[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.49,0:00:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beau Lotto: So, this game is very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.66,0:00:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you have to do is read what you see. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.70,0:00:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm going to count to you, so we don't all do it together.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.90,0:00:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, one, two, three.Audience: Can you read this?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.40,0:00:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BL: Amazing. What about this one? One, two, three.Audience: You are not reading this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.78,0:00:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BL: All right. One, two, three. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.10,0:00:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were Portuguese, right? How about this one? One, two, three.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.90,0:00:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Audience: What are you reading?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.87,0:00:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BL: What are you reading? There are no words there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.33,0:00:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, read what you're seeing. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.87,0:00:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It literally says, "Wat ar ou rea in?" (Laughter) Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.72,0:00:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what you should have said. Right? Why is this?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.55,0:00:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's because perception is grounded in our experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.08,0:00:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? The brain takes meaningless information
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.98,0:00:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and makes meaning out of it, which means we never see
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.94,0:00:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's there, we never see information,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.19,0:00:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we only ever see what was useful to see in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.47,0:01:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right? Which means, when it comes to perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.20,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're all like this frog.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.91,0:01:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? It's getting information. It's generating behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.31,0:01:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's useful. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.78,0:01:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.81,0:01:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Man: Ow! Ow! (Laughter) (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.79,0:01:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BL: And sometimes, when things don't go our way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.50,0:01:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get a little bit annoyed, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.76,0:01:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we're talking about perception here, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.49,0:01:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And perception underpins everything we think, we know,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.86,0:01:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we believe, our hopes, our dreams, the clothes we wear,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.73,0:01:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,falling in love, everything begins with perception.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.47,0:01:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if perception is grounded in our history, it means
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.41,0:01:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're only ever responding according to what we've done before.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.87,0:01:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually, it's a tremendous problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.95,0:02:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because how can we ever see differently?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.57,0:02:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I want to tell you a story about seeing differently,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.63,0:02:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all new perceptions begin in the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.62,0:02:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They begin with a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.20,0:02:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem with questions is they create uncertainty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.44,0:02:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, uncertainty is a very bad thing. It's evolutionarily
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.17,0:02:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bad thing. If you're not sure that's a predator, it's too late.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.77,0:02:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.13,0:02:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even seasickness is a consequence of uncertainty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.29,0:02:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? If you go down below on a boat, your inner ears
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.54,0:02:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are you telling you you're moving. Your eyes, because
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.72,0:02:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's moving in register with the boat, say I'm standing still.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.03,0:02:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brain cannot deal with the uncertainty of that information, and it gets ill.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.69,0:02:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The question "why?" is one of the most dangerous things you can do,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.62,0:02:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it takes you into uncertainty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.61,0:02:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, the irony is, the only way we can ever
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.49,0:02:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do anything new is to step into that space.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.02,0:02:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how can we ever do anything new? Well fortunately,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.25,0:02:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolution has given us an answer, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.83,0:03:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it enables us to address even the most difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.42,0:03:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of questions. The best questions are the ones that create the most uncertainty.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.10,0:03:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're the ones that question the things we think to be true already. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.06,0:03:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's easy to ask questions about how did life begin,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.05,0:03:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what extends beyond the universe, but to question what you think to be true already
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.36,0:03:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really stepping into that space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.36,0:03:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is evolution's answer to the problem of uncertainty?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.17,0:03:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's play.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.94,0:03:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now play is not simply a process. Experts in play will tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.13,0:03:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually it's a way of being.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.75,0:03:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Play is one of the only human endeavors where uncertainty
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.64,0:03:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually celebrated. Uncertainty is what makes play fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.97,0:03:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? It's adaptable to change. Right? It opens possibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.24,0:03:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's cooperative. It's actually how we do our social bonding,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.35,0:03:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's intrinsically motivated. What that means
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.08,0:03:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we play to play. Play is its own reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.68,0:03:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you look at these five ways of being,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.57,0:04:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are the exact same ways of being you need
