[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.56,0:00:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My job is to design, build and study\Nrobots that communicate with people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.23,0:00:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this story doesn't start with robotics\Nat all, it starts with animation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.87,0:00:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first saw Pixar's "Luxo Jr.,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.27,0:00:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was amazed by how much\Nemotion they could put
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.100,0:00:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into something as trivial as a desk lamp.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.48,0:00:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, look at them --\Nat the end of this movie,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.85,0:00:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you actually feel something\Nfor two pieces of furniture.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.65,0:00:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.95,0:00:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, I have\Nto learn how to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.01,0:00:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I made a really bad career decision.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.26,0:00:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.48,0:00:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what my mom\Nwas like when I did it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.69,0:00:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.86,0:00:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I left a very cozy tech job in Israel\Nat a nice software company
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.30,0:00:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I moved to New York\Nto study animation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.62,0:00:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there I lived
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.79,0:00:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a collapsing apartment building\Nin Harlem with roommates.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.64,0:00:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not using this phrase\Nmetaphorically --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.68,0:00:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ceiling actually collapsed\None day in our living room.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.44,0:00:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever they did news stories\Nabout building violations in New York,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.70,0:00:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would put the report\Nin front of our building,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.14,0:00:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as kind of, like, a backdrop\Nto show how bad things are.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.90,0:00:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, during the day, I went to school
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.86,0:01:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at night I would sit and draw\Nframe by frame of pencil animation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.32,0:01:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I learned two surprising lessons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.52,0:01:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them was that\Nwhen you want to arouse emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.04,0:01:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't matter so much\Nhow something looks;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.24,0:01:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's all in the motion, in the timing\Nof how the thing moves.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.82,0:01:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the second was something\None of our teachers told us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.03,0:01:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He actually did the weasel in "Ice Age."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.66,0:01:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "As an animator,\Nyou're not a director -- you're an actor."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.90,0:01:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you want to find\Nthe right motion for a character,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.94,0:01:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't think about it --\Ngo use your body to find it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.41,0:01:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stand in front of a mirror,\Nact it out in front of a camera --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.37,0:01:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever you need -- and then\Nput it back in your character.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.70,0:01:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A year later I found myself at MIT\Nin the Robotic Life Group.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.93,0:01:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was one of the first groups\Nresearching the relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.81,0:01:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between humans and robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.15,0:01:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I still had this dream\Nto make an actual, physical Luxo Jr. lamp.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.13,0:01:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I found that robots didn't move\Nat all in this engaging way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.15,0:01:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I was used to\Nfrom my animation studies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.35,0:01:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, they were all --\Nhow should I put it --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.84,0:01:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were all kind of robotic.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.31,0:01:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.21,0:02:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, what if I took\Nwhatever I learned in animation school,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.97,0:02:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and used that to design\Nmy robotic desk lamp.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.60,0:02:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I went and designed frame by frame
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.67,0:02:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to make this robot as graceful\Nand engaging as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.20,0:02:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here when you see the robot\Ninteracting with me on a desktop --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.93,0:02:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm actually redesigning the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.99,0:02:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, unbeknownst to itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.82,0:02:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's kind of digging its own\Ngrave by helping me.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.42,0:02:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.45,0:02:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted it to be less of a mechanical\Nstructure giving me light,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.71,0:02:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more of a helpful,\Nkind of quiet apprentice
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.75,0:02:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's always there when you need it\Nand doesn't really interfere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.95,0:02:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when, for example, I'm looking\Nfor a battery that I can't find,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.31,0:02:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a subtle way, it'll show me\Nwhere the battery is.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.87,0:02:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see my confusion here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.44,0:02:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not an actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.58,0:02:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want you to notice\Nhow the same mechanical structure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.64,0:02:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can, at one point,\Njust by the way it moves,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.75,0:02:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seem gentle and caring\Nand in the other case,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.92,0:02:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seem violent and confrontational.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.32,0:03:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's the same structure,\Njust the motion is different.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.42,0:03:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actor: "You want to know something?\NWell, you want to know something?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.02,0:03:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was already dead!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.93,0:03:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just laying there, eyes glazed over!"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.85,0:03:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.90,0:03:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, moving in a graceful way\Nis just one building block
