[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.21,0:00:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The murder happened a little over\N21 years ago on January 18th 1991.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.67,0:00:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a small bedroom community\Nof Lynwood, California,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.01,0:00:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a few miles southeast of Los Angeles.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.96,0:00:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Father came out of his house to tell\Nhis teenage son and his five friends
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.14,0:00:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was time for them\Nto stop horsing around
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.90,0:00:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the front lawn and on the sidewalk,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.70,0:00:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get home,\Nfinish their school work,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.53,0:00:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prepare themselves for bed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.18,0:00:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as the father was administering these\Ninstructions, a car drove by, slowly.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.45,0:00:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just after it passed the father\Nand the teenagers, a hand went out
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.19,0:01:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the front passenger window\Nand Bam! Bam!, killing the father.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.19,0:01:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the car sped off.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.42,0:01:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The police investigating officers\Nwere amazingly efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.18,0:01:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They considered all the usual culprits,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.65,0:01:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in less than 24 hours\Nthey had selected their suspect;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.20,0:01:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Francisco Carrillo,\Na seventeen-year-old kid,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.86,0:01:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lived about two or three blocks away\Nfrom where the shooting occurred.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.42,0:01:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They found photos of him,\Nthey prepared a photo array,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.48,0:01:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the day after the shooting\Nthey showed it to one of the teenagers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.61,0:01:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he said, "That's the picture, that's\Nthe shooter I saw that killed the father."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.37,0:01:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was all a preliminary hearing judge\Nhad to listen to,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.71,0:01:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bind Mr Carrillo over\Nto stand trial for a first-degree murder.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.72,0:01:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the investigation that followed\Nbefore the actual trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.100,0:02:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of the other five teenagers was shown\Nphotographs, the same photo array.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.62,0:02:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The picture that we best can determine\Nwas probably the one that they were shown
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.43,0:02:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the photo array is in your bottom\Nleft-hand corner of these mugshots.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.18,0:02:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason we're not sure absolutely
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.81,0:02:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because of the nature of evidence\Npreservation in our judicial system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.88,0:02:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's another whole\NTEDxTalk for later.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.09,0:02:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, at the actual trial\Nall six of the teenagers testified
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.12,0:02:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indicated identifications\Nthey had made in the photo array.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.13,0:02:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was convicted,\Nhe was sentenced to life imprisonment,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.78,0:02:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transported to Folsom prison.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.38,0:03:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's wrong? Straightforward,\Nfair trial, full investigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.33,0:03:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh yes, no gun was ever found.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.38,0:03:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No vehicle was ever identified
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.40,0:03:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as being the one in which\Nthe shooter had extended his arm,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.51,0:03:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no person was ever charged with\Nbeing the driver of the shooter's vehicle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.79,0:03:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Mr Carrillo's alibi?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.60,0:03:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which of those parents\Nhere in the room might not lie
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.18,0:03:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concerning the whereabouts of your son or\Ndaughter in an investigation of a killing?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.75,0:03:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sent to prison,\Nadamantly insisting on his innocence,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.03,0:03:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which he has consistently for 21 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.66,0:03:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.34,0:03:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problems actually for\Nthis kind of case come manifold
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.27,0:04:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from decades of scientific research\Ninvolving human memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.85,0:04:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all we have\Nall the statistical analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.68,0:04:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Innocence Project work,\Nwhere we know
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.70,0:04:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have, what,\N250, 280 documented cases now,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.91,0:04:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people have been\Nwrongfully convicted
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.62,0:04:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subsequently exonerated,\Nsome from death row,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.72,0:04:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the basis of later DNA analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.68,0:04:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know that over three-quarters\Nof all of those cases of exoneration
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.49,0:04:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved only eye-witness\Nidentification testimony
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.24,0:04:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the trial that convicted them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.57,0:04:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that eye-witness identifications\Nare fallible
