[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.68,0:00:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do want to test this question we're all interested in:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.79,0:00:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does extinction have to be forever?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.60,0:00:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm focused on two projects I want to tell you about.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.55,0:00:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is the Thylacine Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.39,0:00:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one is the Lazarus Project,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.08,0:00:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's focused on the gastric brooding frog.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.49,0:00:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it would be a fair question to ask, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.51,0:00:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why have we focused on these two animals?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.18,0:00:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, point number one, each of them
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.16,0:00:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents a unique family of its own.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.72,0:00:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've lost a whole family.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.13,0:00:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a big chunk of the global genome gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.76,0:00:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like it back.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.36,0:00:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second reason is that we killed these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.69,0:00:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of the thylacine, regrettably,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.87,0:00:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we shot every one that we saw. We slaughtered them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.42,0:00:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of the gastric brooding frog,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.82,0:00:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we may have "fungicided" it to death.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.73,0:00:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a dreadful fungus that's sort of moving
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.60,0:00:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the world that's called the chytrid fungus,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.55,0:00:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's nailing frogs all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.31,0:00:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think that's probably what got this frog,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.27,0:00:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and humans are spreading this fungus.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.91,0:01:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this introduces a very important ethical point,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.68,0:01:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think you will have heard this many times
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.58,0:01:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when this topic comes up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.56,0:01:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I think is important is that,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.98,0:01:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it's clear that we exterminated these species,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.10,0:01:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I think we not only have a moral obligation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.36,0:01:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see what we can do about it, but I think we've got
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.30,0:01:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a moral imperative to try to do something, if we can.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.37,0:01:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. Let me talk to you about the Lazarus Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.51,0:01:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a frog. And you think, frog.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.24,0:01:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, but this was not just any frog.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.71,0:01:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike a normal frog, which lays its eggs in the water
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.70,0:01:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and goes away and wishes its froglets well,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.33,0:01:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this frog swallowed its fertilized eggs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.87,0:01:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swallowed them into the stomach where it should be having food,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.52,0:01:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't digest the eggs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.12,0:01:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turned its stomach into a uterus.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.19,0:01:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the stomach, the eggs went on to develop into tadpoles,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.47,0:01:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the stomach, the tadpoles went on to develop into frogs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.29,0:01:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they grew in the stomach until eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.04,0:02:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the poor old frog was at risk of bursting apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.16,0:02:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has a little cough and a hiccup, and out comes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.37,0:02:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sprays of little frogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.22,0:02:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when biologists saw this, they were agog.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.09,0:02:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They thought, this is incredible.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.97,0:02:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No animal, let alone a frog, has been known to do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.80,0:02:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change one organ in the body into another.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.81,0:02:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can imagine the medical world went nuts over this as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.78,0:02:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we could understand how that frog is managing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.64,0:02:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way its tummy works, is there information
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.12,0:02:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here that we need to understand or could usefully use
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.14,0:02:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help ourselves?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.37,0:02:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm not suggesting we want to raise our babies in our stomach,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.44,0:02:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I am suggesting it's possible we might want
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.43,0:02:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to manage gastric secretion in the gut.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.82,0:02:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just as everybody got excited about it, bang!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.73,0:02:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was extinct.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.86,0:02:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I called up my friend, Professor Mike Tyler
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.54,0:02:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the University of Adelaide.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.67,0:02:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was the last person who had this frog,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.23,0:02:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a colony of these things, in his lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.38,0:02:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Mike, by any chance -- "
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.08,0:02:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was 30 or 40 years ago —
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.48,0:02:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"by any chance had you kept any frozen tissue of this frog?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.25,0:03:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he thought about it, and he went to his deep freezer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.17,0:03:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,minus 20 degrees centigrade,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.33,0:03:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he poured through everything in the freezer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.87,0:03:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there in the bottom was a jar
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.61,0:03:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it contained tissues of these frogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.65,0:03:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was very exciting, but there was no reason