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.98,0:03:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this whole structure\Ncalled human-robot interaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.60,0:03:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was, at the time, doing my PhD,\NI was working on human-robot teamwork,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.08,0:03:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teams of humans and robots\Nworking together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.16,0:03:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was studying the engineering,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.82,0:03:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the psychology,\Nthe philosophy of teamwork,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.38,0:03:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.55,0:03:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found myself in my own kind\Nof teamwork situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.07,0:03:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a good friend of mine,\Nwho's actually here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.34,0:03:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in that situation,\Nwe can easily imagine robots
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.77,0:03:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the near future being there with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.70,0:03:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was after a Passover Seder.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.41,0:03:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were folding up\Na lot of folding chairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.49,0:03:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was amazed at how quickly\Nwe found our own rhythm.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.17,0:03:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody did their own part,\Nwe didn't have to divide our tasks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.31,0:03:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't have to communicate\Nverbally about this --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.78,0:03:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it all just happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.99,0:04:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, humans and robots\Ndon't look at all like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.89,0:04:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When humans and robots interact,\Nit's much more like a chess game:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.05,0:04:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the human does a thing, the robot\Nanalyzes whatever the human did,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.19,0:04:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the robot decides what to do next,\Nplans it and does it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.86,0:04:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the human waits,\Nuntil it's their turn again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.24,0:04:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's much more like a chess game,\Nand that makes sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.99,0:04:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because chess is great for mathematicians\Nand computer scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.13,0:04:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all about information, analysis,\Ndecision-making and planning.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.58,0:04:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I wanted my robot\Nto be less of a chess player,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.34,0:04:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more like a doer
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.15,0:04:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that just clicks and works together.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.18,0:04:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I made my second\Nhorrible career choice:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.57,0:04:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided to study acting for a semester.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.15,0:04:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took off from the PhD,\NI went to acting classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.09,0:04:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually participated in a play --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.15,0:04:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope there’s no video\Nof that around still.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.48,0:04:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.54,0:04:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I got every book\NI could find about acting,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.86,0:04:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including one from the 19th century\Nthat I got from the library.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.01,0:04:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was really amazed, because my name\Nwas the second name on the list --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.65,0:04:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the previous name was in 1889.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.67,0:04:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.71,0:04:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this book was\Nkind of waiting for 100 years
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.98,0:05:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be rediscovered for robotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.34,0:05:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this book shows actors
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.94,0:05:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to move every muscle in the body
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.20,0:05:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to match every kind of emotion\Nthat they want to express.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.94,0:05:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the real revelation was\Nwhen I learned about method acting.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.99,0:05:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became very popular\Nin the 20th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.27,0:05:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And method acting said
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.44,0:05:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't have to plan\Nevery muscle in your body;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.77,0:05:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead, you have to use your body\Nto find the right movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.74,0:05:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to use your sense memory\Nto reconstruct the emotions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.64,0:05:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and kind of think with your body\Nto find the right expression --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.70,0:05:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,improvise, play off your scene partner.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.60,0:05:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this came at the same time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.07,0:05:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I was reading about this trend\Nin cognitive psychology,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.20,0:05:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called embodied cognition,\Nwhich also talks about the same ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.48,0:05:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use our bodies to think;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.02,0:05:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't just think with our brains\Nand use our bodies to move,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.100,0:05:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but our bodies feed back into our brain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.94,0:05:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to generate the way that we behave.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.13,0:05:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was like a lightning bolt.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.75,0:05:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went back to my office,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.99,0:05:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote this paper,\Nwhich I never really published,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.42,0:05:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called "Acting Lessons\Nfor Artificial Intelligence."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.97,0:05:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I even took another month
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.38,0:05:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do what was then the first theater play
