[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.65,0:00:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a friend in Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.90,0:00:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose grandfather built a vehicle out of a bicycle
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.32,0:00:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a washing machine so he could transport his family.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.47,0:00:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did it because he couldn't afford a car,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.02,0:00:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also because he knew how to build one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.92,0:00:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a time when we understood how things worked
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.06,0:00:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they were made, so we could build and repair them,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.89,0:00:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at the very least
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.02,0:00:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make informed decisions about what to buy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.50,0:00:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of these do-it-yourself practices
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.89,0:00:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were lost in the second half of the 20th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.10,0:00:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, the maker community and the open-source model
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.77,0:00:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are bringing this kind of knowledge about how things work
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.92,0:00:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they're made of back into our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.11,0:00:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I believe we need to take them to the next level,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.14,0:00:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the components things are made of.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.10,0:00:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the most part, we still know
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.26,0:00:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what traditional materials like paper and textiles are made of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.78,0:00:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they are produced.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.81,0:00:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we have these amazing, futuristic composites --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.87,0:01:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plastics that change shape,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.07,0:01:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paints that conduct electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.43,0:01:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pigments that change color, fabrics that light up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.84,0:01:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you some examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.17,0:01:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So conductive ink allows us to paint circuits
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.88,0:01:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of using the traditional
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.83,0:01:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,printed circuit boards or wires.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.43,0:01:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of this little example I'm holding,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.82,0:01:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we used it to create a touch sensor that reacts to my skin
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.70,0:01:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by turning on this little light.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.41,0:01:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conductive ink has been used by artists,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.51,0:01:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but recent developments indicate that we will soon be able
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.88,0:01:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to use it in laser printers and pens.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.38,0:01:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a sheet of acrylic infused
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.71,0:01:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with colorless light-diffusing particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.50,0:01:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this means is that, while regular acrylic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.12,0:01:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only diffuses light around the edges,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.47,0:01:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one illuminates across the entire surface
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.74,0:01:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I turn on the lights around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.65,0:02:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two of the known applications for this material
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.95,0:02:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,include interior design and multi-touch systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.06,0:02:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thermochromic pigments
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.07,0:02:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change color at a given temperature.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.68,0:02:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to place this on a hot plate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.46,0:02:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is set to a temperature only slightly higher than ambient
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.97,0:02:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.82,0:02:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the principle applications for this material
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.58,0:02:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, amongst other things, in baby bottles,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.82,0:02:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it indicates when the contents are cool enough to drink.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.17,0:02:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are just a few of what are commonly known
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.93,0:02:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as smart materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.84,0:02:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a few years, they will be in many of the objects
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.78,0:02:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and technologies we use on a daily basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.14,0:02:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may not yet have the flying cars science fiction promised us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.35,0:02:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can have walls that change color
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.72,0:02:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on temperature,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.48,0:02:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keyboards that roll up,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.38,0:02:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and windows that become opaque at the flick of a switch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.81,0:03:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm a social scientist by training,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.31,0:03:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so why am I here today talking about smart materials?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.17,0:03:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well first of all, because I am a maker.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.88,0:03:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm curious about how things work
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.29,0:03:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they are made,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.92,0:03:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also because I believe we should have a deeper understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.22,0:03:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the components that make up our world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.04,0:03:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right now, we don't know enough about
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.52,0:03:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these high-tech composites our future will be made of.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.21,0:03:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smart materials are hard to obtain in small quantities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.74,0:03:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's barely any information available on how to use them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.78,0:03:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very little is said about how they are produced.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.68,0:03:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for now, they exist mostly in this realm
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.34,0:03:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of trade secrets and patents
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.05,0:03:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only universities and corporations have access to.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.17,0:03:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a little over three years ago, Kirsty Boyle and I
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.02,0:03:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started a project we called Open Materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.23,0:03:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a website where we,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.04,0:03:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and anyone else who wants to join us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.55,0:03:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,share experiments, publish information,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.61,0:04:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encourage others to contribute whenever they can,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.81,0:04:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and aggregate resources such as research papers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.82,0:04:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tutorials by other makers like ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.16,0:04:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would like it to become a large,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.78,0:04:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collectively generated database
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.32,0:04:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of do-it-yourself information on smart materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.61,0:04:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why should we care
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.83,0:04:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how smart materials work and what they are made of?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.59,0:04:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, because we can't shape what we don't understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.77,0:04:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we don't understand and use
