[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.44,0:00:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, power of small.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.66,0:00:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This could have also been\Ndeconstruction.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.06,0:00:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have seen \Nthe universe deconstructed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.44,0:00:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have seen \Nmanagement deconstructed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.27,0:00:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have seen construction \Nbeing deconstructed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.52,0:00:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ego being deconstructed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.86,0:00:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to deconstruct \Na cow for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.02,0:00:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which might seem a little bit odd,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.34,0:00:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why would you do such a thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.86,0:00:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will explain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.78,0:00:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, \Nare there any vegetarians in here?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.34,0:00:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's hard to see, about 4 or 5, \Nwhich is pretty much
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.20,0:00:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average for the Netherlands, \Nand for every industrial population.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.30,0:00:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can doze off for a while...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.39,0:00:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking to \Nthe meat eaters right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.19,0:00:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After five minutes,\Nyou can wake up
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.25,0:00:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because then it becomes \Nreally interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.97,0:00:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm first going to tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.90,0:01:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the problems are \Nwith meat production.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.86,0:01:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it all has to do \Nwith that these animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.60,0:01:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these pigs and cows\Nwere never really designed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.65,0:01:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and never had an evolution \Nto serve as dinner for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.40,0:01:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they are not necessarily efficient,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.98,0:01:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact,\Nthey are very, very inefficient:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.02,0:01:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for every 15 grams \Nof meat that we eat,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.55,0:01:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to feed those animals \N100 grams of vegetable proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.69,0:01:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they have \Na bioconversion rate of 15 %.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.90,0:01:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already as we speak, \Nlivestock is using 70%
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.36,0:01:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all our arable lands in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.90,0:01:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's even worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.33,0:01:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the World Health Organization \Nis predicting,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.19,0:01:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in 2050, meat consumption \Nwill be double what it is right now
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.21,0:01:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of growing middle class\Nin India, China, Brazil, Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.08,0:02:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can do the math, \Nthat's not going to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.03,0:02:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to come up \Nwith a solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.93,0:02:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not the only problem, \Nso food security is serious,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.48,0:02:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's not the only problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.74,0:02:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By now, we also know
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.88,0:02:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these animals, \Nbeing ruminants,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.53,0:02:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually excrete a whole lot \Nof methane and CO².
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.73,0:02:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the ruminologists \Namong you might say,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.24,0:02:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, actually, \Nthey don't fart methane,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.16,0:02:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they belch methane, but, you know
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.26,0:02:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either way it comes out, \Nand it gets into our atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.76,0:02:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a greenhouse gas,\Nit's a very noxious greenhouse gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.13,0:02:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's another issue:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.11,0:02:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20% of all the greenhouse gas \Nemission comes from livestock.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.52,0:02:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, a vegetarian with a Hummer \Nis actually better for the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.81,0:02:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a meat-eater with a bicycle. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.54,0:02:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.11,0:02:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's of course \Nanimal welfare issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.33,0:02:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't dwell on it but we all know it \Nand we sort of hide it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.37,0:02:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we don't want to talk about it, so,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.64,0:02:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we have a solution \Nfor that problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.76,0:03:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact in 1932, \NWinston Churchill of all people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.62,0:03:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mentioned in his book \N"Thoughts and adventures" that
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.40,0:03:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why would we actually \Ngrow an entire chicken
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.60,0:03:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we only eat the breast and the wing?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.34,0:03:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was befriended,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.98,0:03:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,--he was of course a statesman, \Nso what did he know about biology?--
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.15,0:03:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he had a friend, Alexis Carrel,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.98,0:03:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was a Nobel prize\Nwinning physiologist
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.15,0:03:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he at the first time, at that time, \Ncould keep organs alive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.60,0:03:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside of the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.56,0:03:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He couldn't make organs, \Nhe couldn't create them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.82,0:03:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he could keep them \Nalive outside of the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.90,0:03:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from then they went on dreaming,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.71,0:03:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if we can also \Ncreate these organs?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.92,0:03:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that time it just \Nwasn't possible but nowadays,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.48,0:03:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to the advances \Nin the medical field,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.05,0:03:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have stem cell technology, \Nwe have tissue engineering,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.54,0:03:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are getting there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.80,0:03:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's see how that works.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.98,0:03:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's deconstruct this cow.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.60,0:03:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take a biopsy from a cow,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.95,0:04:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will give you \Na small piece of muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.02,0:04:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and muscle of course \Nis the main ingredient of meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.31,0:04:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not the only one,\NI'll come back to that later,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.25,0:04:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we have this piece of muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.84,0:04:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you look at \Nthat piece of muscle