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.84,0:05:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a human and a robot acting together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.82,0:05:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what you saw\Nbefore with the actors.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.56,0:06:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.74,0:06:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we make an artificial\Nintelligence model --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.70,0:06:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a computer, computational model --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.71,0:06:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will model some of these\Nideas of improvisation,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.24,0:06:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of taking risks, of taking chances,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.09,0:06:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even of making mistakes?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.64,0:06:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it can make for better\Nrobotic teammates.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.28,0:06:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I worked for quite\Na long time on these models
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.91,0:06:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I implemented them\Non a number of robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.33,0:06:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see a very early example
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.65,0:06:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the robots trying to use\Nthis embodied artificial intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.26,0:06:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to match my movements\Nas closely as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.74,0:06:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's sort of like a game.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.53,0:06:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.65,0:06:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see when I psych\Nit out, it gets fooled.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.70,0:06:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a little bit\Nlike what you might see actors do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.32,0:06:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they try to mirror each other
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.98,0:06:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the right synchrony between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.36,0:06:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, I did another experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.22,0:06:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I got people off the street\Nto use the robotic desk lamp,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.30,0:06:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try out this idea\Nof embodied artificial intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.92,0:07:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I actually used two kinds\Nof brains for the same robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.54,0:07:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The robot is the same lamp that you saw,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.52,0:07:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I put two brains in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.88,0:07:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one half of the people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.63,0:07:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I put in a brain\Nthat's kind of the traditional,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.59,0:07:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calculated robotic brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.85,0:07:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It waits for its turn,\Nit analyzes everything, it plans.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.51,0:07:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's call it the calculated brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.22,0:07:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other got more the stage\Nactor, risk-taker brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.49,0:07:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's call it the adventurous brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.63,0:07:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sometimes acts without knowing\Neverything it has to know.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.59,0:07:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sometimes makes mistakes\Nand corrects them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.91,0:07:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I had them do this very tedious task\Nthat took almost 20 minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.85,0:07:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had to work together,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.35,0:07:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somehow simulating, like, a factory job
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.93,0:07:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of repetitively doing the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.44,0:07:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I found is that people\Nactually loved the adventurous robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.80,0:07:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They thought it was more intelligent,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.60,0:07:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more committed,\Na better member of the team,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.73,0:07:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contributed to the success\Nof the team more.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.82,0:07:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They even called it "he" and "she,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.55,0:07:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas people with the calculated brain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.70,0:07:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called it "it," and nobody\Never called it "he" or "she."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.88,0:07:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they talked about it after the task,\Nwith the adventurous brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.19,0:07:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they said, "By the end, we were good\Nfriends and high-fived mentally."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.40,0:08:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever that means.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.71,0:08:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.64,0:08:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds painful.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.02,0:08:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas the people\Nwith the calculated brain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.78,0:08:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said it was just like a lazy apprentice.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.16,0:08:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It only did what it was supposed\Nto do and nothing more,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.93,0:08:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is almost what people\Nexpect robots to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.31,0:08:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I was surprised that people\Nhad higher expectations of robots
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.89,0:08:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what anybody in robotics\Nthought robots should be doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.03,0:08:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a way, I thought,\Nmaybe it's time --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.07,0:08:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like method acting\Nchanged the way people thought
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.05,0:08:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about acting in the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.67,0:08:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from going from the very calculated,\Nplanned way of behaving,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.77,0:08:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a more intuitive, risk-taking,\Nembodied way of behaving --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.30,0:08:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe it's time for robots\Nto have the same kind of revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.99,0:08:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few years later, I was at my next\Nresearch job at Georgia Tech in Atlanta,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.62,0:08:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was working in a group\Ndealing with robotic musicians.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.46,0:08:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, music:\Nthat's the perfect place
