[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.82,0:00:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Picture warm, gooey cookies,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.10,0:00:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crunchy candies,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.51,0:00:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,velvety cakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.08,0:00:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waffle cones piled high with ice cream.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.69,0:00:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is your mouth watering?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.07,0:00:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are you craving dessert?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.54,0:00:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.84,0:00:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens in the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.92,0:00:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes sugary foods so hard to resist?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.01,0:00:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sugar is a general term
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.42,0:00:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used to describe a class of molecules
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.55,0:00:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called carbohydrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.43,0:00:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's found in a wide variety of food and drink.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.28,0:00:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just check the labels on sweet products you buy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.21,0:00:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Glucose,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.91,0:00:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fructose,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.70,0:00:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sucrose,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.63,0:00:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maltose,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.50,0:00:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lactose,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.30,0:00:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dextrose,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.97,0:00:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and starch
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.68,0:00:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all forms of sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.44,0:00:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So are high-fructose corn syrup,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.52,0:00:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fruit juice,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.31,0:00:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raw sugar,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.29,0:00:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and honey.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.52,0:00:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sugar isn't just in candies and desserts,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.07,0:00:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also added to tomato sauce,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.19,0:00:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yogurt,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.85,0:00:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dried fruit,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.78,0:00:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flavored waters,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.86,0:00:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or granola bars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.07,0:00:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since sugar is everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.60,0:00:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's important to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.03,0:00:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it affects the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.91,0:01:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when sugar hits your tongue?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.28,0:01:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And does eating a little bit of sugar
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.53,0:01:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make you crave more?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.48,0:01:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take a bite of cereal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.02,0:01:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sugars it contains
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.28,0:01:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activate the sweet taste receptors,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.53,0:01:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part of the taste buds on the tongue.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.77,0:01:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These receptors send a signal up to the brain stem,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.77,0:01:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from there, it forks off
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.38,0:01:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into many areas of the forebrain,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.26,0:01:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of which is the cerebral cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.81,0:01:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different sections of the cerebral cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.96,0:01:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,process different tastes:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.86,0:01:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bitter,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.40,0:01:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,salty,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.98,0:01:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,umami,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.71,0:01:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in our case, sweet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.82,0:01:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From here, the signal activates
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.33,0:01:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain's reward system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.04,0:01:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This reward system is a series
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.91,0:01:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of electrical and chemical pathways
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.12,0:01:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across several different regions of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.75,0:01:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a complicated network,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.87,0:01:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it helps answer a single, subconscious question:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.17,0:01:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should I do that again?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.88,0:01:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That warm, fuzzy feeling you get
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.41,0:01:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you taste Grandma's chocolate cake?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.50,0:01:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's your reward system saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.30,0:01:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Mmm, yes!"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.75,0:01:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not just activated by food.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.09,0:01:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Socializing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.94,0:01:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sexual behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.80,0:01:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.47,0:01:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are just a few examples
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.93,0:02:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the things and experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.35,0:02:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that also activate the reward system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.96,0:02:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But overactivating this reward system
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.14,0:02:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kickstarts a series of unfortunate events:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.44,0:02:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,loss of control,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.27,0:02:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,craving,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.20,0:02:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increased tolerance to sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.71,0:02:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's get back to our bite of cereal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.96,0:02:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It travels down into your stomach
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.07,0:02:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually into your gut.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.91,0:02:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And guess what?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.95,0:02:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are sugar receptors here too.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.04,0:02:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are not taste buds,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.34,0:02:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they do send signals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.76,0:02:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling your brain that you're full
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.59,0:02:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that your body should produce more insulin
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.71,0:02:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deal with the extra sugar you're eating.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.00,0:02:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The major currency
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.43,0:02:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our reward system is dopamine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.56,0:02:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an important chemical or neurotransmitter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.15,0:02:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many dopamine receptors in the forebrain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.68,0:02:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're not evenly distributed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.84,0:02:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certain areas contain dense clusters of receptors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.65,0:02:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these dopamine hotspots
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.31,0:02:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a part of our reward system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.48,0:02:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drugs like alcohol,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.77,0:02:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nicotine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.44,0:02:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or heroin
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.36,0:02:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,send dopamine into overdrive,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.37,0:02:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading some people to constantly seek that high,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.45,0:02:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in other words, to be addicted.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.64,0:03:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sugar also causes dopamine to be released,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.07,0:03:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though not as violently as drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.24,0:03:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sugar is rare among dopamine-inducing foods.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.40,0:03:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Broccoli, for example, has no effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.65,0:03:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which probably explains
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.74,0:03:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why it's so hard to get kids to eat their veggies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.84,0:03:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speaking of healthy foods,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.42,0:03:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say you're hungry
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.62,0:03:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decide to eat a balanced meal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.60,0:03:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You do and dopamine levels spike
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.68,0:03:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the reward system hotspots.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.35,0:03:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you eat that same dish many days in a row,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.73,0:03:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dopamine levels will spike less and less,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.06,0:03:28.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually leveling out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.100,0:03:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because when it comes to food,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.64,0:03:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain evolved to pay special attention
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.08,0:03:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to new or different tastes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.96,0:03:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.90,0:03:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two reasons:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.07,0:03:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first, to detect food that's gone bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.44,0:03:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and second, because the more variety
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.73,0:03:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have in our diet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.75,0:03:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more likely we are
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.84,0:03:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get all the nutrients we need.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.88,0:03:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To keep that variety up,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.25,0:03:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to be able to recognize a new food,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.66,0:03:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.84,0:03:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to want to keep eating new foods.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.54,0:03:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why the dopamine levels off
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.50,0:03:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a food becomes boring.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.37,0:03:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, back to that meal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.97,0:04:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens if in place
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.42,0:04:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the healthy, balanced dish,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.09,0:04:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you eat sugar-rich food instead?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.31,0:04:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you rarely eat sugar
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.84,0:04:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or don't eat much at a time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.34,0:04:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the effect is similar to that of the balanced meal.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.97,0:04:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you eat too much,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.17,0:04:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dopamine response does not level out.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.73,0:04:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, eating lots of sugar
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.49,0:04:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will continue to feel rewarding.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.74,0:04:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this way, sugar behaves a little bit like a drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.15,0:04:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one reason people seem to be hooked
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.93,0:04:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on sugary foods.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.62,0:04:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, think back to all those different kinds of sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.27,0:04:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one is unique,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.74,0:04:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but every time any sugar is consumed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.93,0:04:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it kick-starts a domino effect in the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.38,0:04:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sparks a rewarding feeling.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.29,0:04:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Too much too often,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.54,0:04:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and things can go into overdrive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.72,0:04:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, yes, overconsumption of sugar
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.92,0:04:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can have addictive effects on the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.98,0:04:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a wedge of cake once in a while won't hurt you.