[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.26,0:00:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember the time you fell off your bike\Nor bumped your head on a sharp corner?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.09,0:00:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Childhood injuries are things\Nwe'd often like to forget,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.42,0:00:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but our bodies often carry the memories\Nin the form of scars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.12,0:00:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what are these unwanted souvenirs\Nand why do we keep them for so long
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.80,0:00:28.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after that unintended vacation\Nto the emergency room?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.100,0:00:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most common place we see scars\Nare on our skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.12,0:00:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a patch that looks slightly different\Nfrom the normal skin around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.97,0:00:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often, this is considered\Nan unfortunate disfigurement,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.09,0:00:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while other times, deliberate\Nscarification has been used
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.22,0:00:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in both traditional and modern cultures,\Nto mark a rite of passage
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.88,0:00:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or simply for aesthetic decoration.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.42,0:00:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the difference isn't only cosmetic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.86,0:00:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we look at healthy skin tissue\Nunder a microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.72,0:00:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see the cells that perform\Nvarious functions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.45,0:01:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connected by an extracellular\Nmatrix, or ECM.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.58,0:01:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is composed of structural proteins,\Nlike collagen,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.06,0:01:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,secreted by specialized fibroblast cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.64,0:01:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well-arranged ECM allows for\Ntransportation of nutrients,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.42,0:01:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cell-to-cell communication,\Nand cell adhesion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.24,0:01:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when a deep wound occurs,\Nthis arrangement is disrupted.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.31,0:01:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the process of wound healing,\Ncollagen is redeposited at the wound site,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.38,0:01:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead of the basket-weave formation\Nfound in healthy tissue,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.30,0:01:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the new ECM is aligned\Nin a single direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.04,0:01:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,impeding inter-cell processes,\Nand reducing durability and elasticity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.71,0:01:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make matters worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.79,0:01:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the healed tissue contains\Na higher proportion of ECM than before,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.40,0:01:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reducing its overall function.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.02,0:01:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the skin, the overabundance of collagen\Ninterferes with its original functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.80,0:01:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like producing sweat,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.14,0:01:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,controlling body temperature
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.80,0:01:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even growing hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.88,0:02:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scar tissue is fragile, sensitive\Nto changes in temperature and sensation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.27,0:02:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and should be kept in moist environments\Nto maximize healing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.73,0:02:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This presence of excessive\Nfibrous connective tissue in an organ
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.44,0:02:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is known as fibrosis,\Nand if that term sounds familiar,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.04,0:02:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's because our skin is not the only\Norgan vulnerable to scarring.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.32,0:02:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder\Nthat causes scarring of the pancreas,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.42,0:02:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while pulmonary fibrosis\Nis a scarring of the lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.01,0:02:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resulting in shortness of breath.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.21,0:02:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scarring of the heart and the buildup\Nof ECM following a heart attack
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.09,0:02:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can inhibit its beating,\Nleading to further heart problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.07,0:02:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's common to all these conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.96,0:02:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that although it retains some\Nof the original functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.23,0:02:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scar tissue formed after a wound
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.87,0:02:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is inferior to the native tissue\Nit replaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.52,0:02:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, there is hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.03,0:02:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Medical researchers are now studying\Nwhat causes fibroblast cells
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.22,0:02:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to secrete excessive amounts of collagen
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.22,0:03:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how we can recruit\Nthe body's other cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.82,0:03:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in regenerating and repopulating\Nthe damaged tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.73,0:03:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By learning how to better control wound\Nhealing and the formation of scar tissue,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.71,0:03:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can utilize\Nthe multi-billion-dollar budgets
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.11,0:03:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,currently used to address\Nthe aftermath of wounding
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.87,0:03:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a much more efficient manner,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.90,0:03:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help millions of people live better\Nand healthier lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.31,0:03:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But until then, at least some of our scars
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.84,0:03:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can help us remember to avoid\Nthe sorts of things that cause them.