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.85,0:08:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at teamwork, coordination,\Ntiming, improvisation --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.02,0:08:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we just got this robot\Nplaying marimba.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.48,0:08:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the marimba, for everybody like me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.76,0:09:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was this huge, wooden xylophone.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.53,0:09:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I was looking at this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.61,0:09:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I looked at other works\Nin human-robot improvisation --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.64,0:09:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes, there are other works\Nin human-robot improvisation --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.41,0:09:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were also a little bit\Nlike a chess game.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.78,0:09:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human would play,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.95,0:09:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the robot analyzed what was played,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.15,0:09:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would improvise their own part.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.25,0:09:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is what musicians called\Na call-and-response interaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.42,0:09:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it also fits very well\Nrobots and artificial intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.19,0:09:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I thought, if I use the same ideas\NI used in the theater play
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.46,0:09:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the teamwork studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.23,0:09:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe I can make the robots\Njam together like a band.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.91,0:09:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody's riffing off each other,\Nnobody is stopping for a moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.20,0:09:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I tried to do the same\Nthings, this time with music,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.10,0:09:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the robot doesn't really know\Nwhat it's about to play,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.95,0:09:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just sort of moves its body\Nand uses opportunities to play,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.100,0:09:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and does what my jazz teacher\Nwhen I was 17 taught me.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.56,0:09:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, when you improvise,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.98,0:09:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes you don't know\Nwhat you're doing, and you still do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.02,0:09:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I tried to make a robot that doesn't\Nactually know what it's doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.37,0:09:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is still doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.61,0:09:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's look at a few seconds\Nfrom this performance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.15,0:10:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the robot listens\Nto the human musician
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.30,0:10:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and improvises.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.49,0:10:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, look how the human\Nmusician also responds
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.49,0:10:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what the robot is doing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.78,0:10:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and picking up from its behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.45,0:10:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at some point can even be surprised\Nby what the robot came up with.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.43,0:10:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.62,0:10:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.13,0:11:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.89,0:11:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being a musician\Nis not just about making notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.17,0:11:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise nobody\Nwould ever go see a live show.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.54,0:11:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Musicians also communicate\Nwith their bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.68,0:11:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with other band members,\Nwith the audience,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.72,0:11:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they use their bodies\Nto express the music.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.76,0:11:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, we already have\Na robot musician on stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.48,0:11:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why not make it be\Na full-fledged musician?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.82,0:11:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I started designing\Na socially expressive head
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.52,0:11:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.88,0:11:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The head doesn’t actually\Ntouch the marimba,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.98,0:11:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just expresses what the music is like.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.96,0:11:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are some napkin sketches\Nfrom a bar in Atlanta
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.48,0:11:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was dangerously\Nlocated exactly halfway
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.05,0:11:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between my lab and my home.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.88,0:11:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I spent, I would say, on average,\Nthree to four hours a day there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.85,0:11:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.06,0:11:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.92,0:11:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I went back to my animation\Ntools and tried to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.82,0:11:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just what a robotic\Nmusician would look like,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.22,0:11:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but especially what a robotic\Nmusician would move like,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.87,0:11:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sort of show that it doesn't like\Nwhat the other person is playing --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.29,0:11:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe show whatever beat\Nit's feeling at the moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.14,0:12:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we ended up actually getting the money\Nto build this robot, which was nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.67,0:12:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you now\Nthe same kind of performance,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.30,0:12:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this time with a socially expressive head.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.36,0:12:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And notice one thing --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.18,0:12:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the robot is really showing us
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.88,0:12:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beat it's picking up from the human,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.81,0:12:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while also giving the human a sense\Nthat the robot knows what it's doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.76,0:12:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also how it changes the way it moves
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.70,0:12:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as soon as it starts its own solo.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.68,0:12:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.60,0:12:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's looking at me,\Nshowing that it's listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.64,0:12:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.18,0:12:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now look at the final chord\Nof the piece again.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.13,0:12:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this time the robot\Ncommunicates with its body
