[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.57,0:00:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, now we're going to the Bahamas to meet
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.84,0:00:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a remarkable group of dolphins that I've been working with
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.09,0:00:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the wild for the last 28 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.55,0:00:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm interested in dolphins because of their large brains
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.75,0:00:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they might be doing with all that brainpower
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.86,0:00:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.34,0:00:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know they use some of that brainpower
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.61,0:00:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for just living complicated lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.77,0:00:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what do we really know about dolphin intelligence?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.63,0:00:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we know a few things.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.34,0:00:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that their brain-to-body ratio,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.53,0:00:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a physical measure of intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.50,0:00:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is second only to humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.99,0:00:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cognitively, they can understand
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.55,0:00:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,artificially-created languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.98,0:00:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they pass self-awareness tests in mirrors.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.12,0:00:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in some parts of the world, they use tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.22,0:00:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like sponges to hunt fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.54,0:00:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's one big question left:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.19,0:00:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do they have a language, and if so,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.06,0:00:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are they talking about?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.46,0:00:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So decades ago, not years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.90,0:00:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I set out to find a place in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.07,0:00:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I could observe dolphins underwater
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.87,0:01:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to crack the code of their communication system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.11,0:01:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in most parts of the world, the water's pretty murky,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.72,0:01:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's very hard to observe animals underwater,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.96,0:01:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I found a community of dolphins that live
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.72,0:01:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these beautiful, clear, shallow sandbanks of the Bahamas
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.75,0:01:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are just east of Florida.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.99,0:01:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they spend their daytime resting and socializing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.40,0:01:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the safety of the shallows, but at night,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.27,0:01:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go off the edge and hunt in deep water.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.07,0:01:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's not a bad place to be a researcher, either.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.89,0:01:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we go out for about five months every summer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.07,0:01:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a 20-meter catamaran, and we live, sleep and work
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.27,0:01:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at sea for weeks at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.35,0:01:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My main tool is an underwater video with a hydrophone,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.99,0:01:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an underwater microphone, and this is so
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.94,0:01:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can correlate sound and behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.03,0:01:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of our work's pretty non-invasive.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.68,0:01:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We try to follow dolphin etiquette while we're in the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.50,0:01:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since we're actually observing them physically in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.63,0:01:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Atlantic spotted dolphins are a really nice species
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.77,0:01:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to work with for a couple of reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.73,0:01:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're born without spots, and they get spots with age,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.66,0:01:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they go through pretty distinct developmental phases,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.70,0:02:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that's fun to track their behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.64,0:02:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by about the age of 15, they're fully spotted black and white.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.09,0:02:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the mother you see here is Mugsy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.52,0:02:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's 35 years old in this shot,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.50,0:02:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but dolphins can actually live into their early 50s.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.69,0:02:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And like all the dolphins in our community,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.99,0:02:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we photographed Mugsy and tracked her little spots
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.76,0:02:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nicks in her dorsal fin,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.51,0:02:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the unique spot patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.71,0:02:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as she matured over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.05,0:02:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, young dolphins learn a lot as they're growing up,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.71,0:02:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they use their teenage years to practice social skills,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.79,0:02:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at about the age of nine, the females
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.14,0:02:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become sexually mature, so they can get pregnant,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.81,0:02:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the males mature quite a bit later,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.78,0:02:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at around 15 years of age.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.90,0:02:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And dolphins are very promiscuous,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.64,0:02:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we have to determine who the fathers are,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.50,0:02:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we do paternity tests by collecting fecal material
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.95,0:02:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the water and extracting DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.82,0:02:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what that means is, after 28 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.28,0:02:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are tracking three generations,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.69,0:02:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including grandmothers and grandfathers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.03,0:02:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, dolphins are natural acousticians.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.65,0:03:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They make sounds 10 times as high
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.93,0:03:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hear sounds 10 times as high as we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.12,0:03:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they have other communication signals they use.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.72,0:03:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have good vision, so they use body postures to communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.06,0:03:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have taste, not smell.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.26,0:03:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they have touch.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.30,0:03:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sound can actually be felt in the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.49,0:03:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the acoustic impedance of tissue and water's about the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.52,0:03:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So dolphins can buzz and tickle each other at a distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.15,0:03:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we do know some things about how sounds are used
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.69,0:03:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with certain behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.10,0:03:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the signature whistle is a whistle
