WEBVTT 00:00:16.983 --> 00:00:19.768 I was on a long road trip this summer, 00:00:19.768 --> 00:00:22.849 and I was having a wonderful time listening 00:00:22.849 --> 00:00:27.615 to the amazing Isabela Wilkerson's "The Warmth of Other Suns." 00:00:27.615 --> 00:00:34.606 It documents six million black folks fleeing the South from 1915 to 1970 00:00:37.498 --> 00:00:40.633 looking for a respite from all the brutality 00:00:40.633 --> 00:00:44.585 and trying to get to a better opportunity up North, 00:00:44.585 --> 00:00:49.025 and it was filled with stories of the resilience and the brilliance 00:00:49.025 --> 00:00:51.065 of African-Americans, 00:00:51.065 --> 00:00:55.508 and it was also really hard to hear all the stories of the horrors 00:00:55.508 --> 00:00:59.182 and the humility, and all the humiliations. 00:01:00.879 --> 00:01:05.710 It was especially hard to hear about the beatings and the burnings 00:01:05.710 --> 00:01:07.968 and the lynchings of black men. 00:01:07.968 --> 00:01:11.191 And I said, "You know, this is a little deep. 00:01:11.191 --> 00:01:15.031 I need a break. I'm going to turn on the radio." 00:01:15.915 --> 00:01:18.293 I turned it on, and there it was: 00:01:18.293 --> 00:01:20.725 Ferguson, Missouri, 00:01:20.725 --> 00:01:22.509 Michael Brown, 00:01:22.747 --> 00:01:25.246 18-year-old black man, 00:01:25.246 --> 00:01:30.555 unarmed, shot by a white police officer, laid on the ground dead, 00:01:31.430 --> 00:01:34.453 blood running for four hours 00:01:34.927 --> 00:01:39.993 while his grandmother and little children and his neighbors watched in horror, 00:01:39.993 --> 00:01:41.808 and I thought, 00:01:42.653 --> 00:01:45.095 here it is again. 00:01:45.793 --> 00:01:49.398 This violence, this brutality against black men 00:01:49.398 --> 00:01:52.252 has been going on for centuries. 00:01:52.252 --> 00:01:56.811 I mean, it's the same story. It's just different names. 00:01:56.811 --> 00:02:00.048 It could have been Amadou Diallo. 00:02:01.558 --> 00:02:03.823 It could have been Sean Bell. 00:02:04.546 --> 00:02:07.213 It could have been Oscar Grant. 00:02:08.801 --> 00:02:10.903 It could have been Trayvon Martin. 00:02:12.014 --> 00:02:14.754 This violence, this brutality, 00:02:14.767 --> 00:02:17.783 is really something that's part of our national psyche. 00:02:17.783 --> 00:02:20.660 It's part of our collective history. 00:02:20.660 --> 00:02:23.474 What are we going to do about it? 00:02:24.260 --> 00:02:26.920 And I know that we've actually got to demand 00:02:26.920 --> 00:02:28.982 justice for Ferguson, Missouri, 00:02:28.982 --> 00:02:31.012 and I don't know what they're going to do 00:02:31.012 --> 00:02:33.528 when they come back from Grand Jury, I don't know, 00:02:33.528 --> 00:02:36.303 but I do know that the people who are responsible 00:02:36.303 --> 00:02:38.038 have to be held accountable 00:02:38.038 --> 00:02:40.983 and the institutions have to held responsible as well, 00:02:40.983 --> 00:02:44.286 and there's probably training that has to happen with police officers 00:02:44.286 --> 00:02:46.924 and there need to be more monitoring of these events, 00:02:46.924 --> 00:02:48.799 and we need new laws, 00:02:48.799 --> 00:02:51.544 but I want to know what are we going to do 00:02:51.544 --> 00:02:54.502 about the Ferguson that's in us? 00:02:56.149 --> 00:03:00.313 You know that part of us that still crosses the street, 00:03:01.594 --> 00:03:03.851 locks the doors, 00:03:03.851 --> 00:03:06.048 clutches the purses, 00:03:06.048 --> 00:03:08.467 when we see young black men? 00:03:08.467 --> 00:03:10.249 That part. 00:03:10.930 --> 00:03:14.905 I mean, I know we're not shooting people down in the street, 00:03:14.905 --> 00:03:18.999 but I'm saying that the same stereotypes and prejudices 00:03:18.999 --> 00:03:21.933 that fuel those kinds of tragic incidents 00:03:21.933 --> 00:03:23.903 are in us. 00:03:24.141 --> 00:03:26.852 We've been schooled in them as well. 00:03:28.279 --> 00:03:33.777 I believe that we can stop these types of incidents, 00:03:34.515 --> 00:03:36.925 these Fergusons from happening, 00:03:37.560 --> 00:03:41.811 by looking within and being willing to change ourselves. 