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.54,0:03:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why we should expect that this would work,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.47,0:03:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this tissue had not had any antifreeze put in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.42,0:03:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cryoprotectants, to look after it when it was frozen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.19,0:03:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And normally, when water freezes, as you know, it expands,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.89,0:03:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the same thing happens in a cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.36,0:03:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you freeze tissues, the water expands,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.56,0:03:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,damages or bursts the cell walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.96,0:03:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we looked at the tissue under the microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.19,0:03:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually didn't look bad. The cell walls looked intact.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.85,0:03:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we thought, let's give it a go.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.95,0:03:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we did is something called
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.71,0:03:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somatic cell nuclear transplantation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.53,0:03:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took the eggs of a related species, a living frog,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.17,0:03:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we inactivated the nucleus of the egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.27,0:03:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We used ultraviolet radiation to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.83,0:03:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we took the dead nucleus from the dead tissue
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.02,0:03:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the extinct frog and we inserted those nuclei into that egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.34,0:04:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now by rights, this is kind of like a cloning project,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.97,0:04:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like what produced Dolly, but it's actually very different,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.49,0:04:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Dolly was live sheep into live sheep cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.57,0:04:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was a miracle, but it was workable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.87,0:04:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're trying to do is take a dead nucleus from an extinct species
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.68,0:04:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put it into a completely different species and expect that to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.17,0:04:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we had no real reason to expect it would,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.44,0:04:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we tried hundreds and hundreds of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.78,0:04:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just last February, the last time we did these trials,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.61,0:04:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw a miracle starting to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.43,0:04:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found was, most of these eggs didn't work,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.34,0:04:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then suddenly one of them began to divide.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.37,0:04:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was so exciting. And then the egg divided again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.53,0:04:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then again. And pretty soon, we had
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.11,0:04:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early stage embryos with hundreds of cells forming those.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.53,0:04:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We even DNA tested some of these cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.97,0:04:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the DNA of the extinct frog is in those cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.15,0:04:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're very excited. This is not a tadpole.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.25,0:04:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a frog. But it's a long way along the journey
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.58,0:05:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to producing, or bringing back, an extinct species.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.18,0:05:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is news. We haven't announced this publicly before.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.97,0:05:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're excited. We've got to get past this point.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.24,0:05:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now want this ball of cells to start to gastrulate,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to turn in so that it will produce the other tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.13,0:05:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll go on and produce a tadpole and then a frog.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.59,0:05:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Watch this space. I think we're going to have this frog
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.36,0:05:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hopping glad to be back in the world again.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.75,0:05:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.56,0:05:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We haven't done it yet, but keep those applause ready.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.84,0:05:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second project I want to talk to you about is the Thylacine Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.06,0:05:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thylacine looks a bit, to most people, like a dog,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.97,0:05:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe like a tiger, because it has stripes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.74,0:05:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not related to any of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.84,0:05:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a marsupial. It raised its young in a pouch,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.55,0:05:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a koala or a kangaroo would do,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.88,0:05:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has a long history, a long, fascinating history,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.03,0:05:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that goes back 25 million years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.84,0:05:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also a tragic history.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.10,0:06:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one that we see occurs in the ancient rainforests
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.01,0:06:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Australia about 25 million years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.94,0:06:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the National Geographic Society is helping us
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.84,0:06:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explore these fossil deposits. This is Riversleigh.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.33,0:06:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In those fossil rocks are some amazing animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.39,0:06:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found marsupial lions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.32,0:06:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found carnivorous kangaroos.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.03,0:06:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not what you usually think about as a kangaroo,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.69,0:06:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these are meat-eating kangaroos.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.52,0:06:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found the biggest bird in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.03,0:06:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bigger than that thing that was in Madagascar,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.03,0:06:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it too was a flesh-eater. It was a giant, weird duck.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.04,0:06:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And crocodiles were not behaving at that time either.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.92,0:06:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You think of crocodiles as doing their ugly thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.22,0:06:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting in a pool of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.72,0:06:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These crocodiles were actually out on the land
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.37,0:06:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were even climbing trees and jumping on prey
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.59,0:06:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.36,0:06:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had, in Australia, drop crocs. They really do exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.43,0:06:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what they were dropping on was not only
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.58,0:06:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other weird animals but also thylacines.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.26,0:06:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were five different kinds of thylacines in those ancient forests,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.92,0:07:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they ranged from great big ones to middle-sized ones