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.20,0:03:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's specific to an individual dolphin, and it's like a name. (Dolphin whistling noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.90,0:03:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the best-studied sound,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.08,0:03:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's easy to measure, really,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.70,0:03:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'd find this whistle when mothers and calves
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.66,0:03:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are reuniting, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.80,0:03:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another well studied sound are echolocation clicks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.86,0:03:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the dolphin's sonar. (Dolphin echolocation noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.10,0:03:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they use these clicks to hunt and feed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.42,0:03:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they can also tightly pack these clicks together
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.81,0:03:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into buzzes and use them socially.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.94,0:03:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, males will stimulate a female
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.92,0:03:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during a courtship chase.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.42,0:04:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, I've been buzzed in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.75,0:04:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.68,0:04:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't tell anyone. It's a secret.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.06,0:04:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can really feel the sound. That was my point with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.36,0:04:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.09,0:04:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So dolphins are also political animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.62,0:04:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they have to resolve conflicts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.93,0:04:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Dolphin noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.57,0:04:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they use these burst-pulsed sounds as well as
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.94,0:04:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their head-to-head behaviors when they're fighting.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.35,0:04:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are very unstudied sounds
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.42,0:04:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're hard to measure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.56,0:04:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is some video of a typical dolphin fight.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.28,0:04:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Dolphin noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.30,0:04:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you're going to see two groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.39,0:04:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're going to see the head-to-head posturing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.60,0:04:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some open mouths,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.94,0:04:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lots of squawking.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.10,0:04:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.69,0:04:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And basically, one of these groups will kind of back off
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.27,0:04:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything will resolve fine,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.92,0:04:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it doesn't really escalate into violence too much.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.58,0:04:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in the Bahamas, we also have resident bottlenose
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.89,0:04:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that interact socially with the spotted dolphins.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.83,0:05:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, they babysit each other's calves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.54,0:05:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The males have dominance displays that they use
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.72,0:05:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're chasing each other's females.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.12,0:05:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the two species actually form temporary alliances
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.54,0:05:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're chasing sharks away.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.92,0:05:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the mechanisms they use to communicate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.83,0:05:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their coordination is synchrony.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.83,0:05:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They synchronize their sounds and their body postures
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.94,0:05:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look bigger and sound stronger.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.08,0:05:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Dolphins noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.55,0:05:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these are bottlenose dolphins,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.14,0:05:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'll see them starting to synchronize
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.91,0:05:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their behavior and their sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.82,0:05:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Dolphin noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.18,0:05:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, they're synchronizing with their partner
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.43,0:05:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the other dyad.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.40,0:05:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wish I was that coordinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.73,0:05:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's important to remember that you're only hearing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.80,0:05:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the human-audible parts of dolphin sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.70,0:05:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dolphins make ultrasonic sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.86,0:05:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we use special equipment in the water
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.42,0:05:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to collect these sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.16,0:05:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, researchers have actually measured whistle complexity
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.72,0:05:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using information theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.79,0:06:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whistles rate very high relative to even human languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.68,0:06:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But burst-pulsed sounds is a bit of a mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.53,0:06:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these are three spectragrams.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.62,0:06:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two are human words, and one is a dolphin vocalizing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.29,0:06:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just take a guess in your mind which one is the dolphin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.15,0:06:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it turns out burst-pulsed sounds actually look
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.74,0:06:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit like human phonemes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.25,0:06:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, one way to crack the code
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.51,0:06:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to interpret these signals and figure out what they mean,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.06,0:06:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a difficult job, and we actually don't have a Rosetta Stone yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.06,0:06:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a second way to crack the code
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.18,0:06:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to develop some technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.14,0:06:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an interface to do two-way communication,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.32,0:06:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we've been trying to do in the Bahamas
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.69,0:06:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in real time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.13,0:06:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, scientists have used keyboard interfaces
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.78,0:06:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to bridge the gap with species
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.85,0:06:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including chimpanzees and dolphins.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.94,0:06:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This underwater keyboard in Orlando, Florida,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.96,0:06:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Epcot Center, was actually
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.70,0:06:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most sophisticated ever two-way interface designed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.52,0:07:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for humans and dolphins to work together under the water