00:03:43.159 --> 00:03:45.779 So I have a call to action for you. 00:03:46.285 --> 00:03:50.126 There are three things that I want to offer us today to think about 00:03:50.126 --> 00:03:54.099 as ways to stop Ferguson from happening again; 00:03:54.679 --> 00:03:57.559 three things that I think will help us 00:03:57.559 --> 00:04:00.700 reform our images of young black men; 00:04:00.700 --> 00:04:05.558 three things that I'm hoping will not only protect them 00:04:05.558 --> 00:04:09.519 but will open the world so that they can thrive. 00:04:09.745 --> 00:04:12.076 Can you imagine that? 00:04:12.076 --> 00:04:16.382 Can you imagine our country embracing young black men, 00:04:16.382 --> 00:04:21.399 seeing them as part of our future, giving them that kind of openness, 00:04:21.399 --> 00:04:24.497 that kind of grace we give to people we love? 00:04:24.875 --> 00:04:27.212 How much better would our lives be? 00:04:27.212 --> 00:04:29.498 How much better would our country be? 00:04:29.498 --> 00:04:32.294 Let me just start with number one. 00:04:32.587 --> 00:04:35.198 We've got to get out of denial. 00:04:37.940 --> 00:04:40.405 Stop trying to be good people. 00:04:40.405 --> 00:04:42.417 We need real people. 00:04:42.417 --> 00:04:44.316 You know, I do a lot of diversity work, 00:04:44.316 --> 00:04:47.398 and people will come up to me at the beginning of the workshop. 00:04:47.398 --> 00:04:50.967 They're like, "Oh, Ms. Diversity Lady, we're so glad you're here" -- 00:04:50.967 --> 00:04:52.542 (Laughter) -- 00:04:52.542 --> 00:04:55.312 "but we don't have a biased bone in our body." 00:04:55.541 --> 00:04:57.605 And I'm like, "Really? 00:04:57.605 --> 00:05:01.916 Because I do this work every day, and I see all my biases." 00:05:02.312 --> 00:05:05.274 I mean, not too long ago, I was on a plane 00:05:05.274 --> 00:05:09.534 and I heard the voice of a woman pilot coming over the P.A. system, 00:05:09.534 --> 00:05:11.933 and I was just so excited, so thrilled. 00:05:11.933 --> 00:05:14.520 I was like, "Yes, women, we are rocking it. 00:05:14.520 --> 00:05:16.817 We are now in the stratosphere." 00:05:16.817 --> 00:05:20.627 It was all good, and then it started getting turbulent and bumpy, 00:05:20.627 --> 00:05:21.804 and I was like, 00:05:21.804 --> 00:05:23.896 "I hope she can drive." 00:05:23.896 --> 00:05:25.769 (Laughter) 00:05:25.769 --> 00:05:26.946 I know. Right. 00:05:26.946 --> 00:05:29.377 But it's not even like I knew that was a bias 00:05:29.377 --> 00:05:32.826 until I was coming back on the other leg and there's always a guy driving 00:05:32.826 --> 00:05:34.604 and it's often turbulent and bumpy, 00:05:34.604 --> 00:05:37.432 and I've never questioned the confidence of the male driver. 00:05:37.432 --> 00:05:38.779 The pilot is good. 00:05:38.779 --> 00:05:41.261 Now, here's the problem. 00:05:42.638 --> 00:05:47.945 If you ask me explicitly, I would say, "Female pilot: awesome." 00:05:49.086 --> 00:05:53.197 But it appears that when things get funky and a little troublesome, a little risky, 00:05:53.565 --> 00:05:57.155 I lean on a bias that I didn't even know that I had. 00:05:57.408 --> 00:06:00.194 You know, fast-moving planes in the sky, 00:06:00.194 --> 00:06:01.945 I want a guy. 00:06:02.271 --> 00:06:04.309 That's my default. 00:06:04.309 --> 00:06:06.300 Men are my default. 00:06:06.991 --> 00:06:09.173 Who is your default? 