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.39,0:04:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other comes from\Nan interesting aspect of human memory,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.05,0:04:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's related to various brain functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.06,0:04:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I can sum up for the sake of brevity\Nhere in a simple line:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.02,0:04:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain abhors a vacuum.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.57,0:05:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under the best of observation conditions,\Nthe absolute best,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.26,0:05:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we only detect, encode\Nand store in our brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.99,0:05:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bits and pieces of\Nthe entire experience in front of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.77,0:05:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're stored\Nin different parts of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.25,0:05:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now when it's important
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.25,0:05:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to be able to recall\Nwhat it was that we experienced,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.52,0:05:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have an incomplete, we have\Na partial store, and what happens?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.22,0:05:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Below awareness, with no requirement\Nfor any kind of motivated processing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.33,0:05:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain fills in information\Nthat was not there, not originally stored,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.75,0:05:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from inference, from speculation,\Nfrom sources of information
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.28,0:05:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that came to you as\Nthe observer after the observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.60,0:05:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it happens without awareness such\Nthat you aren't cognizant of it occurring.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.05,0:05:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called reconstructed memories.\NIt happens to us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.25,0:06:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all the aspects of our lives,\Nall the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.70,0:06:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me ask you to consider\Nthe horrific events of 9/11.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.61,0:06:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about when you first got\Nthe information about this catastrophe,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.34,0:06:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how you felt and more importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.100,0:06:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when was first time you saw\Nthe second trade tower imploding collapse,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.98,0:06:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the first trade tower had gone down?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.37,0:06:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're like most Americans,\Nmyself included,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.05,0:06:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a very clear memory
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.10,0:06:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you saw the first tower come down\Nand then you saw
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.68,0:06:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the second tower finally collapse\Nafter the other plane crashed into it
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.57,0:06:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within an hour or two afterwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.50,0:06:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember vividly where I was.\NI was down at LAX,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.68,0:06:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the satellite terminal\Nfor American Airlines,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.38,0:06:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waiting to get on an airplane\Nto fly to San Diego.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.94,0:06:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, all the air traffic was ceased.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.50,0:06:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I had nothing to do but\Nto sit and watch the television monitors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.94,0:07:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all of the news broadcasts\Nover and over and over again.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.38,0:07:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of the horrendous events and I know I saw\Nthat second trade tower come down
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.04,0:07:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an hour or two after the first.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.02,0:07:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all of the research we have indicates\Nthat most Americans too,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.71,0:07:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for a few people\Nthat live in certain places in New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.25,0:07:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know something?\NThat's a totally false memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.98,0:07:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could not be something you experience,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.100,0:07:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was absolutely no media footage
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.56,0:07:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the second trade tower collapsing\Nuntil over 24 hours after the event.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.59,0:07:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact you know\Nintellectually, cognitively,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.31,0:07:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they did occur fairly close in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.26,0:07:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You did know about and see the first one,\Nyou did see the second one;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.37,0:07:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you didn't see it until\Nover a day later at the earliest.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.22,0:08:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the brain without you being aware\Nhas pulled them together,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.19,0:08:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you believe you saw them\Nvery close in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.63,0:08:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a reconstructed memory,\Nnot an accurate memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.31,0:08:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter how vivid,\Nno matter how sure you are,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.88,0:08:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was those two considerations\Namong others,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.42,0:08:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reconstructed memory, the fact\Nabout the eye-witness fallibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.26,0:08:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was part of the instigation\Nfor a group of appeal attorneys
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.62,0:08:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led by an amazing lawyer,\Nnamed Ellen Eggers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.48,0:08:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pool their experience and accounts\Ntogether and petition the superior court
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.64,0:08:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a retrial for Francisco Carrillo.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.05,0:08:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They retained me\Nas a forensic neurophysiologist
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.63,0:08:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I had expertise
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.98,0:08:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in eye-witness memory identification,\Nwhich obviously makes sense for this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.92,0:09:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also because I'd expertise and testify\Nabout the nature of human night vision.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.49,0:09:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what's that got to do with this?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.52,0:09:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when you read through\Nthe case materials in this Carrillo case,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.83,0:09:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the things\Nthat suddenly strikes you is that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.75,0:09:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the investigating officers\Nsaid the lighting was good
