[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.74,0:00:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we humans have an extraordinary\Npotential for goodness,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.96,0:00:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also an immense power to do harm.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.36,0:00:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any tool can be used to build\Nor to destroy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.04,0:00:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That all depends on our motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.22,0:00:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, it is all the more important
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.66,0:00:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to foster an altruistic motivation\Nrather than a selfish one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.51,0:00:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now we indeed are facing \Nmany challenges in our times.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.01,0:00:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those could be personal challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.32,0:00:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our own mind can be our best friend\Nor our worst enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.34,0:00:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's also societal challenges:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.22,0:00:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poverty in the midst of plenty,\Ninequalities, conflict, injustice.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.92,0:00:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there are the new challenges,\Nwhich we don't expect.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.12,0:01:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten thousand years ago, there were\Nabout five million human beings on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.76,0:01:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever they could do,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.37,0:01:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Earth's resilience \Nwould soon heal human activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.56,0:01:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the Industrial\Nand Technological Revolutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.78,0:01:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not the same anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.01,0:01:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are now the major agent\Nof impact on our Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.07,0:01:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We enter the Anthropocene,\Nthe era of human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.98,0:01:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in a way, if we were to say\Nwe need to continue this endless growth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.97,0:01:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,endless use of material resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.62,0:01:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's like if this man was saying --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.51,0:01:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I heard a former head of state,\NI won't mention who, saying --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.39,0:01:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Five years ago, we were at\Nthe edge of the precipice.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.40,0:01:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we made a big step forward."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.59,0:01:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this edge is the same\Nthat has been defined by scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.59,0:01:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the planetary boundaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.24,0:02:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And within those boundaries,\Nthey can carry a number of factors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.70,0:02:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can still prosper, humanity can still\Nprosper for 150,000 years
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.23,0:02:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we keep the same stability of climate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.56,0:02:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in the Holocene\Nfor the last 10,000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.72,0:02:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this depends on choosing\Na voluntary simplicity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.48,0:02:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,growing qualitatively, not quantitatively.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.16,0:02:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in 1900, as you can see,\Nwe were well within the limits of safety.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.39,0:02:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in 1950 came the great acceleration.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.79,0:02:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now hold your breath, not too long,\Nto imagine what comes next.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.76,0:02:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have vastly overrun\Nsome of the planetary boundaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.91,0:02:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to take biodiversity, \Nat the current rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.87,0:02:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by 2050, 30 percent of all species \Non Earth will have disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.29,0:03:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if we keep their DNA in some fridge,\Nthat's not going to be reversible.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.08,0:03:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here I am sitting
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.94,0:03:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of a 7,000-meter-high, \N21,000-foot glacier in Bhutan.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.84,0:03:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the Third Pole, 2,000 glaciers\Nare melting fast, faster than the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.99,0:03:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we do in that situation?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.14,0:03:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, however complex\Npolitically, economically, scientifically
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.45,0:03:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question of the environment is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.85,0:03:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it simply boils down to a question\Nof altruism versus selfishness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.68,0:03:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a Marxist of the Groucho tendency.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.29,0:03:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.71,0:03:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Groucho Marx said, "Why should I care\Nabout future generations?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.12,0:03:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What have they ever done for me?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.15,0:03:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.65,0:03:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, I heard\Nthe billionaire Steve Forbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.43,0:03:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Fox News, saying exactly \Nthe same thing, but seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.96,0:04:01.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was told about the rise of the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.29,0:04:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he said, "I find it absurd\Nto change my behavior today
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.64,0:04:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for something that will happen \Nin a hundred years."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.70,0:04:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you don't care\Nfor future generations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.59,0:04:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just go for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.49,0:04:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the main challenges of our times
