere maple trees grow?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.08,0:01:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is the value of the forest equal\Nto the value of the maple syrup?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.15,0:01:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably not.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.27,0:01:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forests produce\Na lot of other services,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.05,0:01:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we could sit and think\Nabout them for a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.78,0:01:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can think whether it is –\Nboard field lumber it produces,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.77,0:01:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they generate other food,\Nfuel-fiber type resources, firewood –
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.64,0:01:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These all have market values,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.20,0:01:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, again, it's relatively easy\Nto look up at the values\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.86,0:01:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or think about them,\Nor think about trading them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.69,0:01:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about the elements,\N\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.77,0:01:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the services that we get\Nfrom this ecosystems
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.85,0:01:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that aren't necessarily material,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.80,0:01:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that aren't part or the structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.76,0:01:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather functions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.12,0:01:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the greater structural complexity\Nof these systems?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.01,0:01:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is – what is the value\Nof a forest as a forest
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.38,0:01:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to the value\Nas a piece of lumber?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.32,0:01:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's an important question\Nto think about.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.55,0:01:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we can think about things like,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.32,0:01:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forests absorb carbon dioxide\Nfrom the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.82,0:01:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thereby medicating greenhouse\Ngas emissions and climate change –
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.30,0:02:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they produce oxygen\Nthat we can breathe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.41,0:02:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they retain nutrients,\Nlike phosphorus and nitrogen,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.79,0:02:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as sediment,\Nkeeping them out from water ways
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.84,0:02:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep them clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.50,0:02:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They provide habitat for biodiversity
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.91,0:02:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they provide endless recreation\Nopportunities for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.80,0:02:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can think of all\Nthese kinds of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.73,0:02:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, maybe we can get\Nat a lower bound for value
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.96,0:02:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a given forest,\Nif we try to add up\N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.52,0:02:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the individual contributions\Nof each of these different elements
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.24,0:02:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our well being.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.84,0:02:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can try and do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.74,0:02:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we are still faced\Nwith a more fundamental problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.99,0:02:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that – we're talking\Nabout questions of value,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.78,0:02:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're talking about value,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.37,0:02:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're talking about\Npeople's perceptions of worth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.77,0:02:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, been held subjectively,\Nvary widely across populations,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.96,0:02:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,culture, generation, ethnicity,\Nany number of things,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.08,0:02:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can think about these axes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.14,0:02:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that means extremely,\Nextremely difficult to assign
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.35,0:02:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blanket values, generalized values\Nto a given landscape,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.18,0:02:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the services\Nthat they generate are valued
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.37,0:02:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by different people in different places\Nat different times.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.87,0:03:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's the problem space\Nthat we want to play with here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.16,0:03:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if we're thinking\Nabout this localization of the problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.32,0:03:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe a more important question,\Nor a different way to phrase this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.72,0:03:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not to ask ourselves,\Nor is not to try and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.45,0:03:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The value of a service\Nfrom forest is x,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.42,0:03:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.16,0:03:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The value of this service from this forest\Nis x to these people,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.27,0:03:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to get specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.14,0:03:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in that spirit,\Nfor the last few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.75,0:03:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our researchers\Nin ecosystems services area
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.30,0:03:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been traveling\Naround the world
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.93,0:03:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and surveying people\Nabout the values\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.11,0:03:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they assign to the services of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.55,0:03:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, obviously these things\Nare time consuming
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.63,0:03:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.71,0:03:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's extremely difficult\Nto get very much data here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.79,0:03:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are databases built up\Non these things,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.76,0:03:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specially in the last decade –
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.74,0:03:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've started to see some\Ndatabases emerging that you can query
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.72,0:03:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to get an idea\Nof what the literature says\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.84,0:03:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about some of these\Ndifferent kinds of values –
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.93,0:03:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these, again, socio-economic values\Nthat we're playing with.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.03,0:04:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, we don't think even\Nremotely close to global coverage,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.90,0:04:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nowhere near.\NAnd at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.68,0:04:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in the last five to six years,\Nwe've seen a major upswell
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.91,0:04:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in institutions of both\Nthe public and the private sector,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.52,0:04:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,begging for global coverage\Nof ecosystems service information
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.26,0:04:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can use\Nfor their land management decisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.88,0:04:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and run scenarios against.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.34,0:04:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as we've already seen, we do have\Na lot of [due] a spatial data now.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.58,0:04:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's kind of a new big fun thing\Nin ecosystems services world –
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.98,0:04:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're not just limited to doing\Nthese one off surveys,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.22,0:04:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can actually do\Nthese secondary