00:06:09.674 --> 00:06:11.644 Who do you trust? 00:06:11.644 --> 00:06:13.863 Who are you afraid of? 00:06:13.863 --> 00:06:17.061 Who do you implicitly feel connected to? 00:06:17.498 --> 00:06:20.203 Who do you run away from? 00:06:20.391 --> 00:06:23.327 I'm going to tell you what we have learned. 00:06:23.327 --> 00:06:28.330 The implicit association test, which measures unconscious bias, 00:06:28.699 --> 00:06:30.407 you can go online and take it. 00:06:30.407 --> 00:06:32.554 Five million people have taken it. 00:06:32.554 --> 00:06:34.984 Turns out, our default is white. 00:06:35.617 --> 00:06:38.301 We like white people. 00:06:38.586 --> 00:06:41.054 We prefer white. What do I mean by that? 00:06:41.054 --> 00:06:45.563 When people are shown images of black men and white men, 00:06:46.137 --> 00:06:49.585 we are more quickly able to associate 00:06:50.239 --> 00:06:54.552 that picture with a positive word, that white person with a positive word, 00:06:54.552 --> 00:06:57.053 than we are when we are trying to associate 00:06:57.053 --> 00:07:00.270 positive with a black face, and vice versa. 00:07:00.583 --> 00:07:02.558 When we see a black face, 00:07:02.558 --> 00:07:06.667 it is easier for us to connect black with negative 00:07:08.714 --> 00:07:11.040 than it is white with negative. 00:07:11.040 --> 00:07:15.701 Seventy percent of white people taking that test prefer white. 00:07:17.548 --> 00:07:21.205 Fifty percent of black people taking that test prefer white. 00:07:22.221 --> 00:07:25.914 You see, we were all outside when the contamination came down. 00:07:27.706 --> 00:07:32.834 What do we do about the fact that our brain automatically associates? 00:07:34.686 --> 00:07:39.770 You know, one of the things that you probably are thinking about, 00:07:39.770 --> 00:07:42.169 and you're probably like, you know what, 00:07:42.169 --> 00:07:45.558 I'm just going to double down on my color blindness. 00:07:45.558 --> 00:07:47.628 Yes, I'm going to recommit to that. 00:07:47.628 --> 00:07:49.684 I'm going to suggest to you, no. 00:07:49.684 --> 00:07:52.789 We've gone about as far as we can go trying to make a difference 00:07:52.789 --> 00:07:54.506 trying to not see color. 00:07:54.506 --> 00:07:57.065 The problem was never that we saw color. 00:07:57.065 --> 00:07:59.291 It was what we did when we saw the color. 00:07:59.291 --> 00:08:01.286 It's a false ideal. 00:08:02.998 --> 00:08:05.818 And while we're busy pretending not to see, 00:08:05.818 --> 00:08:09.457 we are not being aware of the ways in which racial difference 00:08:09.457 --> 00:08:14.975 is changing people's possibilities, that's keeping them from thriving, 00:08:14.975 --> 00:08:19.057 and sometimes it's causing them an early death. 00:08:20.422 --> 00:08:25.220 So in fact, what the scientists are telling us is, no way. 00:08:25.220 --> 00:08:27.973 Don't even think about color blindness. 00:08:27.973 --> 00:08:30.011 In fact, what they're suggesting is, 00:08:30.011 --> 00:08:33.555 stare at awesome black people. 00:08:35.184 --> 00:08:37.034 (Laughter) 00:08:37.034 --> 00:08:41.472 Look at them directly in their faces and memorize them, 00:08:41.723 --> 00:08:46.553 because when we look at awesome folks who are black, 00:08:46.683 --> 00:08:49.299 it helps to dissociate 00:08:49.531 --> 00:08:54.080 the association that happens automatically in our brain. 00:08:55.194 --> 00:08:59.613 Why do you think I'm showing you these beautiful black men behind me? 00:09:02.189 --> 00:09:03.999 There were so many, I had to cut them. 00:09:03.999 --> 00:09:05.586 Okay, so here's the thing: 00:09:05.586 --> 00:09:10.479 I'm trying to reset your automatic associations about who black men are. 00:09:11.321 --> 00:09:13.460 I'm trying to remind you 00:09:13.629 --> 00:09:18.520 that young black men grow up to be amazing human beings 00:09:18.861 --> 00:09:23.137 who have changed our lives and made them better. 