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.42,0:04:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to reconcile three time scales:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.54,0:04:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the short term of the economy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.68,0:04:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ups and downs of the stock market,\Nthe end-of-the-year accounts;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.92,0:04:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the midterm of the quality of life --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.62,0:04:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the quality every moment of our \Nlife, over 10 years and 20 years? --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.94,0:04:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the long term of the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.55,0:04:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the environmentalists\Nspeak with economists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.90,0:04:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's like a schizophrenic dialogue,\Ncompletely incoherent.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.98,0:04:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't speak the same language.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.81,0:04:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, for the last 10 years,\NI went around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.35,0:04:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meeting economists, scientists,\Nneuroscientists, environmentalists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.45,0:04:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philosophers, thinkers \Nin the Himalayas, all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.91,0:05:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to me, there's only one concept
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.83,0:05:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can reconcile\Nthose three time scales.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.79,0:05:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is simply having more\Nconsideration for others.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.20,0:05:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have more consideration for others,\Nyou will have a caring economics,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.10,0:05:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where finance is at the service of society
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.05,0:05:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not society at the service of finance.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.32,0:05:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will not play at the casino
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.19,0:05:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the resources that people\Nhave entrusted you with.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.07,0:05:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have more consideration for others,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.92,0:05:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will make sure\Nthat you remedy inequality,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.40,0:05:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you bring some kind \Nof well-being within society,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.14,0:05:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in education, at the workplace.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.18,0:05:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise, a nation that is\Nthe most powerful and the richest
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.60,0:05:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but everyone is miserable,\Nwhat's the point?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.69,0:05:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you have more\Nconsideration for others,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.97,0:05:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are not going to ransack\Nthat planet that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.37,0:05:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the current rate, we don't\Nhave three planets to continue that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.70,0:05:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.06,0:06:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,okay, altruism is the answer,\Nit's not just a novel ideal,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.39,0:06:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but can it be a real, pragmatic solution?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.61,0:06:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And first of all, does it exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.47,0:06:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,true altruism, or are we so selfish?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.21,0:06:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So some philosophers thought\Nwe were irredeemably selfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.55,0:06:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But are we really all just like rascals?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.76,0:06:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's good news, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.58,0:06:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many philosophers, \Nlike Hobbes, have said so.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.11,0:06:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not everyone looks like a rascal.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.43,0:06:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or is man a wolf for man?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.26,0:06:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this guy doesn't seem too bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.15,0:06:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's one of my friends in Tibet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.07,0:06:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's very kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.31,0:06:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, we love cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.94,0:06:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no better joy \Nthan working together, is there?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.28,0:06:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then not only humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.35,0:06:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, of course, there's\Nthe struggle for life,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.84,0:06:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the survival of the fittest,\Nsocial Darwinism.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.18,0:07:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in evolution, cooperation --\Nthough competition exists, of course --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.02,0:07:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cooperation has to be much more creative\Nto go to increased levels of complexity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.73,0:07:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are super-cooperators \Nand we should even go further.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.41,0:07:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, on top of that,\Nthe quality of human relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.44,0:07:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The OECD did a survey among 10 factors,\Nincluding income, everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.92,0:07:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one that people said,\Nthat's the main thing for my happiness,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.27,0:07:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is quality of social relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.62,0:07:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.50,0:07:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look at those great-grandmothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.85,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, this idea \Nthat if we go deep within,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are irredeemably selfish,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.57,0:07:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is armchair science.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.22,0:07:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is not a single sociological study,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.49,0:07:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychological study,\Nthat's ever shown that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.74,0:07:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather, the opposite.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.70,0:08:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My friend, Daniel Batson, \Nspent a whole life
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.36,0:08:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting people in the lab\Nin very complex situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.12,0:08:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course we are sometimes selfish,\Nand some people more than others.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.49,0:08:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he found that systematically,\Nno matter what,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.15,0:08:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a significant number of people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.15,0:08:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who do behave altruistically,\Nno matter what.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.50,0:08:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you see someone\Ndeeply wounded, great suffering,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.70,0:08:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might just help\Nout of empathic distress --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.32,0:08:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't stand it, so it's better to help\Nthan to keep on looking at that person.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.47,0:08:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we tested all that, and in the end, \Nhe said, clearly people can be altruistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.34,0:08:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's good news.