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.03,0:04:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meta-level evaluations of the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.30,0:04:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we get to do with this –\Nwe get all this geospatial data,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.63,0:04:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we put it together, and now\Nwhat we can do in filling these gaps,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.09,0:04:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we can actually try\Nand create functions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.48,0:04:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go in and study the structure\Nin the data
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.85,0:04:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the landscapes and the people,\Nthe cities, the community centers,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.45,0:04:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the roads,\Nall these kinds of structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.12,0:04:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to pull out\Nwith these signature functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.12,0:05:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where services are likely\Nto be produced,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.19,0:05:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where there's probably\Ndemand for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.17,0:05:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, once you've applied\Nthese kinds of functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.66,0:05:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you still don't necessarily know –
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.76,0:05:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you know where\Nthe supply might be,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.87,0:05:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you know where\Nthe demand might be
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.36,0:05:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in any given landscape,\Nonce you've run these functions –
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.42,0:05:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you still don't know\Nif any service is being delivered.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.58,0:05:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we have to do there –
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.55,0:05:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we take the landscapes,\Nwe project this information
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.49,0:05:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about likelihood of supply and demand\Nup on to a network,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.20,0:05:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we start flowing around,\Nwe simulate in our computers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.88,0:05:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across all this geospatial data.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.59,0:05:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We simulate the flow of,\Nwhat we call "service carriers",
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.84,0:05:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so things like bees\Nfor pollination services,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.32,0:05:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or carbon dioxide moving around,\Nwater moving for flooding
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.43,0:05:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wild-fire, water supply,\Nwater quality, any number of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.67,0:05:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You move it across the landscape\Nand you try actually see –
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.01,0:05:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given any particular\Ntopographic variables,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.24,0:05:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the service flow topology,\Nany given area,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.65,0:05:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thereby, you can finally answer\Nthe question:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.58,0:05:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who receives services from where\Nin any given landscape?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.79,0:06:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's extremely powerful,\Nif you have that kind of information.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.98,0:06:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the kinds of things\Nyou can answer with that, now –
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.58,0:06:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,\N– that's not too bad –
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.08,0:06:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, you can finally\Nshow maps like this,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.92,0:06:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the green areas here are like
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.32,0:06:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[repeated sound of] on the top,\Nand over here you have a mountaineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.61,0:06:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're looking at scenic views –
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.50,0:06:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the impact of scenic views\Non different properties –\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.61,0:06:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the red, on the top there,\Nis the city of Kent.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.26,0:06:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you can try and see:\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.75,0:06:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who receives services from where,\Nand to what degree?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.92,0:06:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the yellow stuff is visual blight –
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.71,0:06:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can actually look at the degree\Nto which individual properties
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.39,0:06:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are being impacted in terms\Nof their service,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.91,0:06:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the way\Nlandscapes configure.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.59,0:06:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can run scenarios against this\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.39,0:06:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and actually, really answer\Nquestions about
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.19,0:06:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wins and who looses\Non different management scenarios?\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.88,0:06:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you say,\Non a development scenario one,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.83,0:06:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this group of people gained something,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.36,0:06:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a different group of people gains\Na little bit more,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.60,0:06:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this third group of people\Ngets hurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.42,0:07:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas under development scenario two,\Nif I develop in this area,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.52,0:07:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, it turns out that everybody\Ngets hurt a little bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.57,0:07:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if I develop in the third area,\Neveryone benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.22,0:07:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is really becoming\Nvery interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.20,0:07:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the US, in particular,\Nthe EPA has this entire research divisions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.65,0:07:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entirely turned around\Nto ecosystem service research these days;\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.35,0:07:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the US GS has a very\Nbig program in that;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.39,0:07:23.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the US GA has an office\Nof ecosystem services and market –
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.100,0:07:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just started off a few years ago\Nunder this administration,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.10,0:07:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.92,0:07:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, our government's all into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.63,0:07:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing a lot of\Necosystem service work,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.59,0:07:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting to find its way\Ninto public policy in the EU.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.89,0:07:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm participating in some projects\Nin Africa as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.29,0:07:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Gund Institute right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.24,0:07:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where this stuff is also\Ncoming into play.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.26,0:07:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we're hoping that taking this kind\Nof technology\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.08,0:07:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to finally connect people\Nto the landscapes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.32,0:07:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the actual landscapes,\Nwhich generate their services,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.06,0:07:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will really help us to better inform,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.50,0:07:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better land management\Nin the future for all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.93,0:07:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.77,0:07:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)