[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.06,0:00:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello. Well, let me start\Nby asking you a question:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.54,0:00:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you had to fill out\Nsome sort of web form
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.93,0:00:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you've been asked to read\Na distorted sequence of characters?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.16,0:00:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you found it really annoying?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.61,0:00:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, outstanding. So I invented that.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.76,0:00:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.40,0:00:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.95,0:00:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That thing is called a CAPTCHA.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.79,0:00:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is there to make sure\Nthe entity filling out the form
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.86,0:00:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually a human and not\Nsome sort of computer program
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.74,0:00:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was written to submit the form\Nmillions and millions of times.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.11,0:00:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason it works is because humans
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.04,0:00:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have no trouble reading\Nthese squiggly characters,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.47,0:00:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas computer programs\Nsimply can't do it as well yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.33,0:00:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, when you're buying tickets\Nonline for attending a concert
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.28,0:00:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reason you have to type
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.52,0:01:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these distorted characters is to prevent
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.21,0:01:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scalpers from writing a program
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.18,0:01:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can buy millions of tickets,\Ntwo at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.03,0:01:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CAPTCHAs are used all over the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.98,0:01:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since they're used so often,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.54,0:01:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of times the precise sequence\Nof random characters shown to the user
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.85,0:01:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not so fortunate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.45,0:01:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is an example from Yahoo.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.95,0:01:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The random characters that happened
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.34,0:01:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be shown to the user were W, A, I, T
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.33,0:01:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which spells a word.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.64,0:01:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the best part is the message\Nthat the Yahoo help desk
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.59,0:01:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got about 20 minutes later.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.66,0:01:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,["Help! I've been waiting\Nfor over 20 minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.38,0:01:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nothing happens."]\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.39,0:01:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This of course, is not as bad\Nas this poor person.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.76,0:01:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[REBOOT]\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.04,0:01:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can tell funny stories\Nabout captchas for hours
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.57,0:01:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but since I cannot do that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.43,0:01:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me tell you about a project\Nthat we did afterwards
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.24,0:01:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is sort of the next\Nevolution of CAPTCHA.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.49,0:01:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call it reCAPTCHA,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.87,0:02:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is something that\Nwe started at the University,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.28,0:02:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we turned it\Ninto a startup company.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.46,0:02:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Google acquired this company.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.40,0:02:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, all what I'm going to say\Nfor the next 5 minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.94,0:02:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is owned by Google.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.53,0:02:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, please, do not spread the word.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.78,0:02:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me tell you\Nhow this project started.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.66,0:02:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that about 200 million\NCAPTCHAs are typed everyday.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.15,0:02:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first heard this,\NI was quite proud of myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.26,0:02:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought, "look at the impact\Nthat my research has had."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.29,0:02:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then I started feeling bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.23,0:02:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are not only obnoxious, but also
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.13,0:02:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each time you type a CAPTCHA
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.60,0:02:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially you waste\N10 seconds of your time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.96,0:02:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you multiply that\Nby 200 million you get that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.71,0:02:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humanity as a whole is wasting\Nabout 500,000 hours every day
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.75,0:02:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typing these annoying CAPTCHAs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.97,0:02:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then I started feeling bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.44,0:02:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I started thinking,\Nis there any way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.49,0:02:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can use this effort for something\Nthat is good for humanity?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.36,0:03:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While you're typing a CAPTCHA,\Nduring those 10 seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.72,0:03:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain is doing something amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.87,0:03:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brain is doing something\Nthat computers cannot yet do.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.60,0:03:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So can we get you to do some
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.46,0:03:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,useful work to mankind?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.19,0:03:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Putting it differently,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.40,0:03:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is there some humongous problem\Nthat we cannot yet get
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers to solve,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.55,0:03:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet we can split into tiny chunks
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.70,0:03:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such that each time\Nsomebody solves a CAPTCHA
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.88,0:03:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they solve a little bit of this problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.96,0:03:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer to that is "yes,"\Nand this is what we're doing now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.89,0:03:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you may not know is that\Nnowadays while you're typing a CAPTCHA,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.62,0:03:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only are you authenticating\Nyourself as a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.80,0:03:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in addition you're actually\Nhelping us to digitize books.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.83,0:03:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me explain how this works.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.64,0:03:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a lot of projects out there\Ntrying to digitize the existing books.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.32,0:03:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Google is digitizing books.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.77,0:03:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amazon, with the Kindle,\Nis digitizing books.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.44,0:03:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way this works\Nis you start with an old book.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.14,0:03:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've seen those things, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.17,0:03:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like a book?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.23,0:03:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.58,0:03:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you start with a book,\Nand then you scan it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.09,0:04:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now scanning a book is like taking\Na digital photograph of every page.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.57,0:04:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next step in the process\Nis that the computer