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.29,0:04:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to be a good scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.33,0:04:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is not defined by the method section of a paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.36,0:04:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually a way of being, which is here, and this is true
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.50,0:04:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for anything that is creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.15,0:04:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you add rules to play, you have a game.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.35,0:04:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's actually what an experiment is.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.14,0:04:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So armed with these two ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.06,0:04:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that science is a way of being and experiments are play,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.38,0:04:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we asked, can anyone become a scientist?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.84,0:04:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And who better to ask than 25 eight- to 10-year-old children?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.34,0:04:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they're experts in play. So I took my bee arena
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.84,0:04:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to a small school in Devon, and the aim of this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.39,0:04:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to not just get the kids to see science differently,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.64,0:04:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, through the process of science, to see themselves differently. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.23,0:04:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first step was to ask a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.64,0:04:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I should say that we didn't get funding for this study
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.52,0:04:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the scientists said small children couldn't make
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.85,0:05:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a useful contribution to science, and the teachers said kids couldn't do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.15,0:05:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we did it anyway. Right? Of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.89,0:05:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, here are some of the questions. I put them in small print
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.71,0:05:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you wouldn't bother reading it. Point is that five of the questions that the kids came up with
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.15,0:05:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were actually the basis of science publication the last five to 15 years. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.76,0:05:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they were asking questions that were significant
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.42,0:05:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to expert scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.55,0:05:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now here, I want to share the stage with someone quite special. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.69,0:05:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was one of the young people who was involved in this study,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.30,0:05:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's now one of the youngest published scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.63,0:05:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world. Right? She will now, once she comes onto stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.52,0:05:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be the youngest person to ever speak at TED. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.22,0:05:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, science and asking questions is about courage.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.09,0:05:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now she is the personification of courage, because she's
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.29,0:05:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to stand up here and talk to you all.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.68,0:05:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Amy, would you please come up? (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.93,0:05:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.12,0:06:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Amy's going to help me tell the story of what we call
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.64,0:06:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Blackawton Bees Project, and first she's going to tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.30,0:06:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question that they came up with. So go ahead, Amy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.85,0:06:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amy O'Toole: Thank you, Beau. We thought
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.56,0:06:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was easy to see the link between humans and apes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.97,0:06:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way that we think, because we look alike.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.99,0:06:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we wondered if there's a possible link
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.68,0:06:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with other animals. It'd be amazing if humans and bees
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.38,0:06:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought similar, since they seem so different from us.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.50,0:06:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we asked if humans and bees might solve
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.55,0:06:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,complex problems in the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.96,0:06:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really, we wanted to know if bees can also adapt
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.24,0:06:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,themselves to new situations using previously learned rules
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.95,0:06:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and conditions. So what if bees can think like us?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.16,0:06:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it'd be amazing, since we're talking about an insect
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.72,0:06:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with only one million brain cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.24,0:06:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it actually makes a lot of sense they should,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.38,0:06:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because bees, like us, can recognize a good flower
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.66,0:06:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of the time of day, the light, the weather,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.27,0:07:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or from any angle they approach it from. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.02,0:07:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BL: So the next step was to design an experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.80,0:07:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a game. So the kids went off and they designed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.10,0:07:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this experiment, and so -- well, game -- and so,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.40,0:07:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amy, can you tell us what the game was,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.87,0:07:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the puzzle that you set the bees?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.01,0:07:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AO: The puzzle we came up with was an if-then rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.03,0:07:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked the bees to learn not just to go to a certain color,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.68,0:07:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to a certain color flower only
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.34,0:07:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's in a certain pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.98,0:07:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were only rewarded if they went to the yellow flowers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.24,0:07:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the yellow flowers were surrounded by the blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.30,0:07:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if the blue flowers were surrounded by the yellow.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.56,0:07:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there's a number of different rules the bees can learn