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.07,0:12:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's busy doing its own thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.20,0:13:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when it's ready to coordinate\Nthe final chord with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.08,0:13:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.78,0:13:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ending)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.10,0:13:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Final chord)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.13,0:13:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.91,0:13:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.08,0:13:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope you see
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.69,0:13:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much this part of the body\Nthat doesn't touch the instrument
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.11,0:13:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually helps\Nwith the musical performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.16,0:13:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at some point -- we are in Atlanta,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.19,0:13:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so obviously some rapper\Nwill come into our lab at some point --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.47,0:13:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had this rapper come in and do\Na little jam with the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.28,0:13:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see the robot\Nbasically responding to the beat.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.36,0:13:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice two things:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.53,0:13:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one, how irresistible it is to join\Nthe robot while it's moving its head.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.16,0:13:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You kind of want to move\Nyour own head when it does it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.79,0:13:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second, even though the rapper\Nis really focused on his iPhone,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.40,0:13:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as soon as the robot turns\Nto him, he turns back.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.54,0:14:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even though it's just\Nin the periphery of his vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.20,0:14:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the corner of his eye,\Nit's very powerful.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.34,0:14:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is that we can't ignore
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.20,0:14:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physical things moving in our environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.24,0:14:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are wired for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.44,0:14:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you have a problem --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.11,0:14:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe your partner is looking\Nat their iPhone or smartphone too much --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.81,0:14:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might want to have a robot\Nthere to get their attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.66,0:14:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.69,0:14:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.11,0:14:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.14,0:14:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.63,0:14:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to introduce the last robot\Nthat we've worked on,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.49,0:14:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it came out of something\Nsurprising that we found:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.86,0:14:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some point people didn't care\Nabout the robot being intelligent,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.05,0:14:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to improvise and listen,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.47,0:15:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do all these embodied intelligence\Nthings that I spent years developing.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.90,0:15:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They really liked that the robot\Nwas enjoying the music.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.61,0:15:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.63,0:15:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they didn't say the robot\Nwas moving to the music,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.20,0:15:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they said "enjoying" the music.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.71,0:15:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we thought,\Nwhy don't we take this idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.86,0:15:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I designed a new piece of furniture.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.63,0:15:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This time it wasn't a desk lamp,\Nit was a speaker dock,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.22,0:15:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of those things\Nyou plug your smartphone in.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.89,0:15:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.06,0:15:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would happen if your speaker dock\Ndidn't just play the music for you,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.59,0:15:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but would actually enjoy it, too?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.66,0:15:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so again, here are some\Nanimation tests from an early stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.84,0:15:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.84,0:15:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what the final\Nproduct looked like.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.25,0:15:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.85,0:16:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.46,0:16:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, a lot of bobbing heads.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.10,0:16:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.74,0:16:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of bobbing heads in the audience,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.65,0:16:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can still see\Nrobots influence people.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.39,0:16:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not just fun and games.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.20,0:16:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think one of the reasons I care so much
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.42,0:16:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about robots that use\Ntheir body to communicate
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.68,0:16:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use their body to move is --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.41,0:16:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to let you in on a little\Nsecret we roboticists are hiding --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.82,0:16:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that every one of you\Nis going to be living with a robot
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.64,0:16:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some point in your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.25,0:16:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somewhere in your future,\Nthere will be a robot in your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.21,0:16:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If not in yours, your children's lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.10,0:16:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want these robots to be more fluent,\Nmore engaging, more graceful
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.12,0:16:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than currently they seem to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.87,0:16:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for that I think maybe robots\Nneed to be less like chess players
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.18,0:16:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more like stage actors\Nand more like musicians.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.85,0:16:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe they should be able\Nto take chances and improvise.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.68,0:17:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe they should be able\Nto anticipate what you're about to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.73,0:17:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe they even need to be able\Nto make mistakes and correct them,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.10,0:17:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in the end, we are human.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.02,0:17:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe as humans,\Nrobots that are a little less than perfect
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.59,0:17:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are just perfect for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.35,0:17:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.53,0:17:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)