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.91,0:04:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needs to be able to decipher\Nall of the words in this image.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.15,0:04:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the problem is that for older books\Nthat were written several years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.84,0:04:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer cannot recognize\Na lot of the words
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.32,0:04:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the ink has faded\Nand the pages have turned yellow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.14,0:04:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus the words look a bit different
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.98,0:04:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the computer cannot recognize them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.83,0:04:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for books that were written\Nmore than 50 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.49,0:04:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer cannot recognize\Nabout 30 percent of the words.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.92,0:04:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're doing now
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.11,0:04:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we're taking all of the words\Nthat the computer cannot recognize
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.42,0:04:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're getting people to read them\Nfor us while they're typing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.85,0:04:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a CAPTCHA on the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.34,0:04:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the next time you type a CAPTCHA -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.75,0:04:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.35,0:04:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these words that you're typing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.56,0:05:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually words that are coming\Nfrom books that are being digitized
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.95,0:05:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the computer could not recognize.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.17,0:05:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now the reason we have\Ntwo words nowadays instead of one
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.98,0:05:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because we need to verify\Nif the answer is correct.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.59,0:05:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because one of the words is such\Nthat the system knows what it was,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.71,0:05:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other is a word that\Nthe system just got out of a book,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.75,0:05:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it didn't know what it was,\Nand it's presented to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.01,0:05:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to ask you to type both words.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.09,0:05:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we won't tell you which one's which.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.10,0:05:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you type the correct word
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.71,0:05:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the one for which the system\Nalready knows the answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.51,0:05:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it assumes you are human,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.09,0:05:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it also gets some confidence\Nthat you typed the other word correctly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.62,0:05:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we repeat this process\Nto like 10 different people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.29,0:05:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of them agree\Non what the new word is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.61,0:05:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are very confident\Nthat this new word
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.91,0:05:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was accurately digitized.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.87,0:05:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is how the system works.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.94,0:05:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good thing is that\Nit has been very successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.43,0:05:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're digitizing about\N100 million words a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.85,0:06:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the equivalent of\Nabout two million books a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.54,0:06:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is all being done\None word at a time
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.46,0:06:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by just people typing CAPTCHAs\Non the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.04,0:06:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, since we're doing\Nso many words per day,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.70,0:06:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,funny things can happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.75,0:06:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is especially true\Nbecause now we're giving people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.31,0:06:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two randomly chosen English words\Nnext to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.70,0:06:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So funny things can happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:06:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, we presented this word.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the word "Christians";\Nthere's nothing wrong with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.31,0:06:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you present it along with\Nanother randomly chosen word,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.00,0:06:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bad things can happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.30,0:06:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we get this.\N[bad Christians]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.15,0:06:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.34,0:06:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's quite funny.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.88,0:06:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's even worse,\Nbecause the particular website
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.34,0:06:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we showed this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.28,0:06:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually happened to be called\NThe Embassy of the Kingdom of God.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.10,0:06:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.86,0:06:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oops!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.98,0:06:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another really bad one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.91,0:06:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,American politician, JohnEdwards.com\N[Damn liberal]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.44,0:07:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.72,0:07:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we keep on insulting people everyday.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.86,0:07:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we're not just insulting people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.100,0:07:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quite often,\Ninteresting things can happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.88,0:07:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this actually has given rise\Nto an Internet meme
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.03,0:07:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that millions of people\Nhave participated in,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.39,0:07:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is called CAPTCHA art.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.20,0:07:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.78,0:07:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine you're using the\NInternet and you see a CAPTCHA
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.53,0:07:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you think is somewhat peculiar,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.94,0:07:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this CAPTCHA.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.23,0:07:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then what you're supposed to do\Nis you take a screen shot of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.51,0:07:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then of course,\Nyou fill out the CAPTCHA
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.42,0:07:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you help us\Ndigitize a book, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.14,0:07:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, first you take a screen shot,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.18,0:07:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you draw something\Nthat is related to it, like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.41,0:07:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[invisible toaster]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.11,0:07:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.16,0:07:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just an example of CAPTCHA art.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.66,0:07:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are tens of thousands of these.\NSome of them are interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.38,0:07:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them are very cute.\N[clenched it!]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.70,0:08:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them are funnier.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.21,0:08:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[stoned founders]\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.58,0:08:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my favorite number\Nof this whole project: 900 millions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.78,0:08:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the number of distinct people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.94,0:08:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have helped us digitize\Nat least one word
