[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.09,0:00:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.63,0:00:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a deadly virus arose in northeastern Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.02,0:00:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The virus spread through the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.90,0:00:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attacking the skin cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.36,0:00:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bone marrow,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.30,0:00:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spleen,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.03,0:00:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lymph nodes of its victims.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.21,0:00:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The unlucky infected developed fevers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.83,0:00:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vomiting,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.63,0:00:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rashes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.92,0:00:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30% of infected people died
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.54,0:00:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the second week of infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.83,0:00:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Survivors bore scars and scabs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.05,0:00:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the rest of their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.67,0:00:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smallpox had arrived.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.21,0:00:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1350 B.C., the first smallpox epidemics
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.01,0:00:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hit during the Egypt-Hittite war.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.47,0:00:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egyptian prisoners spread smallpox
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.88,0:00:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Hittites,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.96,0:00:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which killed their king
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.34,0:00:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and devastated his civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.56,0:00:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Insidiously, smallpox made its way around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.82,0:00:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via Egyptian merchants,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.88,0:00:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then through the Arab world with the Crusades,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.15,0:00:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the way to the Americas
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.80,0:01:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Spanish and Portuguese conquests.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.91,0:01:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since then, it has killed billions of people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.66,0:01:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an estimated 300 to 500 million people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.97,0:01:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killed in the 20th century alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.52,0:01:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But smallpox is not unbeatable.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.05,0:01:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the fall of smallpox started
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.55,0:01:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long before modern medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.38,0:01:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It began all the way back in 1022 A.D.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.59,0:01:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to a small book, called
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.02,0:01:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Correct Treatment of Small Pox,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.02,0:01:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Buddhist nun living in a famous mountain
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.12,0:01:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named O Mei Shan
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.76,0:01:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the southern providence of Sichuan
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.56,0:01:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would grind up smallpox scabs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.37,0:01:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and blow the powder into nostrils of healthy people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.10,0:01:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She did this after noticing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.60,0:01:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that those who managed to survive smallpox
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.95,0:01:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never got it again,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.34,0:01:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her odd treatment worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.36,0:01:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The procedure, called variolation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.17,0:01:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slowly evolved
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.17,0:01:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by the 1700's,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.61,0:01:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doctors were taking material from sores
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.84,0:01:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and putting them into healthy people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.87,0:01:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through four or five scratches on the arm.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.72,0:01:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This worked pretty well
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.75,0:01:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as inoculated people would not get reinfected,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.59,0:01:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it wasn't foolproof.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.17,0:01:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up to three percent of people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.75,0:02:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would still die after being exposed to the puss.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.34,0:02:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't until English physician Edward Jenner
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.93,0:02:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,noticed something interesting about dairy maids
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.25,0:02:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we got our modern solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.38,0:02:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At age 13, while Jenner was apprentice
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.73,0:02:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a country surgeon and apothecary
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.41,0:02:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Sodbury, near Bristol,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.52,0:02:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he heard a dairy maid say,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.14,0:02:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I shall never have smallpox, for I have had cowpox.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.11,0:02:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I shall never have an ugly, pockmarked face."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.73,0:02:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cowpox is a skin disease
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.38,0:02:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that resembles smallpox and infects cows.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.31,0:02:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later on, as a physician,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.72,0:02:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he realized that she was right,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.44,0:02:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women who got cowpox didn't develop
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.89,0:02:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the deadly smallpox.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.39,0:02:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smallpox and cowpox viruses are from the same family.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.79,0:02:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when a virus infects an unfamiliar host,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.34,0:02:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case cowpox infecting a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.60,0:02:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is less virulent,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.89,0:02:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so Jenner decided to test
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.36,0:02:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the cowpox virus could be used
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.68,0:02:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect against smallpox.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.10,0:02:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In May 1796, Jenner found a young dairy maid,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.38,0:02:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sarah Nelmes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.60,0:02:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hand and arm
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.42,0:02:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caught from the utters of a cow named Blossom.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.84,0:03:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using matter from her pustules,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.52,0:03:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he inoculated James Phipps,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.58,0:03:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the eight-year-old son of his gardener.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.94,0:03:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a few days of fever and discomfort,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.10,0:03:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the boy seemed to recover.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.93,0:03:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two months later, Jenner inoculated the boy again,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.46,0:03:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.34,0:03:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No disease developed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.72,0:03:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Jenner concluded that protection was complete.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.40,0:03:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His plan had worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.13,0:03:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jenner later used the cowpox virus
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.43,0:03:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in several other people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.72,0:03:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and challenged them repeatedly with smallpox,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.22,0:03:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proving that they were immune to the disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.69,0:03:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this procedure,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.82,0:03:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jenner invented the smallpox vaccination.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.44,0:03:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike variolation, which used actual smallpox virus
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.44,0:03:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to protect people,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.94,0:03:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccination used the far less dangerous cowpox virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.57,0:03:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The medical establishment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.77,0:03:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cautious then as now,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.41,0:03:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deliberated at length over his findings
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.79,0:03:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before accepting them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.16,0:03:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But eventually vaccination was gradually accepted
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.22,0:03:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and variolation became prohibited
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.06,0:03:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in England in 1840.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.91,0:03:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After large vaccination campaigns
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.75,0:04:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout the 19th and 20th centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.53,0:04:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the World Health Organization certified
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.23,0:04:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smallpox's eradication in 1979.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.71,0:04:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jenner is forever remembered
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.08,0:04:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the father of immunology,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.08,0:04:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let's not forget the dairy maid Sarah Nelmes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.35,0:04:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blossom the cow,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.44,0:04:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and James Phipps,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.64,0:04:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all heroes in this great adventure of vaccination
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.36,0:04:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who helped eradicate smallpox.