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.15,0:07:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve this puzzle. The interesting question is, which?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.57,0:07:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was really exciting about this project was we,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.35,0:07:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Beau, had no idea whether it would work.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.70,0:07:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was completely new, and no one had done it before,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.15,0:07:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including adults. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.87,0:07:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BL: Including the teachers, and that was really hard for the teachers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.34,0:08:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's easy for a scientist to go in and not have a clue what he's doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.24,0:08:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's what we do in the lab, but for a teacher
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.79,0:08:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to know what's going to happen at the end of the day --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.41,0:08:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much of the credit goes to Dave Strudwick, who was
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.01,0:08:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the collaborator on this project. Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.22,0:08:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm not going to go through the whole details of the study
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.95,0:08:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because actually you can read about it, but the next step
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.59,0:08:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is observation. So here are some of the students
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.23,0:08:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing the observations. They're recording the data
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.00,0:08:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of where the bees fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.05,0:08:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Dave Strudwick: So what we're going to do —Student: 5C.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.07,0:08:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dave Strudwick: Is she still going up here?Student: Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.06,0:08:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dave Strudwick: So you keep track of each.Student: Henry, can you help me here?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.66,0:08:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BL: "Can you help me, Henry?" What good scientist says that, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.56,0:08:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Student: There's two up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.27,0:08:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And three in here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.14,0:08:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BL: Right? So we've got our observations. We've got our data.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.42,0:08:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do the simple mathematics, averaging, etc., etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.19,0:08:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we want to share. That's the next step.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.12,0:08:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're going to write this up and try to submit this
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.73,0:08:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for publication. Right? So we have to write it up.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.59,0:09:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we go, of course, to the pub. All right? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.10,0:09:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one on the left is mine, okay? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.38,0:09:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I tell them, a paper has four different sections:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.47,0:09:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an introduction, a methods, a results, a discussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.28,0:09:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The introduction says, what's the question and why?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.88,0:09:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Methods, what did you do? Results, what was the observation?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.00,0:09:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the discussion is, who cares? Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.14,0:09:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a science paper, basically. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.60,0:09:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the kids give me the words, right? I put it into a narrative,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.13,0:09:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that this paper is written in kidspeak.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.38,0:09:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not written by me. It's written by Amy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.91,0:09:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other students in the class. As a consequence,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.23,0:09:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this science paper begins, "Once upon a time ... " (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.24,0:09:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The results section, it says: "Training phase, the puzzle ... duh duh duuuuuhhh." Right? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.56,0:09:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the methods, it says, "Then we put the bees
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.75,0:09:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the fridge (and made bee pie)," smiley face. Right? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.07,0:09:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a science paper. We're going to try to get it published.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.90,0:09:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's the title page. We have a number of authors there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.74,0:10:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the ones in bold are eight to 10 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.59,0:10:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first author is Blackawton Primary School, because
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.64,0:10:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it were ever referenced, it would be "Blackawton et al,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.88,0:10:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not one individual. So we submit it to a public access journal,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.94,0:10:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it says this. It said many things, but it said this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.27,0:10:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm afraid the paper fails our initial quality control checks in several different ways." (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.19,0:10:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, it starts off "once upon a time,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.75,0:10:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the figures are in crayon, etc. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.28,0:10:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we said, we'll get it reviewed. So I sent it to Dale Purves,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.63,0:10:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is at the National Academy of Science, one of the leading neuroscientists in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.16,0:10:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he says, "This is the most original science paper I have ever read" — (Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.61,0:10:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and it certainly deserves wide exposure."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.71,0:10:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Larry Maloney, expert in vision, says, "The paper is magnificent.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.98,0:10:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The work would be publishable if done by adults."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.34,0:10:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what did we do? We send it back to the editor.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.32,0:10:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say no.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.91,0:10:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we asked Larry and Natalie Hempel to write
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.37,0:10:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a commentary situating the findings for scientists, right,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.37,0:10:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting in the references, and we submit it to Biology Letters.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.50,0:10:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there, it was reviewed by five independent referees,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.83,0:11:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was published. Okay? (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.25,0:11:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.25,0:11:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took four months to do the science,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.27,0:11:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two years to get it published. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.50,0:11:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Typical science, actually, right? So this makes Amy and