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.28,0:08:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even further, we should look\Nat the banality of goodness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.90,0:08:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now look at here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.60,0:08:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we come out, we aren't \Ngoing to say, "That's so nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.37,0:08:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no fistfight while this mob \Nwas thinking about altruism."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.94,0:08:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, that's expected, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.10,0:08:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there was a fistfight,\Nwe would speak of that for months.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.28,0:08:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the banality of goodness is something\Nthat doesn't attract your attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.95,0:08:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.44,0:09:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, look at this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.25,0:09:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So some psychologists said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.05,0:09:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I tell them I run 140 humanitarian \Nprojects in the Himalayas
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.29,0:09:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that give me so much joy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.54,0:09:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they said, "Oh, I see,\Nyou work for the warm glow.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.80,0:09:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is not altruistic.\NYou just feel good."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.70,0:09:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You think this guy,\Nwhen he jumped in front of the train,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.99,0:09:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he thought, "I'm going to feel\Nso good when this is over?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.28,0:09:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.56,0:09:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not the end of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.85,0:09:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say, well, but when\Nyou interviewed him, he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.39,0:09:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I had no choice.\NI had to jump, of course."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.53,0:09:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has no choice. Automatic behavior.\NIt's neither selfish nor altruistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.41,0:09:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No choice?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.88,0:09:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well of course, this guy's\Nnot going to think for half an hour,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.84,0:09:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Should I give my hand? Not give my hand?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.88,0:09:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He does it. There is a choice,\Nbut it's obvious, it's immediate.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.68,0:09:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, also, there he had a choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.04,0:09:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.74,0:10:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are people who had choice,\Nlike Pastor André Trocmé and his wife,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.50,0:10:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the whole village\Nof Le Chambon-sur-Lignon in France.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.19,0:10:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the whole Second World War,\Nthey saved 3,500 Jews,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.14,0:10:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gave them shelter,\Nbrought them to Switzerland,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.79,0:10:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against all odds, at the risk\Nof their lives and those of their family.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.24,0:10:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So altruism does exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.39,0:10:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is altruism?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.12,0:10:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the wish: May others be happy\Nand find the cause of happiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.02,0:10:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, empathy is the affective resonance\Nor cognitive resonance that tells you,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.27,0:10:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this person is joyful,\Nthis person suffers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.98,0:10:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But empathy alone is not sufficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.46,0:10:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you keep on being\Nconfronted with suffering,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.69,0:10:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might have empathic distress, burnout,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.45,0:10:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you need the greater sphere\Nof loving-kindness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.51,0:10:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With Tania Singer at the Max Planck \NInstitute of Leipzig,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.23,0:10:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we showed that the brain networks for\Nempathy and loving-kindness are different.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.34,0:10:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that's all well done,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.42,0:10:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we got that from evolution,\Nfrom maternal care, parental love,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.79,0:11:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we need to extend that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.62,0:11:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be extended even to other species.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.97,0:11:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if we want a more altruistic society,\Nwe need two things:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.38,0:11:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual change and societal change.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.59,0:11:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is individual change possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.15,0:11:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two thousand years\Nof contemplative study said yes, it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.35,0:11:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, 15 years of collaboration\Nwith neuroscience and epigenetics
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.95,0:11:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said yes, our brains change\Nwhen you train in altruism.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.44,0:11:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I spent 120 hours in an MRI machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.71,0:11:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the first time I went\Nafter two and a half hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.49,0:11:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the result has been published\Nin many scientific papers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.17,0:11:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shows without ambiguity\Nthat there is structural change
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.75,0:11:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and functional change in the brain\Nwhen you train the altruistic love.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.50,0:11:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to give you an idea:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.25,0:11:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the meditator at rest on the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.07,0:11:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meditator in compassion meditation,\Nyou see all the activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.78,0:11:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the control group at rest,\Nnothing happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.33,0:11:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in meditation, nothing happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.27,0:11:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have not been trained.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.25,0:12:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So do you need 50,000 hours \Nof meditation? No, you don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.67,0:12:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four weeks, 20 minutes a day,\Nof caring, mindfulness meditation