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.38,0:07:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exchange information.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.31,0:07:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we wanted to develop an interface like this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.93,0:07:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Bahamas, but in a more natural setting.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.30,0:07:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the reasons we thought we could do this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.47,0:07:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because the dolphins were starting to show us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.49,0:07:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of mutual curiosity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.09,0:07:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were spontaneously mimicking our vocalizations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.00,0:07:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our postures, and they were also inviting us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.32,0:07:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into dolphin games.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.96,0:07:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, dolphins are social mammals, so they love to play,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.60,0:07:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of their favorite games is to drag seaweed,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.92,0:07:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or sargassum in this case, around.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.04,0:07:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're very adept. They like to drag it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.17,0:07:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and drop it from appendage to appendage.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.49,0:07:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in this footage, the adult is Caroh.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.19,0:07:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's 25 years old here, and this is her newborn, Cobalt,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.06,0:07:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's just learning how to play this game.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.74,0:07:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Dolphin noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.47,0:07:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's kind of teasing him and taunting him.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.94,0:07:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He really wants that sargassum.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.37,0:07:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when dolphins solicit humans for this game,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.28,0:08:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll often sink vertically in the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.33,0:08:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll have a little sargassum on their flipper,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.76,0:08:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll sort of nudge it and drop it sometimes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.38,0:08:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the bottom and let us go get it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.91,0:08:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'll have a little seaweed keep away game.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.13,0:08:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we don't dive down and get it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.96,0:08:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll bring it to the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.94,0:08:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll sort of wave it in front of us on their tail
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.11,0:08:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and drop it for us like they do their calves,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.20,0:08:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'll pick it up and have a game.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.40,0:08:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we started thinking, well, wouldn't it be neat
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.75,0:08:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build some technology that would allow the dolphins
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.57,0:08:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to request these things in real time, their favorite toys?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.84,0:08:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the original vision was to have a keyboard
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.21,0:08:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hanging from the boat attached to a computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.39,0:08:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the divers and dolphins would activate the keys
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.90,0:08:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the keypad and happily exchange information
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.79,0:08:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and request toys from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.95,0:08:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we quickly found out that dolphins simply
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.74,0:08:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were not going to hang around the boat using a keyboard.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.87,0:08:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've got better things to do in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.00,0:08:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They might do it in captivity, but in the wild --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.27,0:08:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we built a portable keyboard that we could push through the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.99,0:08:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we labeled four objects they like to play with,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.73,0:09:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scarf, rope, sargassum, and also had a bow ride,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.68,0:09:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a fun activity for a dolphin. (Whistle)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.79,0:09:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the scarf whistle,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.63,0:09:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is also associated with a visual symbol.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.55,0:09:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are artificially created whistles.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.84,0:09:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're outside the dolphin's normal repertoire,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.47,0:09:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're easily mimicked by the dolphins.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.89,0:09:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I spent four years with my colleagues Adam Pack and Fabienne Delfour,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.07,0:09:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working out in the field with this keyboard
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.29,0:09:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using it with each other to do requests for toys
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.93,0:09:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the dolphins were watching.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.59,0:09:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the dolphins could get in on the game.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.96,0:09:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could point at the visual object,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.89,0:09:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they could mimic the whistle.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.37,0:09:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is video of a session.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.74,0:09:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The diver here has a rope toy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.94,0:09:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm on the keyboard on the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.18,0:09:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've just played the rope key,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.83,0:09:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the request for the toy from the human.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.04,0:09:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've got the rope, I'm diving down,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.25,0:09:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm basically trying to get the dolphin's attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.88,0:09:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're kind of like little kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.95,0:09:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to keep their attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.51,0:09:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to drop the rope, see if they come over.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.19,0:10:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here they come,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.70,0:10:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they're going to pick up the rope
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.01,0:10:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and drag it around as a toy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.61,0:10:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm at the keyboard on the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.40,0:10:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is actually the first time that we tried this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.71,0:10:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to try to request this toy, the rope toy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.57,0:10:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the dolphins using the rope sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.14,0:10:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's see if they might actually understand what that means.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.75,0:10:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Whistle)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.98,0:10:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the rope whistle.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.68,0:10:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up come the dolphins,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.98,0:10:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and drop off the rope, yay. Wow.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.58,0:10:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.56,0:10:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is only once.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.32,0:10:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know for sure if they really understand the function of the whistles.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.13,0:10:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so here's a second toy in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.60,0:10:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a scarf toy, and I'm trying to lead the dolphin