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.60,0:04:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the microscope, \Nyou'll see muscle
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.32,0:04:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'll also see fat tissue,\Nwhich gives some of the taste.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.97,0:04:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you then look \Neven closer at this material,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.60,0:04:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will see the skeletal muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.58,0:04:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the muscle cells, and \Nthere are tiny cells in there
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.75,0:04:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.42,0:04:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Muscle stem cells, \Nthat only can make muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.08,0:04:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're sitting there, \Nwaiting to repair the muscle
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.84,0:04:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once it's injured.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.38,0:04:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about Robben at \Nthe European Soccer Championship
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.37,0:04:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three or four years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.34,0:04:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they are sitting there, \Nwaiting to repair
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.87,0:04:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have a couple \Nof very nice characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.57,0:04:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being stem cells, they can divide,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.95,0:04:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can multiply \Nto tremendous numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.78,0:04:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, from one stem cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.07,0:05:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can make\N10,000 kilos of meat, theoretically.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.16,0:05:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that is one of \Nthe crazy features of these cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.73,0:05:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can divide, \Nthey can multiply,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.76,0:05:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can make \Nan entire mass of muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.77,0:05:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these particular skeletal muscle cells
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.56,0:05:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are even more, sort of special,\Nbecause they merge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.42,0:05:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have to merge because
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.95,0:05:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a muscle fibre is actually \Na large fibre with lots of nuclei.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.91,0:05:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a merger of a number of cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.01,0:05:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they do that \Npretty much by themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.17,0:05:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only thing that we do \Nis we starve them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.10,0:05:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and once we starve them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.44,0:05:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they stop proliferating and\Nthey start to merge into large fibers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.91,0:05:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there is another cool thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.22,0:05:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you put them in a petri dish
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.68,0:05:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you provide anchor points.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.21,0:05:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- and we use velcro for that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.21,0:05:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,klittenbands, I bought this morning \Nat the Hema here in Haarlem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.35,0:06:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we use actually \Nthe loop part of the velcro,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.27,0:06:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it works a little bit better \Nthan the hook part,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.97,0:06:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't ask me why \Nbut it's just empirical.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.76,0:06:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we actually use \Nthe same from the Heima.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.04,0:06:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you put that \Nin your petri dish
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.29,0:06:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you provide \Nanchor points for those cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.03,0:06:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they start to grab on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.82,0:06:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are actually \Nexercise junkies, if you like,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.93,0:06:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we don't have to do anything \Nthey exercise themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.38,0:06:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they grab onto these anchor points
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.40,0:06:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and provide tension \Nand they form a muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.87,0:06:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will show a picture \Na little bit later.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.58,0:06:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They form a muscle, provide tension, \Nstart to contract even,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.70,0:06:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with that they will \Nexercise themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.68,0:06:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will grow tissue, \Nmuscle fibers, small muscle fibers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.10,0:06:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you just take a large number \Nof those muscle fibers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.76,0:06:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20,000 to be exact, you can assemble \Na patty, a hamburger,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.37,0:06:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's exactly what we have done.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.20,0:06:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course you can also add fat to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.90,0:07:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this hamburger contains\N60 billion cells, so that's a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.04,0:07:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to culture a lot of cells
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.84,0:07:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you need to somehow find \Na way to do that efficiently
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.43,0:07:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, remember, we have to be\Nmore efficient than a cow or a pig.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.77,0:07:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currently we are using \Nan inefficient system for it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.02,0:07:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually we are going\Nto use a bioreactor,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.80,0:07:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a silver tank like this of 25,000 litre
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.95,0:07:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is a sizeable pool, \Nan olympic pool I guess,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.09,0:07:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with that you can feed \N40,000 people per year,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.41,0:07:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that is already reasonable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.32,0:07:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, I already said,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.47,0:07:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has to be efficient \Nand it has to also be meat,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.85,0:07:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not some kind of substitute.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.76,0:07:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have more than enough substitutes,\Nfrom vegetable proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.11,0:07:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It needs really to be meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.64,0:07:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nothing less and nothing more.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.51,0:07:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So mimicry is very very important, \Nnow what do you want in meat?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.81,0:08:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You want of course taste, \Nyou want it to be red or pink or whatever
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.45,0:08:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not yellow or white,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.40,0:08:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you want to have that \Nparticular mouthfeel of the meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.52,0:08:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we do that?\NWell, currently this is where we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.64,0:08:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This hamburger on your left \Nwas assembled a couple of weeks ago
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.49,0:08:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 8,000 of those muscle strips