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.10,0:07:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to one that was about the size of a chihuahua.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.08,0:07:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paris Hilton would have been able to carry
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.80,0:07:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of these things around in a little handbag,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.01,0:07:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until a drop croc landed on her.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.34,0:07:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At any rate, it was a fascinating place,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.32,0:07:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but unfortunately, Australia didn't stay this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.01,0:07:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate change has affected the world for a long period of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.62,0:07:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gradually, the forests disappeared,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.64,0:07:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the country began to dry out,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.27,0:07:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the number of kinds of thylacines began to decline,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.50,0:07:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until by five million years ago, only one left.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.60,0:07:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 10,000 years ago, they had disappeared
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.58,0:07:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from New Guinea, and unfortunately
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.44,0:07:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by 4,000 years ago, somebodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.73,0:07:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't know who this was, introduced dingoes --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.70,0:07:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a very archaic kind of a dog — into Australia.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.89,0:07:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you can see, dingoes are very similar
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.96,0:07:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their body form to thylacines.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.15,0:07:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That similarity meant they probably competed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.20,0:07:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were eating the same kinds of foods.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.64,0:07:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's even possible that aborigines were keeping
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.20,0:08:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of these dingoes as pets, and therefore
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.09,0:08:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may have had an advantage in the battle for survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.04,0:08:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All we know is, soon after the dingoes were brought in,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.54,0:08:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thylacines were extinct in the Australian mainland,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.15,0:08:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after that they only survived in Tasmania.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.56,0:08:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, unfortunately, the next sad part of the thylacine story
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.80,0:08:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that Europeans arrived in 1788, and they brought
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.85,0:08:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with them the things they valued, and that included sheep.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.80,0:08:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took one look at the thylacine in Tasmania,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.02,0:08:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they thought, hang on, this is not going to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.04,0:08:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That guy is going to eat all our sheep.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.84,0:08:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was not what happened, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.82,0:08:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wild dogs did eat a few of the sheep, but the thylacine got a bad rap.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.64,0:08:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But immediately, the government said, that's it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.02,0:08:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's get rid of them, and they paid people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.34,0:08:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to slaughter every one that they saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.16,0:08:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the early 1930s, 3,000 to 4,000 thylacines
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.18,0:08:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been murdered. It was a disaster,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.24,0:08:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were about to hit the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.62,0:08:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a look at this bit of film footage.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.63,0:09:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes me very sad, because, while, it's a fascinating animal,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.41,0:09:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's amazing to think that we had the technology to film it
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.37,0:09:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it actually plunged off that cliff of extinction,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.47,0:09:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't, unfortunately, at this same time, have
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.30,0:09:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a molecule of concern about the welfare for this species.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.21,0:09:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are photos of the last surviving thylacine, Benjamin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.61,0:09:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was in the Beaumaris Zoo in Hobart.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.56,0:09:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To add insult to injury, having swept this species
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.96,0:09:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nearly off the table, this animal, when it died of neglect,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.42,0:09:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the keepers didn't let it into the hutch
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.34,0:09:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a cold night in Hobart. It died of exposure,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.53,0:09:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the morning, when they found the body of Benjamin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.83,0:09:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they still cared so little for this animal
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.87,0:09:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they threw the body in the dump.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.23,0:09:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it have to stay this way?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.29,0:09:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1990, I was in the Australian Museum.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.06,0:09:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was fascinated by thylacines. I've always been obsessed with these animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.97,0:09:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was studying skulls, trying to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.78,0:10:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their relationships to other sorts of animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.41,0:10:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I saw this jar, and here, in the jar,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.79,0:10:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a little girl thylacine pup, perhaps six months old.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.35,0:10:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The guy who had found it and killed the mother
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.90,0:10:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had pickled the pup and they pickled it in alcohol.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.47,0:10:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a paleontologist, but I still knew alcohol was a DNA preservative.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.17,0:10:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this was 1990, and I asked my geneticist friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.26,0:10:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,couldn't we think about going into this pup
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.52,0:10:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and extracting DNA, if it's there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.67,0:10:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then somewhere down the line in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.66,0:10:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll use this DNA to bring the thylacine back?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.77,0:10:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The geneticists laughed. But this was six years before Dolly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.55,0:10:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cloning was science fiction. It had not happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.48,0:10:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then suddenly cloning did happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.13,0:10:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, when I became director