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.77,0:09:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the crime scene, at the shooting.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.62,0:09:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the teenagers testified\Nduring the trial
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.70,0:09:28.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they could see very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.100,0:09:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this occurred in mid-January, \Nin the northern hemisphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.34,0:09:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 7 pm at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.99,0:09:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I did the calculations,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.66,0:09:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at that location on Earth at the time\Nof the incident of the shooting,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.48,0:09:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was well past the end of civil twilight\Nand there was no moon up the night.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.98,0:09:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all the light in this area\Nfrom the sun and the moon
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.62,0:09:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what you see on the screen right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.48,0:10:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only lighting in that area had to come\Nfrom artificial sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.91,0:10:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's where I go out and I do\Nthe actual reconstruction of the scene
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.72,0:10:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with photometers,\Nwith various measures of illumination
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.55,0:10:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and various other\Nmeasures of power perception
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.57,0:10:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with special cameras\Nand high-speed film;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.43,0:10:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take all the measurements and record them,\Nand then take photographs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.55,0:10:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is what the scene looked like\Nat the time the of the shooting
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.85,0:10:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the position of the teenagers
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.94,0:10:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at the car going by and shooting.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.91,0:10:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is looking directly\Nacross the street,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.12,0:10:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember the investigating officer's\Nreport said the lighting was good;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.38,0:10:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teenagers said they could see very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.63,0:10:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is looking directly across the street\Nfrom where they were standing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.57,0:10:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is looking down to the east\Nwhere the shooting vehicle sped off.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.17,0:10:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the lighting directly behind\Nthe father and the teenagers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.86,0:11:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see it is at best poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.86,0:11:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one is gonna call this\Nwell-lit, good lighting
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.23,0:11:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact as nice as these pictures are\Nand the reason we take them
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.74,0:11:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is I knew I was going\Nto have to testify in court.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.43,0:11:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a picture is worth\Nmore than a thousand words
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.86,0:11:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're trying to communicate numbers,\Nabstract concepts like lux,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.20,0:11:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the international measurement\Nof illumination,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.59,0:11:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Ishihara color\Nare color perception test values.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.99,0:11:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you present those to people\Nwho are not well-versed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.86,0:11:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in those aspects of science and that,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.46,0:11:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they become salamanders\Nin the noonday sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.94,0:11:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like talking about\Nthe tangent of the visual angle;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.24,0:11:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their eyes just glaze over.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.70,0:11:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A good forensic expert\Nalso has to be a good educator,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.18,0:11:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a good communicator and that's part\Nof the reason why we take the pictures
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.94,0:11:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show not only where\Nthe light sources are
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.19,0:11:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we call the spill,\Nthe distribution,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.60,0:11:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also so that\Nit's easier for the trier of fact
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.12,0:11:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand the circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.23,0:12:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are some of the pictures\Nthat in fact I use when I testify.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.31,0:12:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more importantly were to me,\Nthe scientists, are those readings,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.49,0:12:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the photometer readings,\Nwhich I can then convert
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.04,0:12:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into actual predictions\Nof the visual capability of the human eye
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.62,0:12:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under those circumstances.\NAnd from my readings
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.04,0:12:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I recorded at the scene\Nunder the same solar and lunar conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.71,0:12:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same time and so on and so forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.81,0:12:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could predict that there would be\Nno reliable color perception
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.21,0:12:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is crucial for face recognition.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.95,0:12:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that there would\Nonly be scotopic vision
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.08,0:12:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant there'd be\Nvery little resolution
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.25,0:12:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we call boundary or edge detection,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.32,0:12:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and furthermore because the eyes would\Nhave been totally dilated