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.06,0:08:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individually prepared \Nin these culture dishes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.67,0:08:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taken out, harvested,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.87,0:08:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making a patty out of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.26,0:08:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see it's pretty close,\Nwouldn't you say?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.05,0:08:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reasonably close.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.65,0:08:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other side \Nyou see the cooked one,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.76,0:08:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually, one is a regular one \Nfrom a cow, and the other is ours.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.41,0:08:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of the people we fooled
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.01,0:08:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by letting them guess which one is \Nwhich, they found it hard to tell.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.09,0:08:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did cheat a little bit here, \Nbecause we painted this hamburger
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.59,0:09:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with beet juice from red beets\Nwhich are actually purple
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.47,0:09:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we added \Na little bit of saffron to it
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.61,0:09:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make it a little bit \Nmore yellow and red.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.61,0:09:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the fibers are not quite red yet, \Nthey are yellow to be honest,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.07,0:09:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there is \Nno blood in the system
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.88,0:09:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's more, there is \Nno myoglobin in the system
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.59,0:09:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or not enough myoglobin.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.22,0:09:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Myoglobin is a protein \Nin those skeletal muscle cells
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.89,0:09:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is very similar \Nto hemoglobin in our blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.40,0:09:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns red if \Nit's exposed to oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.91,0:09:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and muscle cells typically \Nhave a whole lot of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.48,0:09:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there are a fair amount of clues
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.20,0:09:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how you would induce \Nthat myoglobin in these tissues,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.83,0:09:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a talented postdoc in the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.39,0:09:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to work on actually \Nstarving the cells of oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.65,0:09:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So low oxygen, we have systems\Nfor that, very easy to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.06,0:09:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you see that myoglobin \Nactually goes five fold up.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.78,0:09:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was also a report that caffeine, \Nwhich is kind of interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.46,0:09:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caffeine would also \Ninduce that myoglobin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.61,0:10:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the only thing is \Nyou couldn't eat hamburgers at night
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.06,0:10:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, you know, that's a minor detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.34,0:10:06.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately for us, \Nthe caffeine really didn't work,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.39,0:10:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can revert to the lower oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.92,0:10:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can in that way \Nstimulate the myoglobin
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.00,0:10:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turn our fibers into pink fibers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.68,0:10:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We haven't done that yet
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.34,0:10:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have only one \Nof those incubators
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.27,0:10:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a low oxygen capacity
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.33,0:10:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so all the others are\Njust regular oxygen
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.17,0:10:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's just a matter \Nof how you organize it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.34,0:10:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.69,0:10:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course we need to feed those cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.50,0:10:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- now we get to efficiency --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.80,0:10:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We still need to feed them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.78,0:10:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to feed them sugars, \Nwe need to feed them aminoacids,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.33,0:10:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to feed them lipids.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.90,0:10:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which by the way also gives us \Nopportunities to change,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.19,0:10:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use the biochemistry of the cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.07,0:10:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that very smart cell, \Nwhich we really don't do anything with
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.34,0:10:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than feeding it,\Nand providing those anchor points.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.28,0:10:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use the biochemistry of these cells
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.97,0:10:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce more \Npolyunsaturated fatty acids.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.58,0:11:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know they can do it, \Nbecause if grazing animals
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.48,0:11:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a higher polyunsaturated\Nfatty acid fat
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.00,0:11:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than animals being fed\Nfrom a feed lock,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.81,0:11:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we know they have \Nthe capacity to do it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.99,0:11:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just usually don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.58,0:11:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can use \Nthat biochemistry in the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.36,0:11:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have all those variables \Nvery tightly under control
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.29,0:11:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make it more efficient,\Nto provide those proteins,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.95,0:11:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and aminoacids in the right way,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.88,0:11:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to give fatty acids \Nto make it into a healthier fat
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.52,0:11:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a healthier burger.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.82,0:11:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the system,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.52,0:11:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks like a refrigerator \Nbut it's in fact the opposite
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.53,0:11:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's 37º C like our body, \Nwe call it an incubator.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.81,0:11:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the cells grow \Nin there for a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.51,0:11:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes about 7-8 weeks \Nto grow a muscle fiber
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.31,0:11:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so also 7-8 weeks\Nto grow a hamburger.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.33,0:11:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could do it at home if you like.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.16,0:12:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Needs quite a bit of space still, but
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.49,0:12:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually you can do it at home
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.36,0:12:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your kitchen if you have\Nthe right equipment,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.94,0:12:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's very very easy to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.94,0:12:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact those stem cells, \Nwhich is kind of interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.94,0:12:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could envision they survive
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.01,0:12:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,freezing drying, so you could envision
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.97,0:12:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that over the internet, \Nwe would eventually sell
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.45,0:12:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little, sort of, tea bags of stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.41,0:12:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from tuna, from tiger, \Nfrom cows, from pigs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.12,0:12:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from whatever animal you can imagine!