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.33,0:08:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of a book through reCAPTCHA.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.09,0:08:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A little over 10%\Nof the world's population,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.21,0:08:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has helped digitize human knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.97,0:08:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is numbers like these\Nthat motivate my research agenda.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.02,0:08:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question that motivates\Nmy research is the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.58,0:08:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at humanity's\Nlarge-scale achievements,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.65,0:08:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these really big things that humanity\Nhas gotten together
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.40,0:08:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like building the pyramids of Egypt\Nor the Panama Canal
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.12,0:08:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or putting a man on the Moon --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.38,0:08:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a curious fact about them,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.84,0:08:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is that they were all done\Nwith about the same number of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.29,0:08:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were all done with\Nabout 100,000 people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.86,0:08:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can ask ourselves\Nwhy is that all of them used
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.26,0:08:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the same number of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.87,0:08:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason for that is because,\Nbefore the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.39,0:09:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coordinating more than\N100,000 people was impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.82,0:09:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now with the Internet,\NI've just shown you a project
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.56,0:09:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we've coordinated\N900 million people.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.46,0:09:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question that\Nmotivates my research is,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.76,0:09:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we can put a man on the Moon\Nwith 100,000 people,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.26,0:09:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what can we do with\N100 million people?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.24,0:09:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Based on this question,\Nwe've been working on a lot of projects.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.40,0:09:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will not tell you\Nabout all we have done.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.42,0:09:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, let me tell you about\None that we are working on now.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.47,0:09:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been working on this\Nfor about two years now.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.50,0:09:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're going to launch it\Nin about 30 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.76,0:09:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called Duolingo.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.54,0:09:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This project started asking\Nthe following question:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.51,0:09:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we get 100 million people
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.82,0:09:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,translating the Web into\Nevery major language for free?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.20,0:09:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a lot of things\Nto say about this question.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.76,0:09:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, translating the Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.47,0:09:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now it is partitioned\Ninto multiple languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.98,0:09:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A large fraction of it is in English.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.09,0:09:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don't know any English,\Nyou can't access it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.55,0:09:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But large fractions are\Nin other languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.64,0:10:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you don't know the languages\Nyou can't access them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.47,0:10:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to translate all\Nof the Web into every major language.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.31,0:10:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now some of you may say,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.23,0:10:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why can't we use computers to translate?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.71,0:10:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Machine translation nowadays is starting\Nto translate some sentences.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.70,0:10:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well the problem with that is that
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.10,0:10:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not yet good enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.82,0:10:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it probably won't be\Nfor the next 20 to 30 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.30,0:10:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me show you an example of something
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.56,0:10:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was translated by a machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.26,0:10:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually it was a forum\Nabout programming questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.61,0:10:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a programming question\Ntranslated from Japanese
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.23,0:10:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into English and from then into Spanish,\Nthough my translation is good.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.69,0:10:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one is bad. You'll see.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.96,0:10:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll just let you read.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.47,0:10:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This person starts apologizing for\Nthe machine translation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.33,0:10:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, this was done with\Nthe best translation program
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.98,0:10:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Japanese into English.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.44,0:11:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, it's a question\Nabout computer programming.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.50,0:11:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here you are the preamble\Nto the question.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.10,0:11:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[At often, the goat-time install\Na error is vomit.] (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.92,0:11:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then comes the first part of the question.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.02,0:11:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[How many times like the wind, a pole,\Nand the dragon?] (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.75,0:11:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then comes my favorite part\Nof the question.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.82,0:11:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[This insult to father's stones?]\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.96,0:11:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then comes my favorite\Npart of the whole thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.47,0:11:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Please apologize for your stupidity.\NThere are a many thank you.] (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.48,0:11:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so computer translation\Nisn't yet good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.97,0:11:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need people to translate.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.62,0:11:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I want is to get\N100 million people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.36,0:11:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,translating the Web into\Nevery major language for free.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.66,0:11:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't afford paying\N100 million people for the job,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.62,0:11:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I want them to do it for free.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.23,0:11:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if this is what you want to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.96,0:11:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you pretty quickly realize\Nyou're going to run into
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.51,0:11:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two pretty big obstacles,\Nneeding to be hurdled.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.97,0:12:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one is a lack of bilinguals.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.05,0:12:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I don't even know if there\Nexists 100 million people out there
