[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.49,0:00:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the Industrial Revolution started,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.02,0:00:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amount of carbon sitting\Nunderneath Britain in the form of coal
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.91,0:00:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was as big as the amount of carbon\Nsitting under Saudi Arabia
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.11,0:00:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.43,0:00:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This carbon powered\Nthe Industrial Revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.99,0:00:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it put the "Great" in Great Britain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.73,0:00:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and led to Britain's temporary\Nworld domination.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.08,0:00:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, in 1918,\Ncoal production in Britain peaked,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.53,0:00:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has declined ever since.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In due course, Britain started using\Noil and gas from the North Sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.08,0:00:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the year 2000,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.02,0:00:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oil and gas production\Nfrom the North Sea also peaked,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.54,0:00:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're now on the decline.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.14,0:00:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These observations about the finiteness
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.82,0:00:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of easily accessible, local,\Nsecure fossil fuels,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.43,0:00:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a motivation for saying,\N"Well, what's next?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.74,0:00:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is life after fossil fuels\Ngoing to be like?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.35,0:00:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shouldn't we be thinking hard\Nabout how to get off fossil fuels?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.84,0:01:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another motivation,\Nof course, is climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.31,0:01:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when people talk\Nabout life after fossil fuels
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.84,0:01:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and climate change action,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.85,0:01:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there's a lot of fluff,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.30,0:01:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of greenwash,\Na lot of misleading advertising,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.19,0:01:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I feel a duty as a physicist to try\Nto guide people around the claptrap
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.70,0:01:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help people understand the actions\Nthat really make a difference,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.50,0:01:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to focus on ideas that do add up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.01,0:01:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me illustrate this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.61,0:01:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what physicists call\Na back-of-envelope calculation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.23,0:01:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We love back-of-envelope calculations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.10,0:01:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You ask a question,\Nwrite down some numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.19,0:01:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get an answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.38,0:01:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may not be very accurate,\Nbut it may make you say, "Hmm."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.60,0:01:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a question:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.05,0:01:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if we said, "Oh yes,\Nwe can get off fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.28,0:01:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll use biofuels. Problem solved.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.97,0:01:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Transport ... We don't need oil anymore."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.27,0:01:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what if we grew\Nthe biofuels for a road
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.73,0:01:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the grass verge\Nat the edge of the road?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.27,0:02:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How wide would the verge\Nhave to be for that to work out?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.51,0:02:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so let's put in some numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.18,0:02:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have our cars go\Nat 60 miles per hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.92,0:02:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say they do 30 miles per gallon.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.75,0:02:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the European average for new cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.94,0:02:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say the productivity\Nof biofuel plantations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.29,0:02:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is 1,200 liters of biofuel\Nper hectare per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.41,0:02:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's true of European biofuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.35,0:02:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's imagine the cars are spaced\N80 meters apart from each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.92,0:02:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're perpetually\Ngoing along this road.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.12,0:02:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The length of the road doesn't matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.98,0:02:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the longer the road,\Nthe more biofuel plantation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.73,0:02:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we do with these numbers?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.35,0:02:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the first number, divide by the other\Nthree, and get eight kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.40,0:02:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.58,0:02:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how wide the plantation\Nwould have to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.96,0:02:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given these assumptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.30,0:02:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe that makes you say, "Hmm.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.05,0:02:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe this isn't going\Nto be quite so easy."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.23,0:02:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it might make you think,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.86,0:02:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps there's an issue to do with areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.29,0:02:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this talk, I'd like to talk\Nabout land areas, and ask:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.21,0:02:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there an issue about areas?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.72,0:03:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is going to be yes,\Nbut it depends which country you are in.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.40,0:03:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's start in the United Kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.46,0:03:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since that's where we are today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.78,0:03:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The energy consumption\Nof the United Kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.15,0:03:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the total energy consumption --\Nnot just transport, but everything --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.56,0:03:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to quantify it in lightbulbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.39,0:03:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if we've all got\N125 lightbulbs on all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.89,0:03:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,125 kilowatt-hours per day per person
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.59,0:03:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the energy consumption of the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.69,0:03:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's 40 lightbulbs'\Nworth for transport,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.48,0:03:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,40 lightbulbs' worth for heating,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.15,0:03:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 40 lightbulbs' worth\Nfor making electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.71,0:03:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other things are relatively small,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.64,0:03:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to those three big fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.30,0:03:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually a bigger footprint\Nif we take into account