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.57,0:12:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under this light,\Nthe depth of field,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.24,0:12:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the distance at which you can\Nfocus and see details
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.70,0:12:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have been less\Nthan 18 inches away.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.36,0:12:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I testified to that to the court
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.93,0:13:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and while the judge was very attentive,\Nit had been a very, very long hearing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.95,0:13:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this petition for a retrial.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.35,0:13:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a result I'd noticed\Nout of the corner of my eye
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.56,0:13:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I thought that maybe the judge\Nwas going to need a little more of a nudge
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.92,0:13:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than just more numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.74,0:13:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here I became a bit audacious\Nand I turned and I asked the judge,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.34,0:13:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Your honor, I think you should\Ngo out and look at the scene yourself."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.72,0:13:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I may have used a tone\Nwhich was more like a dare than a request,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.80,0:13:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nonetheless it's to\Nthis man's credit and his courage,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.63,0:13:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he said, "Yes, I will" \Na shocker in American jurisprudence.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.87,0:13:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in fact we found\Nthe same identical conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.36,0:13:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we reconstructed the entire thing again,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.39,0:13:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he came out with\Nan entire brigade of sheriff's officers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.91,0:14:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect him in this community.\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.80,0:14:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had him stand actually\Nslightly in the street, so closer
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.11,0:14:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the shooter vehicle\Nthan the actual teenagers were.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.15,0:14:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he stood a few feet from the curb
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.100,0:14:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toward the middle of the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.20,0:14:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had a car that came by,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.45,0:14:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same identical car\Nas described by the teenagers.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.41,0:14:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had a driver and a passenger,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.96,0:14:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after the car had passed the judge by,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.74,0:14:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the passenger extended his hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.99,0:14:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pointed it back to the judge,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.74,0:14:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the car continued on,\Njust as the teenagers had described it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.38,0:14:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we didn't use a real gun in his hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.05,0:14:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we thought the sheriff's department\Nwould probably question the necessity
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.81,0:14:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for that kind of realism.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.50,0:14:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had a black object in his hand that\Nwas similar to the gun that was described.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.81,0:15:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He pointed, Bam!\NAnd this is what the judge saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.54,0:15:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the car\N30 feet away from the judge.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.73,0:15:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an arm sticking out\Nof the passenger side
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.18,0:15:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pointed back at you.\NThat's 30 feet away.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.86,0:15:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the teenagers\Njust said that in fact
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.94,0:15:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the car was 15 feet away\Nwhen it shot.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.52,0:15:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's 15 feet.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.63,0:15:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point I became a little concerned.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.79,0:15:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This judge is someone\Nyou'd never wanna play poker with.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.28,0:15:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was totally stoic.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.83,0:15:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't see a twitch of his eyebrow,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.84,0:15:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't see\Nthe slightest bend of his head.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.100,0:15:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had no sense of how\Nhe was reacting to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.54,0:15:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after he looked at this re-enactment,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.56,0:15:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he turned to me and he says, "Is there\Nanything else you want me to look at?"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.41,0:15:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Your Honor," and I don't know\Nwhether I was emboldened,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.27,0:15:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the scientific measurements\Nthat I had in my pocket,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.78,0:16:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my knowledge that they are accurate,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.12,0:16:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether it was just sheer stupidity,\Nwhich is what the defense lawyers thought
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.18,0:16:11.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they heard me say, "Yes Your Honor,\NI want you to stand right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.100,0:16:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want the car to go around\Nthe block again.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.78,0:16:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want it to come, and I want it\Nto stop right in front of you,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.12,0:16:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three to four feet away\Nand I want the passenger
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.44,0:16:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to extend his hand with a black object,\Npoint right at you,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.01,0:16:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can look at it\Nas long as you want."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.43,0:16:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what he saw.\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.88,0:16:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll notice,\Nwhich was also in my test report,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.02,0:16:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the dominant lighting\Nis coming from the north side