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.33,0:11:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her friends the youngest published scientists in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.77,0:11:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was the feedback like?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.78,0:11:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it was published two days before Christmas,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.67,0:11:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,downloaded 30,000 times in the first day, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.67,0:11:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the Editors' Choice in Science, which is a top science magazine.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.71,0:11:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's forever freely accessible by Biology Letters.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.25,0:11:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the only paper that will ever be freely accessible by this journal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.93,0:11:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year, it was the second-most downloaded paper
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.63,0:11:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Biology Letters, and the feedback from not just scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.74,0:11:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and teachers but the public as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.28,0:11:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll just read one.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.06,0:11:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I have read 'Blackawton Bees' recently. I don't have
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.55,0:11:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words to explain exactly how I am feeling right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.86,0:12:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you guys have done is real, true and amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.34,0:12:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Curiosity, interest, innocence and zeal are the most basic
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.45,0:12:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most important things to do science.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.17,0:12:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who else can have these qualities more than children?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.65,0:12:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please congratulate your children's team from my side."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.19,0:12:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'd like to conclude with a physical metaphor.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.57,0:12:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can I do it on you? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.54,0:12:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, come on. Yeah yeah. Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.63,0:12:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, science is about taking risks, so this is an incredible risk, right? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.81,0:12:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me, not for him. Right? Because we've only done this once before. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.91,0:12:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you like technology, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.48,0:12:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shimon Schocken: Right, but I like myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.66,0:12:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BL: This is the epitome of technology. Right. Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.61,0:12:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now ... (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.22,0:12:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.10,0:12:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we're going to do a little demonstration, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.18,0:12:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to close your eyes, and you have to point
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.20,0:12:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you hear me clapping. All right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.36,0:13:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Clapping)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.76,0:13:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Clapping)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.90,0:13:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, how about if everyone over there shouts. One, two, three?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.80,0:13:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Audience: (Shouts)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.71,0:13:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.15,0:13:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Shouts) (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.32,0:13:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brilliant. Now, open your eyes. We'll do it one more time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.96,0:13:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone over there shout. (Shouts)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.77,0:13:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where's the sound coming from? (Laughter) (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.70,0:13:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.93,0:13:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the point? The point is what science does for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.64,0:13:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? We normally walk through life responding,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.05,0:13:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if we ever want to do anything different, we have to
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.26,0:13:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,step into uncertainty. When he opened his eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.95,0:13:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was able to see the world in a new way.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.33,0:13:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what science offers us. It offers the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.50,0:13:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to step on uncertainty through the process of play, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.51,0:13:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, true science education I think should be about
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.54,0:14:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving people a voice and enabling to express that voice,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.94,0:14:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I've asked Amy to be the last voice in this short story.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.31,0:14:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Amy?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.41,0:14:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AO: This project was really exciting for me,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.96,0:14:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it brought the process of discovery to life,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.64,0:14:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it showed me that anyone, and I mean anyone,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.55,0:14:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has the potential to discover something new,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.30,0:14:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that a small question can lead into a big discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.37,0:14:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Changing the way a person thinks about something
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.02,0:14:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be easy or hard. It all depends on the way the person
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.74,0:14:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feels about change.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.22,0:14:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But changing the way I thought about science was
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.68,0:14:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surprisingly easy. Once we played the games
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.95,0:14:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then started to think about the puzzle,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.37,0:14:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I then realized that science isn't just a boring subject,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.22,0:14:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that anyone can discover something new.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.42,0:14:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just need an opportunity. My opportunity came
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.62,0:14:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of Beau, and the Blackawton Bee Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.26,0:14:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.BL: Thank you very much. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.62,0:15:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)