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.06,0:03:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the embodied energy in the stuff\Nwe import into our country as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.70,0:03:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 90 percent of this energy, today,\Nstill comes from fossil fuels,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.46,0:03:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 10 percent, only, from other,\Ngreener -- possibly greener -- sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.16,0:03:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like nuclear power and renewables.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.23,0:03:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.54,0:03:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.82,0:04:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The population density of the UK\Nis 250 people per square kilometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.07,0:04:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm now going to show you other countries\Nby these same two measures.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.35,0:04:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the vertical axis, I'm going\Nto show you how many lightbulbs --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.51,0:04:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what our energy consumption per person is.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.98,0:04:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're at 125 lightbulbs per person,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.12,0:04:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that little blue dot there\Nis showing you the land area
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.76,0:04:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the United Kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.47,0:04:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The population density\Nis on the horizontal axis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.29,0:04:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're 250 people per square kilometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.03,0:04:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's add European countries in blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.63,0:04:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see there's quite a variety.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.15,0:04:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should emphasize,\Nboth of these axes are logarithmic;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.25,0:04:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you go from one gray bar\Nto the next gray bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.83,0:04:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going up a factor of 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.55,0:04:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, let's add Asia in red,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.91,0:04:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Middle East and North Africa in green,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.41,0:04:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sub-Saharan Africa in blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.92,0:04:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black is South America,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.39,0:04:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purple is Central America,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.98,0:04:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then in pukey-yellow,\Nwe have North America,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.81,0:04:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Australia and New Zealand.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.45,0:05:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the great diversity\Nof population densities
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.37,0:05:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of per capita consumptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.32,0:05:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Countries are different from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.58,0:05:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Top left, we have Canada and Australia,\Nwith enormous land areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.16,0:05:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very high per capita consumption --\N200 or 300 lightbulbs per person --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.67,0:05:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very low population densities.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.33,0:05:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Top right: Bahrain has\Nthe same energy consumption
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.52,0:05:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,per person, roughly, as Canada --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.52,0:05:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 300 lightbulbs per person,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.79,0:05:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their population density\Nis a factor of 300 times greater,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.84,0:05:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1,000 people per square kilometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.69,0:05:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bottom right: Bangladesh has\Nthe same population density as Bahrain,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.59,0:05:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but consumes 100 times less per person.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.18,0:05:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bottom left: well, there's no one.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.69,0:05:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there used to be\Na whole load of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.81,0:05:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another message from this diagram.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.78,0:05:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've added on little blue tails\Nbehind Sudan, Libya,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.17,0:05:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China, India, Bangladesh.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.71,0:05:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's 15 years of progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.87,0:05:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where were they 15 years ago,\Nand where are they now?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.41,0:05:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the message is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.59,0:06:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most countries are going to the right,\Nand they're going up.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.49,0:06:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up and to the right:\Nbigger population density
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.66,0:06:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and higher per capita consumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.63,0:06:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we may be off in the top\Nright-hand corner, slightly unusual,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.60,0:06:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United Kingdom accompanied by Germany,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.02,0:06:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.01,0:06:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a bunch of other\Nslightly odd countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.40,0:06:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many other countries are coming\Nup and to the right to join us.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.73,0:06:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're a picture, if you like,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.80,0:06:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what the future energy consumption
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.79,0:06:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be looking\Nlike in other countries, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.97,0:06:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've also added in this diagram\Nnow some pink lines
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.92,0:06:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go down and to the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.83,0:06:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are lines of equal\Npower consumption per unit area,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.69,0:06:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I measure in watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.79,0:06:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, the middle line there,\N0.1 watts per square meter,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.66,0:06:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the energy consumption\Nper unit area of Saudi Arabia,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.54,0:06:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Norway, Mexico in purple,\Nand Bangladesh 15 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.64,0:06:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of the world's population\Nlives in countries
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.85,0:06:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are already above that line.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.71,0:07:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United Kingdom is consuming\N1.25 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.93,0:07:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is Germany, and Japan\Nis consuming a bit more.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.26,0:07:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's now say why this is relevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.21,0:07:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it relevant?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.62,0:07:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we can measure\Nrenewables in the same units
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.51,0:07:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other forms of power\Nproduction in the same units.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.73,0:07:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Renewables is one of the leading ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.50,0:07:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for how we could get off\Nour 90 percent fossil-fuel habit.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.80,0:07:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here come some renewables.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.24,0:07:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Energy crops deliver\Nhalf a watt per square meter