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.17,0:10:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Australian Museum, I'm going to give this a go.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.60,0:10:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I put a team together.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.09,0:10:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We went into that pup to see what was in there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.20,0:10:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we did find thylacine DNA. It was a eureka moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.25,0:10:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were very excited.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.27,0:11:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, we also found a lot of human DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.15,0:11:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every old curator who'd been in that museum
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.27,0:11:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had seen this wonderful specimen,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.85,0:11:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put their hand in the jar, pulled it out and thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.04,0:11:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wow, look at that," plop, dropped it back in the jar,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.65,0:11:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contaminating this specimen.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.52,0:11:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was a worry. If the goal here was to get the DNA out
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.21,0:11:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use the DNA down the track to try to bring a thylacine back,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.96,0:11:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we didn't want happening when the information
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.61,0:11:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was shoved into the machine and the wheel turned around
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.54,0:11:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the lights flashed, was to have a wizened old
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.90,0:11:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,horrible curator pop out the other end of the machine. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.48,0:11:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would've kept the curator very happy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.14,0:11:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it wasn't going to keep us happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.96,0:11:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we went back to these specimens and we started digging around,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.16,0:11:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly we looked into the teeth of skulls,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.44,0:11:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hard parts where humans had not been able to get their fingers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.47,0:11:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we found much better quality DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.90,0:11:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found nuclear mitochondrial genes. It's there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.68,0:11:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we got it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.80,0:11:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. What could we do with this stuff?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.09,0:11:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, George Church in his book, "Regenesis,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.12,0:11:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has mentioned many of the techniques that are rapidly advancing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.48,0:11:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to work with fragmented DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.24,0:12:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would hope that we'll be able to get that DNA back
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.33,0:12:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a viable form, and then, much like we've done with the Lazarus Project,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.18,0:12:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get that stuff into an egg of a host species.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.99,0:12:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has to be a different species.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.28,0:12:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What could it be? Why couldn't it be a Tasmanian devil?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.14,0:12:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're related distantly to thylacines.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.28,0:12:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the Tasmanian devil is going to pop
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.58,0:12:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thylacine out the south end.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.29,0:12:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Critics of this project say, hang on.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.04,0:12:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thylacine, Tasmanian devil? That's going to hurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.22,0:12:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it's not. These are marsupials.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.28,0:12:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They give birth to babies that are the size of a jelly bean.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.89,0:12:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That Tasmanian devil's not even going to know it gave birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.12,0:12:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is, shortly, going to think it's got the ugliest
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.09,0:12:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tasmanian devil baby in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.97,0:12:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so maybe it'll need some help to keep it going.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.06,0:12:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrew Pask and his colleagues have demonstrated
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.72,0:12:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this might not be a waste of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.61,0:12:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's sort of in the future, we haven't got there yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.80,0:12:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's the kind of thing we want to think about.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.45,0:12:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took some of this same pickled thylacine DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.13,0:13:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they spliced it into a mouse genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.55,0:13:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they put a tag on it so that anything
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.11,0:13:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this thylacine DNA produced
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.91,0:13:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would appear blue-green in the mouse baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.13,0:13:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, if thylacine tissues were being produced
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.51,0:13:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the thylacine DNA, it would be able to be recognized.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.92,0:13:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the baby popped up, it was filled with blue-green tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.83,0:13:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that tells us if we can get that genome back together,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.56,0:13:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get it into a live cell, it's going to produce thylacine stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.36,0:13:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this a risk?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.02,0:13:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've taken the bits of one animal
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.08,0:13:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you've mixed them into the cell of a different kind of an animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.57,0:13:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are we going to get a Frankenstein?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.71,0:13:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, some kind of weird hybrid chimera?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.30,0:13:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is no.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.79,0:13:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the only nuclear DNA that goes into this hybrid cell
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.20,0:13:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is thylacine DNA, that's the only thing that can pop out
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.66,0:13:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other end of the devil.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.05,0:13:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, if we can do this, could we put it back?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.06,0:13:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a key question for everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.84,0:13:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it have to stay in a laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.49,0:13:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or could we put it back where it belongs?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.18,0:13:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could we put it back in the throne of the king of beasts
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.75,0:14:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Tasmania where it belongs, restore that ecosystem?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.40,0:14:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or has Tasmania changed so much