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.12,0:04:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ends up shaping us.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.33,0:04:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The objects we use, the clothes we wear,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.08,0:04:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the houses we live in, all have a profound impact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.65,0:04:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our behavior, health and quality of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.23,0:04:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we are to live in a world made of smart materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.37,0:04:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should know and understand them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.73,0:04:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, and just as important,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.07,0:04:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,innovation has always been fueled by tinkerers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.43,0:04:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So many times, amateurs, not experts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.82,0:05:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been the inventors and improvers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.14,0:05:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of things ranging from mountain bikes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.62,0:05:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to semiconductors, personal computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.93,0:05:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,airplanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.87,0:05:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest challenge is that material science is complex
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.90,0:05:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and requires expensive equipment.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.39,0:05:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not always the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.56,0:05:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two scientists at University of Illinois understood this
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.15,0:05:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they published a paper on a simpler method
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.75,0:05:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for making conductive ink.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.17,0:05:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jordan Bunker, who had had
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.08,0:05:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no experience with chemistry until then,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.04,0:05:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,read this paper and reproduced the experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.83,0:05:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at his maker space using only off-the-shelf substances
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.22,0:05:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.81,0:05:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He used a toaster oven,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.41,0:05:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he even made his own vortex mixer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.38,0:05:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on a tutorial by another scientist/maker.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.41,0:05:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jordan then published his results online,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.16,0:05:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including all the things he had tried and didn't work,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.65,0:05:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so others could study and reproduce it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.80,0:06:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Jordan's main form of innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.47,0:06:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to take an experiment created in a well-equipped lab
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.35,0:06:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the university
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.85,0:06:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recreate it in a garage in Chicago
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.04,0:06:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using only cheap materials and tools he made himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.30,0:06:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now that he published this work,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.57,0:06:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,others can pick up where he left
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.29,0:06:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and devise even simpler processes and improvements.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.84,0:06:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another example I'd like to mention
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.05,0:06:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is Hannah Perner-Wilson's Kit-of-No-Parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.72,0:06:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her project's goal is to highlight
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.60,0:06:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the expressive qualities of materials
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.07,0:06:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while focusing on the creativity and skills of the builder.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.09,0:06:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Electronics kits are very powerful
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.53,0:06:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that they teach us how things work,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.09,0:06:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the constraints inherent in their design
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.06,0:06:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,influence the way we learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.22,0:06:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Hannah's approach, on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.71,0:06:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to formulate a series of techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.93,0:06:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for creating unusual objects
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.62,0:07:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that free us from pre-designed constraints
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.43,0:07:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by teaching us about the materials themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.84,0:07:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So amongst Hannah's many impressive experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.57,0:07:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is one of my favorites.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.54,0:07:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,["Paper speakers"]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.96,0:07:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're seeing here is just a piece of paper
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.24,0:07:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some copper tape on it connected to an mp3 player
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.68,0:07:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a magnet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.33,0:07:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music: "Happy Together")
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.93,0:07:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So based on the research by Marcelo Coelho from MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.77,0:07:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hannah created a series of paper speakers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.55,0:07:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of a wide range of materials
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.95,0:07:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from simple copper tape to conductive fabric and ink.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.23,0:07:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like Jordan and so many other makers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.96,0:07:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hannah published her recipes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.59,0:07:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allows anyone to copy and reproduce them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.72,0:07:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But paper electronics is one of the most promising branches
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.93,0:08:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of material science
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.74,0:08:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that it allows us to create cheaper and flexible electronics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.94,0:08:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Hannah's artisanal work,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.49,0:08:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fact that she shared her findings,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.74,0:08:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,opens the doors to a series of new possibilities
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.56,0:08:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are both aesthetically appealing and innovative.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.00,0:08:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the interesting thing about makers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.91,0:08:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we create out of passion and curiosity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.95,0:08:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are not afraid to fail.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.03,0:08:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We often tackle problems from unconventional angles,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.92,0:08:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in the process, end up discovering alternatives
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.91,0:08:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even better ways to do things.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.34,0:08:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the more people experiment with materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.11,0:08:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more researchers are willing to share their research,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.58,0:08:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and manufacturers their knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.02,0:08:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the better chances we have to create technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.86,0:08:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that truly serve us all.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.80,0:08:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I feel a bit as Ted Nelson must have
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.29,0:08:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when, in the early 1970s, he wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You must understand computers now."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back then, computers were these large mainframes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.86,0:09:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only scientists cared about,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.99,0:09:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no one dreamed of even having one at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.71,0:09:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a little strange that I'm standing here and saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.68,0:09:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You must understand smart materials now."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.72,0:09:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just keep in mind that acquiring preemptive knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.46,0:09:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about emerging technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.72,0:09:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the best way to ensure that we have a say
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.12,0:09:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the making of our future.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.28,0:09:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.75,0:09:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)