00:09:24.232 --> 00:09:26.030 So here's the thing. 00:09:27.124 --> 00:09:29.504 The other possibility in science, 00:09:29.504 --> 00:09:32.681 and it's only temporarily changing our automatic assumptions, 00:09:32.723 --> 00:09:34.778 but one thing we know 00:09:34.778 --> 00:09:39.570 is that if you take a white person who is odious that you know, 00:09:39.570 --> 00:09:42.621 and stick it up next to a person of color, 00:09:42.621 --> 00:09:44.723 a black person, who is fabulous, 00:09:44.723 --> 00:09:48.052 then that sometimes actually causes us to disassociate too. 00:09:49.087 --> 00:09:52.461 So think Jeffrey Dahmer and Colin Powell. 00:09:53.902 --> 00:09:56.461 Just stare at them, right? (Laughter) 00:09:56.461 --> 00:09:59.204 But these are the things. So go looking for your bias. 00:09:59.208 --> 00:10:02.880 Please, please, just get out of denial and go looking for disconfirming data 00:10:02.880 --> 00:10:07.679 that will prove that in fact your old stereotypes are wrong. 00:10:07.679 --> 00:10:09.825 Okay, so that's number one: number two, 00:10:09.825 --> 00:10:14.500 what I'm going to say is move toward young black men instead of away from them. 00:10:14.500 --> 00:10:17.238 It's not the hardest thing to do, 00:10:17.238 --> 00:10:19.809 but it's also one of these things 00:10:20.684 --> 00:10:23.331 where you have to be conscious and intentional about it. 00:10:23.331 --> 00:10:27.894 You know, I was in a Wall Street area one time several years ago 00:10:27.894 --> 00:10:30.848 when I was with a colleague of mine, and she's really wonderful 00:10:30.848 --> 00:10:34.494 and she does diversity work with me and she's a woman of color, she's Korean. 00:10:34.494 --> 00:10:36.335 We were outside, it was late at night, 00:10:36.335 --> 00:10:38.941 and we were wondering where we were going, we were lost. 00:10:38.941 --> 00:10:42.845 And I saw this person across the street, and I was thinking, "Oh great, black guy." 00:10:42.845 --> 00:10:45.746 I was going toward him without even thinking about it. 00:10:45.746 --> 00:10:48.584 And she was like, "Oh, that's interesting." 00:10:49.259 --> 00:10:52.108 The guy across the street, he was a black guy. 00:10:52.108 --> 00:10:55.721 I think black guys generally know where they're going. 00:10:55.721 --> 00:10:59.052 I don't know why exactly I think that, but that's what I think. 00:10:59.052 --> 00:11:04.506 So she was saying, "Oh, you were going, 'Yay, a black guy'?" 00:11:04.506 --> 00:11:07.501 She said, "I was going, 'Ooh, a black guy.'" 00:11:07.501 --> 00:11:11.160 Other direction. Same need, same guy, same clothes, 00:11:11.160 --> 00:11:14.547 same time, same street, different reaction. 00:11:14.553 --> 00:11:17.322 And she said, "I feel so bad. I'm a diversity consultant. 00:11:17.322 --> 00:11:20.183 I did the black guy thing. I'm a woman of color. Oh my God!" 00:11:20.183 --> 00:11:24.471 And I said, "You know what? Please. We really need to relax about this." 00:11:24.471 --> 00:11:27.699 I mean, you've got to realize I go way back with black guys. 00:11:27.699 --> 00:11:30.428 (Laughter) 00:11:30.895 --> 00:11:33.801 My dad is a black guy. You see what I'm saying? 00:11:33.801 --> 00:11:37.323 I've got a 6'5" black guy son. I was married to a black guy. 00:11:37.323 --> 00:11:40.475 My black guy thing is so wide and so deep 00:11:40.475 --> 00:11:44.039 that I can pretty much sort and figure out who that black guy is, 00:11:44.039 --> 00:11:46.974 and he was my black guy. 00:11:46.974 --> 00:11:50.420 He said, "Yes, ladies, I know where you're going. I'll take you there." 