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Frugal Digital is essentially a small research group at C.I.D.

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where we are looking to find

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alternate visions of how to create a digitally inclusive society.

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That's what we're after.

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And we do this because we actually believe

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that silicon technology today is mostly about

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a culture of excess.

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It's about the fastest and the most efficient

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and the most dazzling gadget you can have,

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while about two-thirds of the world

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can hardly reach the most basic of this technology

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to even address fundamental needs in life,

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including health care, education

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and all these kinds of very fundamental issues.

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So before I start, I want to talk about a little anecdote,

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a little story about a man I met once in Mumbai.

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So this man, his name is Sathi Shri.

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He is an outstanding person,

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because he's a small entrepreneur.

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He runs a little shop

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in one of the back streets of Mumbai.

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He has this little 10-square-meter store,

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where so much is being done.

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It's incredible, because I couldn't believe my eyes

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when I once just happened to bump into him.

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Basically, what he does is, he has all these services

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for micro-payments and booking tickets

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and all kinds of basic things that you would go online for,

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but he does it for people offline

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and connects to the digital world.

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More importantly, he makes his money

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by selling these mobile recharge coupons, you know,

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for the prepaid subscriptions.

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But then, in the backside, he's got this little nook

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with a few of his employees

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where they can fix almost anything.

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Any cell phone, any gadget you can bring them, they can fix it.

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And it's pretty incredible because I took my iPhone there,

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and he was like, "Yeah, do you want an upgrade?"

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"Yes." (Laughter)

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I was a bit skeptical, but then, I decided

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to give him a Nokia instead. (Laughter)

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But what I was amazed about is this reverse engineering

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and know-how that's built into this little two meters of space.

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They have figured out everything that's required

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to dismantle, take things apart,

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rewrite the circuitry, re-flash the firmware,

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do whatever you want to with the phone,

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and they can fix anything so quickly.

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You can hand over a phone this morning

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and you can go pick it up after lunch,

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and it was quite incredible.

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But then we were wondering whether this is

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a local phenomenon, or is truly global?

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And, over time, we started understanding

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and systematically researching

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what this tinkering ecosystem is about,

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because that is something that's happening

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not just in one street corner in Mumbai.

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It's actually happening in all parts of the country.

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It's even happening in Africa, like, for example,

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in Cape Town we did extensive research on this.

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Even here in Doha I found this little nook

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where you can get alarm clocks and watches fixed,

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and it's a lot of tiny little parts. It's not easy.

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You've got to try it on your own to believe it.

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But what fuels this?

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It's this entire ecosystem of low-cost parts

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and supplies that are produced all over the world, literally,

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and then redistributed to basically service this industry,

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and you can even buy salvaged parts.

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Basically, you don't have to necessarily buy

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brand new things. You have condemned computers

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that are stripped apart,

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and you can buy salvaged components

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and things that you can reassemble in a new configuration.

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But what does this new, sort of, approach give us?

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That's the real question, because this is something

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that's been there, part of every society

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that's deprived of enough resources.

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But there's an interesting paradigm.

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There's the traditional crafts,

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and then there's the technology crafts.

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We call it the technology crafts because these are emerging.

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They're not something that's been established.

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It's not something that's institutionalized.

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It's not taught in universities.

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It's taught [by] word of mouth,

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and it's an informal education system around this.

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So we said, "What can we get out of this?

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You know, like, what are the key values that we can get out of this?"

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The main thing is a fix-it-locally culture,

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which is fantastic because it means that your product

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or your service doesn't have to go through

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a huge bureaucratic system to get it fixed.

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It also affords us cheap fabrication, which is fantastic,

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so it means that you can do a lot more with it.

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And then, the most important thing is,

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it gives us large math for low cost.

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So it means that you can actually embed

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pretty clever algorithms and lots of other kinds

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of extendable ideas into really simple devices.

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So, what we call this is a silicon cottage industry.

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It's basically what was the system or the paradigm

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before the industrial revolution is now re-happening

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in a whole new way in small digital shops

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across the planet in most developing countries.

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So, we kind of toyed around with this idea,

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and we said, "What can we do with this?

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Can we make a little product or a service out of it?"

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So one of the first things we did is this thing called

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a multimedia platform. We call it a lunch box.

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Basically one of the contexts that we studied was

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schools in very remote parts of India.

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So there is this amazing concept called the one-teacher school,

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which is basically a single teacher who is a multitasker

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who teaches this amazing little social setting.

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It's an informal school,

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but it's really about holistic education.

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The only thing that they don't have

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is access to resources. They don't even have a textbook

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sometimes, and they don't even have a proper curriculum.

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So we said, "What can we do to empower this teacher

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to do more?" How to access the digital world?

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Instead of being the sole guardian of information,

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be a facilitator to all this information.

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So we said, "What are the steps required to empower the teacher?"

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How do you make this teacher into a digital gateway,

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and how do you design an inexpensive multimedia platform

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that can be constructed locally and serviced locally?"

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So we walked around.

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We went and scavenged the nearby markets,

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and we tried to understand, "What can we pick up that will make this happen?"

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So the thing that we got

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was a little mobile phone with a little pico projector

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that comes for about 60 dollars.

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We went a bought a flashlight with a very big battery,

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and a bunch of small speakers.

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So essentially, the mobile phone gives us

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a connected multimedia platform.

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It allows us to get online and allows us to load up files

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of different formats and play them.

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The flashlight gives us this really intense, bright L.E.D.,

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and six hours worth of rechargeable battery pack,

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and the lunch box is a nice little package

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in which you can put everything inside,

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and a bunch of mini speakers to sort of

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amplify the sound large enough.

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Believe me, those little classrooms are really noisy.

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They are kids who scream at the top of their voices,

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and you really have to get above that.

