[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.11,0:00:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understanding the ethnic and religious commonalities and differences
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.54,0:00:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the state or the region that used to be Yugoslavia can be quite confusing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.27,0:00:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, what I want to do in this video is try to give a primer on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.32,0:00:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really key to understanding some of the triggers of World War I
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.53,0:00:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to, obviously, understand the breakup of Yugoslavia, which was quite ugly
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.23,0:00:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the fall of communism in the late 80s and early 90s.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.53,0:00:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, first of all, it's a good idea to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.70,0:00:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the word Yugoslavia comes from.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.44,0:00:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's literally referring to the southern Slavic states
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.87,0:00:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, "Yugo" is referring to southern
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.97,0:00:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and "slavia" is talking about the Slavic states.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.64,0:00:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When people talk about Slavic languages, they're talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.28,0:00:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the languages that are spoken in this region, but also
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.61,0:00:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much of eastern Europe and what is now Russia.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.78,0:00:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what we have here in blue is we have shaded in where
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.30,0:00:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Serbo-Croation is spoken.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.98,0:01:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is the dominant Slavic language in this region.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.30,0:01:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, there are multiple dialects, some people will say
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.16,0:01:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"that's croation, or montenegran, or serbian" or whatever it might be.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.31,0:01:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, most linguists say they're pretty close to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.31,0:01:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can kind of categorize them as one language,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.82,0:01:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Serbo-Croation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.82,0:01:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see that it's now spoken in modern day
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.98,0:01:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.16,0:01:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the commonality here, the thing that ties together this region.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.65,0:01:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now on top of that, the slovenian language is also Slavic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.49,0:01:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's closely related to Serbo-Croation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.76,0:01:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Macedonia they also speak a Slavic language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.22,0:01:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's closer to Bulgarian, but it has some close ties,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.31,0:01:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not completely different than Serbo-Croation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.90,0:01:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have this linguistic connection throughout this area.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.43,0:01:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what divides this area is really religion and history.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.82,0:02:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this area, if you go back hundreds of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.42,0:02:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was under the control of various empires.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.56,0:02:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.09,0:02:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the Austro-Hungarian Empire, you're talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.40,0:02:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Roman Catholic Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.56,0:02:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're talking about the Ottomans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.22,0:02:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're dealing with a Muslim Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.48,0:02:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they held different parts of this territory for hundreds of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.90,0:02:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what ends up is really a mix of religions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.29,0:02:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that often gets tied to what people percieve as their ethnicity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.76,0:02:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what I have here is kind of a religious breakdown
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.31,0:02:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the former state of Yugoslavia.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.22,0:02:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in this pinkish color right over here, I have the areas that are
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.49,0:02:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predominantly Roman Catholic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.48,0:02:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I say predominantly because it really is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.15,0:02:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all mixed together.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.97,0:02:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Slovenia, Croatia, primarily Roman Catholic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.82,0:02:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at Serbia, and Montenegro, primarily Eastern Orthodox.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.64,0:03:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Kosovo, you have a strong Muslim majority, right over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.49,0:03:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Kosovo, before its breakup was kind of part of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.02,0:03:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Serbia and Montenegro, despite it having this very different religious makeup.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.36,0:03:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Bosnia and Herzegovina is where it gets really really mixed up.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.29,0:03:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roughly half of the population, and it's been moving over the centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.16,0:03:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the dominant religion there is Islam.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.23,0:03:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in general this is where it can be confusing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.42,0:03:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When people talk about a Bosniak, they're talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.89,0:03:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Bosnian Muslim.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.80,0:03:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, Bosnia and Herzgovina also has significant fractions of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.57,0:03:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Serbs, who are Eastern Orthodox, and that's why
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.37,0:03:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I put the brown here as well, it's about a third of the population
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.97,0:03:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it also has a pretty sizeable Roman Catholic population
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.12,0:03:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or we can say Bosnian-Croats.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.30,0:03:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, just to be clear here - it can be very confusing, even when you hear
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.90,0:03:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a history of it, or you hear it on the news - I remember
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.24,0:04:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 90s, hearing the news and getting very confused.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.23,0:04:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If someone is talking about a Bosnian Muslim, or a Bosniak,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.37,0:04:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a Muslim living in Bosnia, that's what they tend
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.84,0:04:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be referring to. If they say a
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.17,0:04:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bosnian-Croat, this would be an ethnically Croat, who is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.17,0:04:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living in Bosnia. And they would tend to be Roman Catholic.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.24,0:04:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then if you have a Bosnian Serb, this is someone who
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.10,0:04:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ethnically identifies themselves as a Serbian, or as a Serb,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.83,0:04:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lives in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but is probably
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.24,0:04:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to be Eastern Orthodox.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.17,0:04:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you can imagine, you have these strong linguistic
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.24,0:04:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even ethnic ties, but at some point, because of the religion,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.83,0:04:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dialect changes, there's also a significant
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.98,0:04:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amount of differences here, especially when things got ugly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.63,0:04:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you had the fall of Communism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.12,0:05:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, hopefully this lays a groundwork of the commonalities
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.37,0:05:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the differences here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.17,0:05:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it will help us understand what got us into World War I,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.30,0:05:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what triggered World War I, and also some of the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.43,0:05:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ugliness that was seen in the early 90s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.78,0:05:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to finish up, with just a little bit of context,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.90,0:05:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was not a unified state until World War I was,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.63,0:05:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to some degree was precipitated by a desire to make this a unified state.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.70,0:05:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ethnic grouping, this linguistic grouping, tended to be
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.91,0:05:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broken up with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.92,0:05:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entering into World War I you have this decline of the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.70,0:05:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ottoman Empire which started to allow these people to start
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.92,0:05:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have more energy behind their desire to form a unified state.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.70,0:05:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,World War I was essentially the catalyst that allowed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.04,0:05:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the state of Yugoslavia to unify.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.50,0:05:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in different forms, it stayed unified until the fall of Communism.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.77,0:05:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, even though it was a socialist state, a communist state,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.51,0:06:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the Cold War, it actually always had a strange,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.59,0:06:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and distant relationship with the Soviet Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.44,0:06:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, after the fall of Communism, that was kind of holding it together,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.70,0:06:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially these religious differences,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.37,0:06:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these ethnic and religious differences broke it apart.