00:11:51.092 --> 00:11:54.422 You know, biases are the stories we make up about people 00:11:54.422 --> 00:11:56.705 before we know who they actually are. 00:11:56.705 --> 00:11:59.252 But how are we going to know who they are 00:11:59.252 --> 00:12:02.826 when we've been told to avoid and be afraid of them? 00:12:02.826 --> 00:12:07.410 So I'm going to tell you to walk toward your discomfort. 00:12:08.164 --> 00:12:10.800 And I'm not asking you to take any crazy risks. 00:12:10.800 --> 00:12:13.798 I'm saying, just do an inventory, 00:12:15.437 --> 00:12:19.259 expand your social and professional circles. 00:12:20.203 --> 00:12:22.124 Who's in your circle? 00:12:22.299 --> 00:12:24.080 Who's missing? 00:12:24.080 --> 00:12:27.489 How many authentic relationships 00:12:27.779 --> 00:12:33.189 do you have with young black people, folks, men, women? 00:12:35.001 --> 00:12:38.873 Or any other major difference from who you are 00:12:38.873 --> 00:12:41.834 and how you roll, so to speak? 00:12:42.367 --> 00:12:45.290 Because, you know what? Just look around your periphery. 00:12:45.290 --> 00:12:47.591 There may be somebody at work, in your classroom, 00:12:47.591 --> 00:12:51.029 in your house of worship, somewhere, there's some black young guy there. 00:12:51.029 --> 00:12:52.542 And you're nice. You say hi. 00:12:52.542 --> 00:12:56.226 I'm saying go deeper, closer, further, 00:12:56.239 --> 00:12:58.650 and build the kinds of relationships, 00:12:58.650 --> 00:13:03.918 the kinds of friendships that actually cause you to see the holistic person 00:13:03.918 --> 00:13:07.304 and to really go against the stereotypes. 00:13:07.643 --> 00:13:09.269 I know some of you are out there, 00:13:09.269 --> 00:13:12.609 I know because I have some white friends in particular that will say, 00:13:12.609 --> 00:13:14.970 "You have no idea how awkward I am. 00:13:14.970 --> 00:13:17.518 Like, I don't think this is going to work for me. 00:13:17.518 --> 00:13:19.384 I'm sure I'm going to blow this." 00:13:19.384 --> 00:13:22.605 Okay, maybe, but this thing is not about perfection. 00:13:22.605 --> 00:13:24.540 It's about connection. 00:13:24.721 --> 00:13:29.563 And you're not going to get comfortable before you get uncomfortable. 00:13:29.563 --> 00:13:31.743 I mean, you just have to do it. 00:13:31.743 --> 00:13:34.075 And young black men, what I'm saying is 00:13:34.075 --> 00:13:38.692 if someone comes your way, genuinely and authentically, take the invitation. 00:13:39.296 --> 00:13:41.519 Not everyone is out to get you. 00:13:41.519 --> 00:13:45.371 Go looking for those people who can see your humanity. 00:13:45.371 --> 00:13:49.152 You know, it's the empathy and the compassion 00:13:49.152 --> 00:13:53.627 that comes out of having relationships with people who are different from you. 00:13:53.627 --> 00:13:56.305 Something really powerful and beautiful happens: 00:13:56.305 --> 00:13:59.187 you start to realize that they are you, 00:13:59.187 --> 00:14:01.451 that they are part of you, 00:14:01.451 --> 00:14:04.251 that they are you in your family, 00:14:05.235 --> 00:14:08.184 and then we cease to be bystanders 00:14:08.184 --> 00:14:11.810 and we become actors, we become advocates, 00:14:11.810 --> 00:14:14.128 and we become allies. 00:14:14.587 --> 00:14:19.374 So go away from your comfort into a bigger, brighter thing, 00:14:19.531 --> 00:14:24.100 because that is how we will stop another Ferguson from happening. 00:14:24.782 --> 00:14:27.110 That's how we create a community 00:14:27.110 --> 00:14:30.312 where everybody, especially young black men, can thrive. 00:14:30.312 --> 00:14:33.199 So this last thing is going to be harder, 00:14:33.199 --> 00:14:36.501 and I know it, but I'm just going to put it out there anyway. 