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.20,0:14:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that that's no longer possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.83,0:14:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been to Tasmania. I've been to many of the areas
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.87,0:14:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the thylacines were common.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.29,0:14:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've even spoken to people, like Peter Carter here,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.53,0:14:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who when I spoke to him was 90 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.99,0:14:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in 1926, this man and his father and his brother
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.70,0:14:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caught thylacines. They trapped them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.58,0:14:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it just, when I spoke to this man,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.39,0:14:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was looking in his eyes and thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.97,0:14:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behind those eyes is a brain
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.09,0:14:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has memories of what thylacines feel like,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.18,0:14:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they smelled like, what they sounded like.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.64,0:14:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He led them around on a rope.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.18,0:14:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has personal experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.28,0:14:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I would give my left leg to have in my head.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.73,0:14:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd all love to have this sort of thing happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.24,0:14:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, I asked Peter, by any chance,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.53,0:14:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could he take us back to where he caught those thylacines.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.98,0:14:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My interest was in whether the environment had changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.42,0:14:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He thought hard. I mean, it was nearly 80 years before this
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.47,0:14:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he'd been at this hut.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.79,0:14:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At any rate, he led us down this bush track,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.85,0:15:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there, right where he remembered, was the hut,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.28,0:15:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tears came into his eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.85,0:15:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He looked at the hut. We went inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.25,0:15:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were the wooden boards on the sides of the hut
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.35,0:15:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he and his father and his brother had slept at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.20,0:15:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he told me, as it all was flooding back in memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.84,0:15:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "I remember the thylacines going around the hut
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.85,0:15:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wondering what was inside," and he said
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.22,0:15:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they made sounds like "Yip! Yip! Yip!"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.76,0:15:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these are parts of his life and what he remembers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.93,0:15:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the key question for me was to ask Peter,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.00,0:15:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has it changed? And he said no.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.98,0:15:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The southern beech forests surrounded his hut
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.94,0:15:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like it was when he was there in 1926.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.65,0:15:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The grasslands were sweeping away.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.64,0:15:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's classic thylacine habitat.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.50,0:15:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the animals in those areas were the same
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.64,0:15:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were there when the thylacine was around.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.48,0:15:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So could we put it back? Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.65,0:15:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that all we would do? And this is an interesting question.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.75,0:15:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes you might be able to put it back,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.56,0:15:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is that the safest way to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.38,0:15:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it never goes extinct again, and I don't think so.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.23,0:16:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think gradually, as we see species all around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.08,0:16:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's kind of a mantra that wildlife is increasingly
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.35,0:16:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not safe in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.55,0:16:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd love to think it is, but we know it isn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.62,0:16:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need other parallel strategies coming online.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.26,0:16:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this one interests me.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.51,0:16:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the thylacines that were being turned into zoos,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.12,0:16:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sanctuaries, even at the museums,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.18,0:16:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had collar marks on the neck.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.32,0:16:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were being kept as pets,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.43,0:16:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we know a lot of bush tales and memories
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.49,0:16:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people who had them as pets,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.88,0:16:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they say they were wonderful, friendly.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.21,0:16:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This particular one came in out of the forest
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.05,0:16:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lick this boy and curled up
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.56,0:16:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the fireplace to go to sleep. A wild animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.44,0:16:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'd like to ask the question, all of --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.25,0:16:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to think about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.56,0:16:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it had not been illegal to keep these thylacines as pets
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.08,0:16:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then, would the thylacine be extinct now?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.35,0:16:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm positive it wouldn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.31,0:16:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to think about this in today's world.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.02,0:16:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could it be that getting animals close to us
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.04,0:16:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we value them, maybe they won't go extinct?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.34,0:16:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is such a critical issue for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.36,0:17:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if we don't do that, we're going to watch
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.92,0:17:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more of these animals plunge off the precipice.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.01,0:17:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As far as I'm concerned, this is why
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.06,0:17:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're trying to do these kinds of de-extinction projects.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.40,0:17:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are trying to restore that balance of nature
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.64,0:17:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have upset.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.54,0:17:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.90,0:17:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)