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.84,0:12:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already brings a structural change\Nin the brain compared to a control group.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.14,0:12:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's only 20 minutes a day\Nfor four weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.88,0:12:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even with preschoolers --\NRichard Davidson did that in Madison.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.22,0:12:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An eight-week program: gratitude, loving-\Nkindness, cooperation, mindful breathing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.63,0:12:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would say, \N"Oh, they're just preschoolers."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.88,0:12:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look after eight weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.51,0:12:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pro-social behavior,\Nthat's the blue line.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.96,0:12:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then comes the ultimate\Nscientific test, the stickers test.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.40,0:12:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before, you determine for each child\Nwho is their best friend in the class,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.35,0:12:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their least favorite child,\Nan unknown child, and the sick child,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.42,0:12:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have to give stickers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.13,0:12:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So before the intervention,\Nthey give most of it to their best friend.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.18,0:12:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four, five years old, \N20 minutes three times a week.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.64,0:13:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the intervention,\Nno more discrimination:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.12,0:13:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same amount of stickers to their \Nbest friend and the least favorite child.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.05,0:13:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's something we should do\Nin all the schools in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.44,0:13:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now where do we go from there?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.43,0:13:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.68,0:13:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the Dalai Lama heard that,\Nhe told Richard Davidson,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.36,0:13:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You go to 10 schools, 100 schools,\Nthe U.N., the whole world."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.82,0:13:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now where do we go from there?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.50,0:13:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individual change is possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.76,0:13:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now do we have to wait for an altruistic \Ngene to be in the human race?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.38,0:13:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That will take 50,000 years,\Ntoo much for the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.13,0:13:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, there is\Nthe evolution of culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.57,0:13:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cultures, as specialists have shown,\Nchange faster than genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.30,0:13:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the good news.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.83,0:13:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look, attitude towards war\Nhas dramatically changed over the years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.19,0:13:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now individual change and cultural \Nchange mutually fashion each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.37,0:13:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yes, we can achieve\Na more altruistic society.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.15,0:13:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where do we go from there?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.89,0:14:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Myself, I will go back to the East.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.14,0:14:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we treat 100,000 patients\Na year in our projects.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.60,0:14:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have 25,000 kids in school,\Nfour percent overhead.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.35,0:14:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people say, "Well,\Nyour stuff works in practice,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.92,0:14:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but does it work in theory?"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.94,0:14:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's always positive deviance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.29,0:14:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I will also go back to my hermitage
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.71,0:14:20.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the inner resources\Nto better serve others.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.100,0:14:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on the more global level,\Nwhat can we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.18,0:14:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need three things.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.97,0:14:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Enhancing cooperation:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.32,0:14:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cooperative learning in the school\Ninstead of competitive learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.04,0:14:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unconditional cooperation\Nwithin corporations --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.61,0:14:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there can be some competition\Nbetween corporations, but not within.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.02,0:14:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need sustainable harmony.\NI love this term.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.97,0:14:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not sustainable growth anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.91,0:14:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sustainable harmony means now\Nwe will reduce inequality.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.50,0:14:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the future, we do more with less,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.83,0:14:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we continue to grow qualitatively,\Nnot quantitatively.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.31,0:15:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need caring economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.62,0:15:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Homo economicus cannot deal\Nwith poverty in the midst of plenty,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.45,0:15:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot deal with the problem\Nof the common goods
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.80,0:15:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the atmosphere, of the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.10,0:15:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a caring economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.68,0:15:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you say economics\Nshould be compassionate,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.79,0:15:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they say, "That's not our job."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.27,0:15:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you say they don't care,\Nthat looks bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.59,0:15:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need local commitment,\Nglobal responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.97,0:15:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to extend altruism\Nto the other 1.6 million species.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.31,0:15:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sentient beings \Nare co-citizens in this world.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.73,0:15:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to dare altruism.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.72,0:15:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, long live the altruistic revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.60,0:15:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Viva la revolución de altruismo.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.16,0:15:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.52,0:15:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.50,0:15:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)