00:14:36.501 --> 00:14:41.308 When we see something, we have to have the courage to say something, 00:14:41.308 --> 00:14:44.122 even to the people we love. 00:14:45.328 --> 00:14:48.260 You know, it's holidays and it's going to be a time 00:14:48.260 --> 00:14:52.119 when we're sitting around the table and having a good time. 00:14:52.119 --> 00:14:54.492 Many of us, anyways, will be in holidays, 00:14:54.492 --> 00:14:57.982 and you've got to listen to the conversations around the table. 00:14:59.677 --> 00:15:02.234 You start to say things like, 00:15:02.648 --> 00:15:05.251 "Grandma's a bigot." 00:15:05.251 --> 00:15:08.400 (Laughter) 00:15:08.400 --> 00:15:10.900 "Uncle Joe is racist." 00:15:11.224 --> 00:15:15.363 And you know, we love Grandma and we love Uncle Joe. We do. 00:15:15.363 --> 00:15:20.527 We know they're "good people", but what they're saying is wrong. 00:15:22.172 --> 00:15:26.789 And we need to be able to say something, because you know who else is at the table? 00:15:29.244 --> 00:15:31.606 The children are at the table. 00:15:31.606 --> 00:15:36.950 And we wonder why these biases don't die, and move from generation to generation? 00:15:36.950 --> 00:15:39.554 Because we're not saying anything. 00:15:40.632 --> 00:15:45.999 We've got to be willing to say, "Grandma, we don't call people that anymore." 00:15:47.074 --> 00:15:51.233 "Uncle Joe, it isn't true that he deserved that. 00:15:52.361 --> 00:15:54.825 No one deserves that." 00:15:55.240 --> 00:15:57.559 And we've got to be willing 00:15:58.021 --> 00:16:03.100 to not shelter our children from the ugliness of racism 00:16:03.100 --> 00:16:06.602 when black parents don't have the luxury to do so, 00:16:06.914 --> 00:16:10.491 especially those who have young black sons. 00:16:11.227 --> 00:16:14.626 We've got to take our lovely darlings, our future, 00:16:14.626 --> 00:16:21.513 and we've got to tell them we have an amazing country with incredible ideals, 00:16:22.486 --> 00:16:25.873 we have worked incredibly hard, and we have made some progress, 00:16:25.873 --> 00:16:28.027 but we are not done. 00:16:28.437 --> 00:16:31.788 We still have in us this old stuff 00:16:32.651 --> 00:16:35.507 about superiority and it is causing us 00:16:35.507 --> 00:16:39.088 to embed those further into our institutions 00:16:39.217 --> 00:16:41.176 and our society and generations, 00:16:41.176 --> 00:16:44.422 and it is making for despair 00:16:44.422 --> 00:16:50.569 and disparities and a devastating devaluing of young black men. 00:16:51.726 --> 00:16:54.425 We still struggle, you have to tell them, 00:16:54.425 --> 00:16:56.815 with seeing both the color 00:16:56.815 --> 00:17:00.214 and the character of young black men, 00:17:00.416 --> 00:17:04.058 but that you, and you expect them, 00:17:04.853 --> 00:17:08.931 to be part of the forces of change in this society 00:17:08.931 --> 00:17:15.295 that will stand against injustice and is willing, above all other things, 00:17:16.035 --> 00:17:22.521 to make a society where young black men can be seen for all of who they are. 00:17:25.536 --> 00:17:28.994 So many amazing black men, 00:17:30.275 --> 00:17:36.621 those who are the most amazing statesmen that have ever lived, 00:17:39.260 --> 00:17:41.584 brave soldiers, 00:17:42.555 --> 00:17:45.487 awesome, hardworking laborers. 00:17:46.498 --> 00:17:50.154 These are people who are powerful preachers. 00:17:51.350 --> 00:17:55.394 They are incredible scientists and artists and writers. 00:17:56.713 --> 00:17:59.506 They are dynamic comedians. 00:18:01.320 --> 00:18:04.305 They are doting grandpas, 00:18:06.142 --> 00:18:08.187 caring sons. 00:18:08.949 --> 00:18:11.688 They are strong fathers, 00:18:14.009 --> 00:18:17.571 and they are young men with dreams of their own. 00:18:18.833 --> 00:18:20.029 Thank you. 00:18:20.029 --> 00:18:23.365 (Applause)