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.18,0:12:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the Web who are bilingual\Nenough to help us translate.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.52,0:12:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a big problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.59,0:12:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other problem is a lack of motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.73,0:12:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are we going to motivate people\Nto actually translate the Web for free?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.74,0:12:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After thinking about this for months,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.87,0:12:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realized there's actually a way
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.89,0:12:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve both these problems\Nwith the same solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.63,0:12:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We realized that there's a way\Nto kill two birds with one stone.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.74,0:12:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is to transform\Nlanguage translation
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.92,0:12:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into something that millions\Nof people want to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.01,0:12:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that also helps with\Nthe problem of lack of bilinguals,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.91,0:12:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is language education.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.44,0:12:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out there are millions of people\Nwanting to learn other languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.08,0:12:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today there are over 1.2 billion people\Nlearning a foreign language.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.14,0:12:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not just because\Nthey're being forced to do so in school.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.35,0:12:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in the United States alone,\Nthere are over
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.96,0:12:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5 million people who have paid\Nover $500 for software
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.96,0:13:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn a new language.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.48,0:13:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people want to learn a new language.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.39,0:13:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we've been working on\Nfor the last two years
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.69,0:13:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a new website called Duolingo,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.85,0:13:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the basic idea is\Npeople learn a new language
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.84,0:13:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for free, while simultaneously\Ntranslating the Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.92,0:13:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they're learning by doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.00,0:13:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.66,0:13:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way this works is whenever\Nyou're a just a beginner,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.55,0:13:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we give you very,\Nvery simple sentences on the Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.06,0:13:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you don't know a word\Nwe'll tell you what each word means
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.74,0:13:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though you are asked\Nto "translate this sentence".
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.18,0:13:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out that it really works.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.08,0:13:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though people know nothing\Nof the language
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.38,0:13:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we explain what each word means,\Nthey'll be able to translate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.66,0:13:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you see how other people translate
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.46,0:13:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same sentence,\Nyou start learning the language.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.87,0:13:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you get more and more advanced,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.88,0:13:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we give you more and more\Ncomplex sentences to translate.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.10,0:13:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how\Nyou are going to help us translate.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.46,0:13:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how the site works.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.13,0:13:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're mostly done building it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.14,0:13:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now we're testing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.44,0:14:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we started working on this
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.21,0:14:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't think it could work, really.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.68,0:14:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out that\Nit works, indeed. It's amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.21,0:14:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, people really\Ncan learn a language with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.01,0:14:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case we are testing it with people
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.39,0:14:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knowing English,\Nwanting to learn Spanish,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.78,0:14:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and vice versa.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.07,0:14:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people really do learn a language.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.33,0:14:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they learn it about as well
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.94,0:14:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the leading language learning software,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.10,0:14:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is very good,\Nbut perhaps more surprisingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.52,0:14:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the translations that we get from people\Nusing the site are very good.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.95,0:14:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are as accurate as those
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.79,0:14:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of professional language translators.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.32,0:14:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now of course,\Nwe play a trick here and it is that
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.43,0:14:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we combine the translations\Nof multiple beginners, several students,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.77,0:14:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and choose the best.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.51,0:14:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out\Nthat that best translation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.77,0:14:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is as good as those of\Nprofessional language translators.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.95,0:14:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now even though we're combining\Nmultiple translations,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.86,0:14:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another good thing about Duolingo is that
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.10,0:15:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the site actually\Ncan translate pretty fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.21,0:15:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me show you an estimate\Nof how fast we could translate.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.56,0:15:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we wanted to translate Wikipedia\Nfrom English into Spanish --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.60,0:15:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course, Wikipedia exists in Spanish\Nbut is much smaller
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.34,0:15:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than its English counterpart,\Nabout 20 percent of it --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.12,0:15:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we wanted to translate Wikipedia\Nfrom English into Spanish using Duolingo
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.74,0:15:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could do it in five weeks\Nwith 100,000 active users
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.95,0:15:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning English with Duolingo.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.52,0:15:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we could do it in about 80 hours\Nwith a million active users.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.65,0:15:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since all the projects that\Nmy group has worked on so far
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.36,0:15:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have gotten millions of users,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.02,0:15:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're hopeful that we'll be able\Nto translate the Web for free.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.48,0:15:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We haven't yet launched Duolingo,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.72,0:15:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.16,0:15:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to leave you with --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.87,0:15:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we haven't yet launched Duolingo\Nwe plan to do so in 30 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.97,0:15:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you visit Duolingo.com, you can sign up
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.25,0:15:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be part of our private beta\Nin about 30 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.57,0:15:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Help us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.68,0:15:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.86,0:16:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)