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.92,0:07:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in European climates.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.71,0:07:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.88,0:07:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have anticipated that result,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.89,0:07:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given what I told you about the biofuel\Nplantation a moment ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.10,0:07:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we consume 1.25 watts\Nper square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.12,0:07:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this means is,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.30,0:07:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if you covered the whole\Nof the United Kingdom with energy crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.71,0:07:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you couldn't match\Ntoday's energy consumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.64,0:07:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wind power produces a bit more --\N2.5 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.49,0:08:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's only twice as big\Nas 1.25 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.04,0:08:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that means if you wanted, literally,\Nto produce total energy consumption
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.19,0:08:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all forms, on average, from wind farms,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.44,0:08:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need wind farms\Nhalf the area of the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.58,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got data to back up\Nall these assertions, by the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.64,0:08:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, let's look at solar power.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.12,0:08:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Solar panels, when you put them on a roof,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.16,0:08:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deliver about 20 watts\Nper square meter in England.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.90,0:08:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you really want to get\Na lot from solar panels,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.31,0:08:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to adopt the traditional\NBavarian farming method,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.13,0:08:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you leap off the roof,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.51,0:08:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coat the countryside\Nwith solar panels, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.04,0:08:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Solar parks, because of the gaps\Nbetween the panels, deliver less.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.26,0:08:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They deliver about 5 watts\Nper square meter of land area.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.69,0:08:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's a solar park\Nin Vermont, with real data,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.01,0:08:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,delivering 4.2 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.06,0:08:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember where we are,\N1.25 watts per square meter,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.99,0:08:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wind farms 2.5, solar parks about five.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.90,0:08:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whichever of those renewables you pick,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.35,0:09:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the message is, whatever mix\Nof those renewables you're using,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.92,0:09:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to power the UK on them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.13,0:09:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to need\Nto cover something like
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.25,0:09:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 percent or 25 percent of the country
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.14,0:09:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with those renewables.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.15,0:09:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not saying that's a bad idea;\Nwe just need to understand the numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.69,0:09:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm absolutely not anti-renewables.\NI love renewables.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.28,0:09:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm also pro-arithmetic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.94,0:09:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.67,0:09:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Concentrating solar power in deserts\Ndelivers larger powers per unit area,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.83,0:09:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you don't have\Nthe problem of clouds.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.20,0:09:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this facility delivers\N14 watts per square meter;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.43,0:09:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one 10 watts per square meter;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.16,0:09:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this one in Spain,\N5 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.94,0:09:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being generous\Nto concentrating solar power,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.14,0:09:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's perfectly credible it could\Ndeliver 20 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.83,0:09:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.02,0:09:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, Britain\Ndoesn't have any deserts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.96,0:09:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.14,0:09:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.84,0:09:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a summary so far:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.04,0:09:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All renewables, much\Nas I love them, are diffuse.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.68,0:09:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all have a small power per unit area,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.75,0:09:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have to live with that fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.27,0:10:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means, if you do want renewables\Nto make a substantial difference
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.59,0:10:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a country like the United Kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.40,0:10:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the scale of today's consumption,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.52,0:10:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to be imagining renewable\Nfacilities that are country-sized.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.94,0:10:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not the entire country,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.28,0:10:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a fraction of the country,\Na substantial fraction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.68,0:10:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are other options\Nfor generating power as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.26,0:10:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which don't involve fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.96,0:10:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's nuclear power,\Nand on this ordinance survey map,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.14,0:10:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see there's a Sizewell B\Ninside a blue square kilometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.90,0:10:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's one gigawatt in a square kilometer,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.93,0:10:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which works out to 1,000 watts\Nper square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.38,0:10:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by this particular metric,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.54,0:10:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nuclear power isn't\Nas intrusive as renewables.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.32,0:10:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, other metrics matter, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.34,0:10:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nuclear power has\Nall sorts of popularity problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.96,0:10:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the same goes for renewables as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.02,0:10:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a photograph of a consultation\Nexercise in full swing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.88,0:10:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the little town of Penicuik\Njust outside Edinburgh,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.59,0:10:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the children\Nof Penicuik celebrating
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.11,0:10:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the burning of the effigy of the windmill.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.50,0:11:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.68,0:11:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.76,0:11:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are anti-everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.11,0:11:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've got to keep\Nall the options on the table.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.33,0:11:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can a country like the UK\Ndo on the supply side?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.99,0:11:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the options are,\NI'd say, these three:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.93,0:11:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power renewables,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.14,0:11:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recognizing that they need\Nto be close to country-sized;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.87,0:11:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other people's renewables,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.14,0:11:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could go back and talk very politely