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.39,0:10:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over to the keyboard to show her
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.73,0:10:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the visual and the acoustic signal.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.92,0:10:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this dolphin, we call her "the scarf thief,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.98,0:10:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because over the years she's absconded
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.48,0:10:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with about 12 scarves.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.05,0:10:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we think she has a boutique somewhere in the Bahamas.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.83,0:11:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm reaching over. She's got the scarf on her right side.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.52,0:11:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we try to not touch the animals too much,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.29,0:11:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we really don't want to over-habituate them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.42,0:11:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm trying to lead her back to the keyboard.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.54,0:11:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the diver there is going to activate the scarf sound
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.48,0:11:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to request the scarf.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.29,0:11:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I try to give her the scarf.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.04,0:11:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whoop. Almost lost it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.02,0:11:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is the moment where everything becomes possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.93,0:11:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dolphin's at the keyboard.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.68,0:11:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got full attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.24,0:11:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this sometimes went on for hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.49,0:11:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I wanted to share this video with you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.95,0:11:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to show you any big breakthroughs,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.73,0:11:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they haven't happened yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.85,0:11:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to show you the level of intention and focus
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.48,0:11:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these dolphins have, and interest in the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.13,0:11:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because of this, we really decided we needed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.15,0:11:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some more sophisticated technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.24,0:11:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we joined forces with Georgia Tech,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.44,0:11:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Thad Starner's wearable computing group,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.12,0:11:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build us an underwater wearable computer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.08,0:11:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're calling CHAT. [CHAT: Cetacean Hearing And Telemetry]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.94,0:11:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, instead of pushing a keyboard through the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.98,0:11:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the diver's wearing the complete system, and it's acoustic only,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.60,0:11:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so basically the diver activates the sounds on a keypad
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.61,0:12:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the forearm,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.79,0:12:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sounds go out through an underwater speaker,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.97,0:12:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a dolphin mimics the whistle
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.38,0:12:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a human plays the whistle, the sounds come in
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.89,0:12:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are localized by two hydrophones.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.47,0:12:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The computer can localize who requested the toy
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.82,0:12:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there's a word match.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.85,0:12:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the real power of the system is in the real-time
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.42,0:12:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sound recognition, so we can respond to the dolphins
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.33,0:12:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quickly and accurately.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.46,0:12:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're at prototype stage, but this is how we hope it will play out.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.64,0:12:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Diver A and Diver B both have a wearable computer
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.92,0:12:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the dolphin hears the whistle as a whistle,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.52,0:12:33.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the diver hears the whistle as a whistle in the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.100,0:12:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also as a word through bone conduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.43,0:12:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Diver A plays the scarf whistle
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.68,0:12:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Diver B plays the sargassum whistle
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.57,0:12:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to request a toy from whoever has it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.99,0:12:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we hope will happen is that the dolphin mimics the whistle,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.20,0:12:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if Diver A has the sargassum, if that's the sound
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.37,0:12:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was played and requested,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.11,0:12:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the diver will give the sargassum to the requesting dolphin
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.96,0:12:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll swim away happily into the sunset
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.78,0:13:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,playing sargassum for forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.90,0:13:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how far can this kind of communication go?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.28,0:13:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, CHAT is designed specifically to empower the dolphins
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.16,0:13:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to request things from us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.75,0:13:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's designed to really be two-way.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.14,0:13:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, will they learn to mimic the whistles functionally?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.42,0:13:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hope so and we think so.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.30,0:13:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as we decode their natural sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.44,0:13:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're also planning to put those back into the computerized system.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.03,0:13:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, right now we can put their own signature whistles
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.53,0:13:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the computer and request to interact with a specific dolphin.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.63,0:13:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Likewise, we can create our own whistles,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.36,0:13:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our own whistle names, and let the dolphins
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.68,0:13:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,request specific divers to interact with.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.44,0:13:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it may be that all our mobile technology
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.36,0:13:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will actually be the same technology that helps us
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.50,0:13:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communicate with another species down the road.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.73,0:13:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of a dolphin, you know, it's a species that,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.36,0:13:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, they're probably close to our intelligence in many ways
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.75,0:13:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we might not be able to admit that right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.29,0:14:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they live in quite a different environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.11,0:14:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you still have to bridge the gap with the sensory systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.61,0:14:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, imagine what it would be like
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.30,0:14:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to really understand the mind
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.91,0:14:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of another intelligent species on the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.69,0:14:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.04,0:14:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)