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.56,0:12:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you could in your own--
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.29,0:12:35.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the comfort of your own kitchen,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.19,0:12:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could grow your own tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.59,0:12:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would have to know
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.72,0:12:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,8 weeks in advance\Nwhat you want to eat,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.41,0:12:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it takes a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.01,0:12:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.35,0:12:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's a minor detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.69,0:12:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway. So the process right now, \Nwhat I'm trying to tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.17,0:12:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the process right now \Nis not really efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.47,0:12:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have all the variables \Nunder control so that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.89,0:12:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can eventually make it efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.02,0:12:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we go from 2D to 3D culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.80,0:13:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually make \Na huge step in efficiency.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.21,0:13:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's our next step.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.81,0:13:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we also are dreaming of feeding \Nthose cells algae, salt-water algae.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.84,0:13:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm thinking that \Nthe first factory is going to be
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.81,0:13:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the mouth of the Mississippi,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.24,0:13:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an algae dead zone,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.99,0:13:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a huge, huge algae dead zone,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.24,0:13:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can harvest those algae there,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.48,0:13:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mesh them up and\Nfeed them to our cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.73,0:13:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these cells \Nare not very picky.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.85,0:13:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you could combine\Nthose technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.45,0:13:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make it even more efficient and
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.85,0:13:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can also build in recycling \Nmechanisms to improve the efficiency.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.43,0:13:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then of course \NI've already told you that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.16,0:13:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are exercise junkies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.34,0:13:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They really perform labor in there,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.37,0:13:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we want to get \Nfrom a muscle like this
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.38,0:13:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what I call a "Schwarzenegger bull".
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.64,0:13:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is in fact a blanc bleu belge.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.32,0:13:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know whether \Nyou recognize them,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.38,0:14:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a particular strain in Belgium,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.46,0:14:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these animals \Nactually have a mutation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.40,0:14:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a natural mutation in a protein \Nthat limits muscle growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.79,0:14:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we don't want limitation \Nof muscle growth in the petri dish,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.32,0:14:15.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, we are also using the stem cells \Nof these guys to see
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.37,0:14:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we can improve\Nprotein concentration.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.100,0:14:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is the cool part.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.00,0:14:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine those cells where\Nwe have taken them out of a biopsy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.48,0:14:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They grow out of that muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.52,0:14:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have become from 1 to 10 ^14 cells, \N10,000 kilos of meat,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.54,0:14:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we put them in a gel \Nin between two anchor points.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.32,0:14:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see that on your left here,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.54,0:14:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a gel and \Nhere the anchors are not velcro
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.40,0:14:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but are silk wires, it's all the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.61,0:14:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,24 hours after this, \Nif you take the same picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.30,0:14:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have organized that gel,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.07,0:14:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have organized it \Ninto a muscle fiber
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.69,0:14:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in between those anchor points.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.39,0:14:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, already a muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.54,0:14:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then they need another \Nthree weeks of maturing
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.46,0:15:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build a full muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.66,0:15:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we can also electro-stimulate them, \Nwe can zap them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.18,0:15:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they will contract even more \Nand they will produce fibers
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.86,0:15:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are indistinguishable \Nfrom the real thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.10,0:15:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, \Nthat takes a lot of energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.65,0:15:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact our muscle in our body \Nis not really electrically stimulated,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.25,0:15:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's chemically stimulated,\Nso we might eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.05,0:15:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take another mechanism \Nand give the chemical stimulus
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.65,0:15:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of in a repetitive manner \Nto train those muscles even more.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.25,0:15:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now you would say,\Nthe skeletal muscle
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.12,0:15:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not the only component of meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.78,0:15:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want fat in there,\Nwe want really marbled steaks,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.19,0:15:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we want, you know, juicy stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.38,0:15:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe you want a T-bone steak even, \Nif you are really into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.04,0:15:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, can you make that as well?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.11,0:15:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course \Nwe can make that as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.56,0:15:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can pretty much make everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.16,0:15:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Excuse me, I'm going too fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.52,0:15:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can make those-- \Nwe can use those stem cells also