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.29,0:11:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the people in the top left-hand side\Nof the diagram and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.35,0:11:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Uh, we don't want\Nrenewables in our backyard,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.63,0:11:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, um, please could we put\Nthem in yours instead?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.25,0:11:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a serious option.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.24,0:11:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a way for the world\Nto handle this issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.84,0:11:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So countries like Australia,\NRussia, Libya, Kazakhstan,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.100,0:11:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be our best friends\Nfor renewable production.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.36,0:11:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a third option is nuclear power.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.42,0:11:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's some supply-side options.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.66,0:11:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition to the supply levers\Nthat we can push --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.97,0:11:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remember, we need large amounts,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.03,0:11:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at the moment, we get 90 percent\Nof our energy from fossil fuels --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.58,0:11:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in addition to those levers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.97,0:12:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could talk about other ways\Nof solving this issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.04,0:12:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Namely, we could reduce demand,\Nand that means reducing population --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.46,0:12:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not sure how to do that --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.30,0:12:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or reducing per capita consumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.14,0:12:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's talk about three more big levers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.62,0:12:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could really help\Non the consumption side.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.97,0:12:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, transport.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.15,0:12:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are the physics principles
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.72,0:12:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that tell you how to reduce\Nthe energy consumption of transport.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.79,0:12:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People often say,\N"Technology can answer everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.26,0:12:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can make vehicles\Nthat are 100 times more efficient."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.06,0:12:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's almost true. Let me show you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.07,0:12:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The energy consumption\Nof this typical tank here
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.56,0:12:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is 80 kilowatt hours\Nper hundred person kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.01,0:12:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the average European car.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.35,0:12:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eighty kilowatt hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.52,0:12:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we make something 100 times better
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.63,0:12:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by applying the physics\Nprinciples I just listed?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.97,0:12:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. Here it is. It's the bicycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.64,0:12:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 80 times better\Nin energy consumption,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.31,0:12:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's powered by biofuel, by Weetabix.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.56,0:12:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.72,0:12:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are other options in between,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.61,0:12:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because maybe the lady\Nin the tank would say,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.76,0:12:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No, that's a lifestyle change.\NDon't change my lifestyle, please."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.94,0:13:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could persuade her to take a train,\Nstill a lot more efficient than a car,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.61,0:13:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that might be a lifestyle change.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.41,0:13:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or there's the EcoCAR, top-left.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.02,0:13:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It comfortably accommodates one teenager\Nand it's shorter than a traffic cone,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.78,0:13:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's almost as efficient as a bicycle,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.84,0:13:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as you drive it\Nat 15 miles per hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.30,0:13:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In between, perhaps\Nsome more realistic options
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.55,0:13:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the transport lever\Nare electric vehicles,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.54,0:13:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so electric bikes\Nand electric cars in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.94,0:13:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps four times as energy efficient\Nas the standard petrol-powered tank.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.78,0:13:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, there's the heating lever.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.70,0:13:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heating is a third of our energy\Nconsumption in Britain,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.22,0:13:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quite a lot of that\Nis going into homes
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.31,0:13:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.72,0:13:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing space heating and water heating.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.72,0:13:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a typical crappy British house.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.03,0:13:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's my house, with a Ferrari out front.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.77,0:13:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.86,0:13:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can we do to it?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.04,0:13:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the laws of physics\Nare written up there,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.72,0:13:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which describe how the power\Nconsumption for heating
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.99,0:13:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is driven by the things you can control.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.93,0:14:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The things you can control\Nare the temperature difference
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.84,0:14:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the inside and the outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.55,0:14:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's this remarkable technology\Ncalled a thermostat:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.19,0:14:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you grasp it, rotate it to the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.95,0:14:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your energy consumption\Nin the home will decrease.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.50,0:14:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've tried it. It works.\NSome people call it a lifestyle change.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.63,0:14:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.74,0:14:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also get the fluff men\Nin to reduce the leakiness
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.24,0:14:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of your building -- put fluff\Nin the walls, fluff in the roof,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.23,0:14:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new front door, and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.45,0:14:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sad truth is,\Nthis will save you money.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.06,0:14:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not sad, that's good.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.42,0:14:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the sad truth is,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.63,0:14:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it'll only get about 25 percent\Nof the leakiness of your building
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.85,0:14:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you do these things,\Nwhich are good ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.57,0:14:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you really want to get a bit closer\Nto Swedish building standards