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And we took it back to this little tinkering setup

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of a mobile phone repair shop,

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and then the magic happens.

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We dismantle the whole thing,

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we reassemble it in a new configuration,

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and we do this hardware mashup,

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systematically training the guy how to do this.

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Out comes this, a little lunch box -- form factor.

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(Applause)

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And we systematically field tested,

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because in the field testing we learned some

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important lessons, and we went through many iterations.

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One of the key issues was battery consumption and charging.

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Luminosity was an issue, when you have too much bright sunlight outside.

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Often the roofs are broken, so you don't have enough

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darkness in the classroom to do these things.

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We extended this idea. We tested it many times over,

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and the next version we came up with was a box

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that kind of could trickle charge on solar energy,

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but most importantly connect to a car battery,

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because a car battery is a ubiquitous source of power

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in places where there's not enough electricity

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or erratic electricity.

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And the other key thing that we did was

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make this box run off a USB key, because we realized

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that even though there was GPRS and all that on paper,

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at least, in theory, it was much more efficient

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to send the data on a little USB key by surface mail.

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It might take a few days to get there,

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but at least it gets there in high definition

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and in a reliable quality.

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So we made this box, and we tested it again

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and again and again, and we're going through

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multiple iterations to do these things.

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But it's not limited to just education.

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This kind of a technique or metrology

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can actually be applied to other kinds of areas,

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and I'm going to tell you one more little story.

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It's about this little device called a medi-meter.

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It's basically a little health care screening tool that we developed.

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In India, there is a context of these amazing people,

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the health care workers called ASHA workers.

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They are essentially foot soldiers for the health care system

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who live in the local community and are trained

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with basic tools and basic concepts of health care,

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and the main purpose is basically to inform people

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to basically, how to lead a better life, but also

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to divert or sort of make recommendations

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of what kind of health care should they approach?

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They are basically referral services, essentially.

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But the problem with that is that we realized

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after a bunch of research that they are amazing

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at referring people to the nearest clinic

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or the public health care system, but what happens at the

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public health care system is this: these incredibly long lines

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and too many people who overload the system

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simply because there's not enough doctors and facilities

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for the population that's being referred.

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So everything from a common cold

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to a serious case of malaria gets almost the same

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level of attention, and there's no priorities.

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So we said, "Come on, there's got to be a better way

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of doing this for sure."

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So we said, "What can we do with the ASHA worker

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that'll allow this ASHA worker to become an interesting filter,

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but not just a filter, a really well thought through referral

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system that allows load balancing of the network,

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and directs patients to different sources of health care

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based on the severity or the criticalness of those situations?"

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So the real key question was,

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how do we empower this woman?

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How do we empower her with simple tools

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that's not diagnostic but more screening in nature

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so she at least knows how to advise the patients better?

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And that'll make such a huge difference on the system,

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because the amount of waiting time and the amount of

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distances that people need to travel, often sometimes

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seven to 15 kilometers, sometimes by foot,

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to get a simple health check done, is very, very detrimental

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in the sense that it really dissuades people

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from getting access to health care.

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So if there was something that she could do,

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that would be amazing.

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So what we did was that we converted this device

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into a medical device.

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I want to demo this actually,

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because it's a very simple process.

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Bruno, do you want to join us? (Cheers)

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Come along. (Applause)

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So, what we're going to do is that

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we're going to measure a few basic parameters on you,

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including your pulse rate and the amount of oxygen

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that's there in your blood.

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So you're going to put your thumb on top of this.

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Bruno Giussani: Like this, works?

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Vinay Venkatraman: Yeah. That's right. BG: Okay.

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VV: So I'm going to start it up. I hope it works.

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(Beeps) It even beeps, because it's an alarm clock, after all.

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So ... (Laughter)

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So I take it into the start position, and then

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I press the read button. (Beeps)

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So it's taking a little reading from you. (Beeps)

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And then the pointer goes and points to three different options.

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Let's see what happens here.

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(Beeps) Oh Bruno, you can go home, actually.

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BG: Great. Good news. (Applause)

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VV: So ... (Applause)

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So the thing about this is that

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if the pointer, unfortunately, had pointed to the red spot,

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we would have to rush you to a hospital.

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Luckily, not today. And if it had pointed to the orange

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or the amber, it basically meant you had to have,

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sort of, more continuous care from the health care worker.

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So that was a very simple three-step screening process

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that could basically change the equation

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of how public health care works in so many different ways.

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BG: Thank you for the good news. VV: Yeah.

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(Applause)

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So, very briefly, I'll just explain to you how this is done,

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because that's the more interesting part.

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So essentially, the three things that are required

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to make this conversion from this guy to this guy

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is a cheap remote control for a television

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that you can almost find in every home today,

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some parts from a computer mouse, basically,

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something that you can scavenge for very low cost,

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and a few parts that have to be pre-programmed.

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Basically this is a micro-controller with a few

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extra components that can be shipped for very little cost

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across the world, and that's what is all required

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with a little bit of local tinkering talent

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to convert the device into something else.

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So we are right now doing some systematic field tests

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to basically ascertain whether something like this actually

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makes sense to the ASHA worker.

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We are going through some reference tests to compare it

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against professional equipment to see if there's a degree

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of change in efficacy and if it actually makes an impact

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in people's lives. But most importantly,

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what we are trying to do right now

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is we are trying to scale this up, because there

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are over 250,000 ASHA workers on the ground

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who are these amazing foot soldiers, and if we can

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give at least a fraction of them the access to these things,

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it just changes the way the economics of public health care

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works, and it changes the way systems actually function,

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not just on a systematic planning level,

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but also in a very grassroots, bottom-up level.

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So that's it, and we hope to do this in a big way.

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Thank you. (Applause)

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(Applause)