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Siz do'stingizga qiziq bir hikoyani 
so'zlab berasiz,

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va kulminatsiyasiga yetib keldingiz, 
shu joyida u sizning gapingizni bo'ladi:

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00:00:13,637 --> 00:00:17,819
"osmonga chiqayotib" emas, 
"ko'tarilayotib".

4
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Hech kimga yoqmaydi bu holat.

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Xa, gapni bo'lish qo'pol, albatta.

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00:00:21,907 --> 00:00:23,713
Do'stingiz nohaqmi?

7
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Gapingizda xato yo'qmidi?

8
00:00:26,837 --> 00:00:30,867
Gap nima haqida ketayotganini shundoq ham 
tushunayotgan ekan, nega unday qildi?

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00:00:30,867 --> 00:00:32,722
Lingvistika nuqtai nazaridan,

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grammatika — so'zlarni biror gap yoki 
so'z birikmasiga joylashtirishga

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yordam beruvchi qoidalar va tuzilmalar 
yig'indisi,

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yozma nutqda ham, og'zakida nutqda ham.

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Bu tuzilmalar har tilda har xil.

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Ingliz tilida odatda ega birinchi keladi,

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uning ketidan kesim,

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undan keyin to'ldiruvchi.

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Yapon tilida va ko'plab boshqa tillarda

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esa so'z tartibi quyidagicha:
ega, to'ldiruvchi, kesim.

19
00:00:55,898 --> 00:01:00,151
Ba'zi olimlar barcha tillar uchun umumiy 
modellarni topishga harakat qilishdi,

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biroq, ot va fe'llar mavjudligi kabi ba'zi

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oddiy narsalardan tashqari

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boshqa lingvistik universalliklar topa 
olishmadi.

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Til ishlashi uchun aniq modellar 
kerak bo'lgani, ularni chuqur

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o'rganishda ikki xil usul tarafdorlari 
o'rtasida bahslarga sabab bo'ldi:

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preskriptivizm va deskriptivizm 
tarafdorlari.

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Oddiy qilib aytganda:

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preskriptivistlar hisoblashicha, tilda 
ma'lum bir qoidalar bo'lishi kerak,

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deskriptivistlar esa qoidalardan 
og'ish va farqlanishlarni

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tilning muhim bir qismi 
sifatida ko'rishadi.

30
00:01:33,880 --> 00:01:38,321
Ko'p vaqtlar davomida tillar faqat og'zaki
shaklda mavjud bo'lgan,

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lekin vaqt sayin yozma shaklga zarurat 
paydo bo'la boshladi.

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Muloqotni kengaytirish va insonlar 
o'rtasida o'zaro tushunshni

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kafolatlash uchun yozma nutq normalari 
shakllana boshladi.

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00:01:51,081 --> 00:01:56,741
Ko'pchilik tillarda bu standart shakl 
aslida og'zaki shaklning

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00:01:56,741 --> 00:02:00,665
variantlaridan biridan kelib chiqqan 
bo'lganligiga qaramay

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yagona to'g'ri shakl deb hisoblana 
boshlandi.

37
00:02:03,078 --> 00:02:07,426
Tilni tozalash tarafdorlari o'sha paytda 
ishlab chiqilgan grammatika orqali

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ushbu normalarni keng yoya boshladi.

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Grammatik qoidalar kelgusida og'zaki 
nutqda ham qo'llanila boshlandi.

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Yangi normalardan farqli og'zaki nutq
normalari xato deb hisoblana boshlandi,

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yoki past tabaqa belgisi sifatida 
qabul qilingan.

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Bolalikdan noto'g'ri gapirishni 
o'rganganlarga ham

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bu standart normani o'zlashtirishga 
undashgan.

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Lekin keyinchalik,

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lingvistlar tushunishdiki, nutq aslida 
yozuvda farq qilishi, va uning o'zining

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alohida norma va modellari bo'lishi kerak.

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Ko'pchilik gapirishni erta o'rganishgani 
sabab, qanday o'rganganini eslay olmaydi.

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Bizning og'zaki nutq layoqatimiz ongosti 
odatlari tufayli shakllanadi,

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qoidalarni o'rganish bilan emas.

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Og'zaki nutqda asosiy e'tibor kayfiyat va 
intonatsiyaga qaratilganidek,

51
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uning tuzilishi ham juda moslashuvchan

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va so'zlovchi bilan tinglovchi 
ehtiyojlariga moslashadi.

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Masalan bu holatni murakkab, tinglovchi 
uchun tushunish qiyin bo'lgan gaplarda,

54
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qiyin talaffuz qilinadigan iboralarda yoki

55
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nutqni tezlashtirish uchun ayrim tovushlar
tushishida ko'rish mumkin.

56
00:03:09,388 --> 00:03:13,571
Ushbu lingvistik yondashuv, bu hodisalarni
tushunishga va ifodalashga harakat qiladi

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va tilga hech qanday qoidalarni bog'lab 
qo'ymaydi. Bu deskriptivizm deb nom olgan.

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00:03:17,945 --> 00:03:20,301
Til qanday ishlashini ifodalashdan 
farqli holda,

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bu yo'l insonlarning tilni qanday 
ishlatishini va

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foydalanish davomida undagi yuzaga 
kelayotgan yangiliklarni ifodaydi.

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00:03:27,259 --> 00:03:28,878
Preskriptivizm va deskriptivizm

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maktablari o'rtasidagi bahslar 
xali ham davom

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etayotgan bo'lsa-da, 
ular bir-birini inkor etmaydi.

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Preskriptivizmning foydasi shundaki, 
u ma'lum bir vaqt ichida

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qanday umumiy qoidalar mavjud ekanligi 
haqida xabar beradi.

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Bu nafaqat rasmiy nutqlar uchun muhim,

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balki chet tillarida muloqotni yanada 
osonlashtirish yoki jamiyatning

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turli qatlamidagi insonlar muloqoti
uchun ham.

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00:03:50,620 --> 00:03:52,194
Deskriptivizm, boshqa tomondan,

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bizga ongimiz qanday ishlashi haqida va

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dunyoqarashimiz ongostimizda qanday 
shakllanishi haqida ma'lumot beradi.

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Nihoyat, grammatika — eng maqbul 
til odatlari yig'indisi,

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va u doim katta omma tomonidan 
muhokama qilinadi,

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va doim ko'rib chiqiladi.

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00:04:09,966 --> 00:04:11,352
Umumiy tilga o'xshab,

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grammatika — o'ziga xos va murakkab

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material, va u dunyoning har xil 
chekkasidagi tinglovchilar va

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so'zlovchilar, yozuvchilar va

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o'quvchilar, 
preskriptivist va deskriptivist

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olimlar nutqlaridan kelib chiqqan.