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.85,0:14:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a crappy house like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.53,0:14:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to be putting\Nexternal insulation on the building,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.100,0:14:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as shown by this block of flats in London.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.65,0:14:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also deliver heat\Nmore efficiently using heat pumps,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.68,0:14:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which use a smaller bit\Nof high-grade energy like electricity
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.18,0:14:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to move heat from your garden\Ninto your house.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.68,0:14:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third demand-side option\NI want to talk about,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.07,0:15:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the third way to reduce energy\Nconsumption is: read your meters.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.24,0:15:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People talk a lot about smart meters,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.09,0:15:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can do it yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.46,0:15:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Use your own eyes and be smart.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.41,0:15:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Read your meter, and if you're anything\Nlike me, it'll change your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.10,0:15:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a graph I made.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.56,0:15:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was writing a book\Nabout sustainable energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.72,0:15:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a friend asked me,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.90,0:15:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How much energy do you use at home?"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.74,0:15:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was embarrassed; I didn't actually know.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.78,0:15:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I started reading\Nthe meter every week.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.01,0:15:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old meter readings are shown\Nin the top half of the graph,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.82,0:15:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then 2007 is shown\Nin green at the bottom.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.07,0:15:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was when I was reading\Nthe meter every week.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.42,0:15:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my life changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.61,0:15:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I started doing experiments\Nand seeing what made a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.99,0:15:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My gas consumption plummeted,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.42,0:15:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I started tinkering\Nwith the thermostat
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.66,0:15:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the timing on the heating system,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.48,0:15:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I knocked more than half\Noff my gas bills.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.72,0:15:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a similar story\Nfor my electricity consumption,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.63,0:15:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where switching off the DVD\Nplayers, the stereos,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.21,0:15:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer peripherals\Nthat were on all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.03,0:15:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just switching them on\Nwhen I needed them,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.25,0:15:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knocked another third\Noff my electricity bills, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.14,0:15:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need a plan that adds up.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.93,0:16:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've described for you six big levers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.55,0:16:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need big action,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.74,0:16:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we get 90 percent\Nof our energy from fossil fuels,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.52,0:16:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you need to push hard\Non most, if not all, of these levers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.29,0:16:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of these levers\Nhave popularity problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.60,0:16:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if there is a lever\Nyou don't like the use of,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.29,0:16:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, please do bear in mind\Nthat means you need even stronger effort
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.13,0:16:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the other levers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.46,0:16:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm a strong advocate\Nof having grown-up conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.63,0:16:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are based on numbers and facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.92,0:16:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to close with this map\Nthat just visualizes for you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.72,0:16:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the requirement of land and so forth
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.28,0:16:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to get just\N16 lightbulbs per person
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.36,0:16:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from four of the big possible sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.47,0:16:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you wanted to get 16 lightbulbs --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.66,0:16:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember, today our total energy\Nconsumption is 125 lightbulbs' worth --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.00,0:16:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you wanted 16 from wind,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.25,0:16:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this map visualizes a solution for the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.10,0:16:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got 160 wind farms,\Neach 100 square kilometers in size,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.28,0:17:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that would be a twentyfold increase\Nover today's amount of wind.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.19,0:17:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nuclear power:\Nto get 16 lightbulbs per person,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.12,0:17:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd need two gigawatts\Nat each of the purple dots on the map.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.24,0:17:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a fourfold increase\Nover today's levels of nuclear power.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.07,0:17:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Biomass: to get 16 lightbulbs per person,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.79,0:17:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd need a land area something\Nlike three and a half Wales' worth,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.82,0:17:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either in our country,\Nor in someone else's country,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.43,0:17:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibly Ireland, possibly somewhere else.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.50,0:17:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.60,0:17:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a fourth supply-side option:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.41,0:17:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concentrating solar power\Nin other people's deserts.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.55,0:17:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you wanted to get 16 lightbulbs' worth,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.02,0:17:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we're talking\Nabout these eight hexagons
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.06,0:17:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down at the bottom right.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.39,0:17:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The total area of those hexagons\Nis two Greater London's worth
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.64,0:17:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of someone else's Sahara,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.75,0:17:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'll need power lines\Nall the way across Spain and France
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.78,0:17:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring the power\Nfrom the Sahara to Surrey.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.60,0:17:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.77,0:17:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a plan that adds up.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.30,0:17:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to stop shouting\Nand start talking.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.21,0:18:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we can have\Na grown-up conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.46,0:18:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a plan that adds up and get building,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.94,0:18:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe this low-carbon revolution\Nwill actually be fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.97,0:18:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much for listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.73,0:18:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)