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.00,0:15:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create fat tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.41,0:16:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, we have already done that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.66,0:16:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the current prototype \Nhamburger we haven't yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.72,0:16:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's really cumbersome \Nto do them all at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.32,0:16:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it can be done and \Nwe have shown that it can be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.75,0:16:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And currently we are using that \Nwith very varied methods
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.59,0:16:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are compatible with eating.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.58,0:16:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now currently we are \Nmaking these small fibers,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.50,0:16:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is good for processed meats \Nsuch as a hamburger,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.84,0:16:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which is, by the way, about 50 %\Nof all the meat consumption;
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.48,0:16:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, you know, even\Nif we would stick to that,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.20,0:16:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would already make \Na big step ahead,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.20,0:16:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but my ambition is actually \Nto make a steak or a pork chop.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.84,0:16:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what would you need to do,\Nthat's a limitation of tissue engineering
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.50,0:16:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the thicker the tissue gets, \Nthe inside cells
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.10,0:16:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be deprived \Nof nutrients and of oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.75,0:16:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they will start to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.17,0:16:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's why we have blood vessels,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.82,0:17:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I also make blood vessels,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.16,0:17:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to make blood vessels, \Nit's not particularly
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.16,0:17:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,necessary in these tissues \Nbecause we don't have any blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.74,0:17:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we still need a channel system, \Nin a flow system
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.52,0:17:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get all the nutrients and oxygen
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.52,0:17:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to all the nooks and\Ncrannies of that tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.52,0:17:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that can be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.29,0:17:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Friends of mine in California \Nhave a 3D printer
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.08,0:17:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you 3D print, basically, \Na steak, you print the cells
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.20,0:17:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you print the material, \Nand you print those little tubes
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.62,0:17:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a hierarchical manner and \Nyou have an inflow and an outflow
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.28,0:17:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can create,\Nin principle, thicker tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.17,0:17:35.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So eventually we can create steaks \Nand pork chops if you,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.100,0:17:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, are into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.56,0:17:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so then there is another \Nfinal challenge, minor one.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.41,0:17:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will people ever eat this?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.62,0:17:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's coming out of a factory, \Nor out of a lab even,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.88,0:17:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's sort of Frankenstein-ish, \Ncreepy, you know, whatever...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.19,0:17:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So will people eat this? \NAnd if you go with a microphone
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.88,0:18:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the streets of Haarlem \Nand you, sort of randomly ask people,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.29,0:18:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll say, "No way, \Nare you out of your mind?"
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.40,0:18:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you rephrase the question: \N"So, 20 years from now,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.100,0:18:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you walk into a supermarket
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.04,0:18:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see those two products, \Nthose two meats.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.68,0:18:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is made in the lab, \Nit has an LM (lean meat) on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.76,0:18:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's cheap and \Nit's at the same price,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.68,0:18:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the same taste, and the same color \Nand the same mouthfeel,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.46,0:18:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have these other products \Nthat now has an eco tax
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.71,0:18:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is four times more expensive \Nbecause it's scarce,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.12,0:18:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it also has this nasty little label
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.06,0:18:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that animals have suffered \Nfor that product,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.44,0:18:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are you going to choose?"
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.60,0:18:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bet the choice is going to be, \Nyou know, favorable
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.71,0:18:39.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of \Nthis particular product.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.100,0:18:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currently this hamburger\Ncosts 250,000 euros.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.48,0:18:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hmm, and I'd like to stress that, \Nand also to make the point
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.71,0:18:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's not a real product yet, \Nit's a proof of concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.92,0:18:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Showing to the world, \Nguys, we can do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.79,0:18:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can make this product \Nin an efficient way.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.12,0:18:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually have done\Nsome calculations which
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.84,0:19:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come down to \Na much more reasonable price.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.68,0:19:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can do this, \Nand my ambition is
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.04,0:19:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to gather a lot of people \Nand a lot of money
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.80,0:19:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do all the research \Nthat's required to, sort of
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.76,0:19:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take out all the small obstacles \Nand get these onto your plates basically.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.10,0:19:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.52,0:19:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)