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.71,0:16:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that the shooter's face\Nwould have been photo occluded,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.73,0:16:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have been backlit.\NFurthermore, the roof of the car
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.26,0:16:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is causing what we call\Na shadow cloud inside the car,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.56,0:17:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is making it darker.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.97,0:17:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is three to four feet away.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.18,0:17:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did I take the risk?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.80,0:17:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I knew the depth of field was\N18 inches or less.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.88,0:17:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three to four feet; it might as well\Nhave been a football field away.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.53,0:17:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what he saw, went back,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.73,0:17:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a few more days of evidence\Nthat was heard.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.40,0:17:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of it, he made the judgment
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.26,0:17:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he was going to grant\Nthe petition for a retrial,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.07,0:17:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and furthermore he released Mr Carrillo
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.23,0:17:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he could aid in the preparation\Nof his own defense
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.69,0:17:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the prosecution decided to retry him.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.07,0:17:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which they decided not to.\NHe is now a freed man.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.64,0:17:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.51,0:18:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is him embracing here\Nhis grandmother-in-law.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.77,0:18:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His girlfriend was pregnant\Nwhen he went to trial
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.40,0:18:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she had a little baby boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.20,0:18:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He and his son are both attending\NCal State, Long Beach,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.18,0:18:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now, taking classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.16,0:18:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.52,0:18:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does this example, what's important\Nto keep in mind for ourselves?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.59,0:18:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all there's a long history\Nof antipathy between science and the law
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.29,0:18:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in American jurisprudence.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.85,0:18:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could regale you with\Nhorror stories of ignorance.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.29,0:18:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over decades of experience\Nas a forensic expert,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.04,0:18:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of just trying to get science\Ninto the courtroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.01,0:18:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deposing council\Nalways fighting an opposer.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.39,0:18:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One suggestion is that all of us\Nbecome much more attuned
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.92,0:19:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the necessity, through policy,\Nthrough procedures,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.28,0:19:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get more science in the courtroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.06,0:19:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think one large step\Ntoward that is more requirements,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.48,0:19:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all due respect to the law schools,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.84,0:19:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of science, technology,\Nengineering, mathematics,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.48,0:19:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for anyone going into the law\Nbecause they become the judges.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.74,0:19:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about how\Nwe select our judges in this country,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.53,0:19:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's very different\Nthan most other cultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.73,0:19:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other ones I wanna suggest,\Nthe caution that all of us have to have,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.96,0:19:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I constantly have to remind myself
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.04,0:19:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about just how accurate are the memories\Nthat we know are true,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.83,0:19:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we believe in.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.10,0:19:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is decades of research,\Nexamples and examples of cases like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.08,0:19:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where individuals really, really believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.85,0:19:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of those teenagers\Nwho identified him
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.94,0:19:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought that they were picking\Nthe wrong person,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.60,0:20:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of them thought\Nthey couldn't see the person's face.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.35,0:20:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have to be very careful.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.92,0:20:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just saw a marvelous film\Nabout all kinds of complexities of memory,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.56,0:20:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an enormously confusing
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.23,0:20:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and difficult set of processes\Nand principles that are involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.99,0:20:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All our memories\Nare reconstructed memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.01,0:20:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are the product\Nof what we originally experienced
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.44,0:20:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything that's happened afterwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.22,0:20:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're dynamic, they're malleable,\Nthey're volatile, and as a result
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.17,0:20:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we all need to remember to be cautious.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.79,0:20:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That the accuracy of our memories\Nis not measured in how vivid they are
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.61,0:20:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor how certain you are\Nthat they're correct.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.74,0:20:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure I saw the second trade tower\Ncollapse an hour later,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.35,0:21:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I know it could not have happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.60,0:21:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.74,0:21:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)