[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.83,0:00:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1956, during a diplomatic \Nreception in Moscow,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.95,0:00:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev\Ntold Western Bloc ambassadors,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.48,0:00:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My vas pokhoronim!"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.47,0:00:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His interpreter rendered that\Ninto English as,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.04,0:00:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We will bury you!"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.48,0:00:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This statement sent shockwaves\Nthrough the Western world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.54,0:00:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heightening the tension between\Nthe Soviet Union and the US
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.67,0:00:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were in the thick of the Cold War.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.47,0:00:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some believe this incident alone\Nset East/West relations back a decade.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.10,0:00:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it turns out, Khrushchev's remark\Nwas translated a bit too literally.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.69,0:00:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Given the context, his words\Nshould have been rendered as,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.86,0:00:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We will live to see you buried,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.60,0:00:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning that Communism \Nwould outlast Capitalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.01,0:00:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a less threatening comment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.26,0:00:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though the intended meaning\Nwas eventually clarified,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.89,0:01:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the initial impact of Khrushchev's\Napparent words
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.82,0:01:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put the world on a path\Nthat could have led to nuclear armageddon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.97,0:01:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, given the complexities of language\Nand cultural exchange,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.05,0:01:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how does this sort of thing\Nnot happen all the time?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.08,0:01:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of the answer lies with the skill\Nand training of interpreters
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.39,0:01:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to overcome language barriers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.33,0:01:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of history, interpretation\Nwas mainly done consecutively,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.27,0:01:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with speakers and interpreters making\Npauses to allow each other to speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.44,0:01:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But after the advent of radio technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.07,0:01:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new simultaneous interpretations system\Nwas developed in the wake of World War II.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.70,0:01:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the simultaneous mode
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.61,0:01:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interpreters instantaneously \Ntranslate a speaker's words
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.07,0:01:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a microphone while he speaks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.82,0:01:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without pauses, those in the audience\Ncan choose the language
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.11,0:01:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which they want to follow.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.30,0:01:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the surface, it all looks seamless,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.73,0:01:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but behind the scenes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.26,0:01:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human interpreters work incessantly\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.48,0:02:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ensure every idea \Ngets across as intended.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.26,0:02:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is no easy task.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.07,0:02:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes about two years of training\Nfor already fluent bilingual professionals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.58,0:02:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to expand their vocabulary \Nand master the skills necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.47,0:02:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become a conference interpreter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.67,0:02:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To get used to the unnatural task\Nof speaking while they listen,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.11,0:02:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,students shadow speakers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.60,0:02:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and repeat their every word \Nexactly as heard in the same language.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.15,0:02:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In time, they begin to paraphrase \Nwhat is said,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.62,0:02:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making stylistic adjustments as they go.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.65,0:02:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At some point, a second language\Nis introduced.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.66,0:02:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Practicing in this way creates new neural\Npathways in the interpreter's brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.51,0:02:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the constant effort of reformulation\Ngradually becomes second nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.32,0:02:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over time and through much hard work,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.17,0:02:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the interpreter masters a vast array \Nof tricks to keep up with speed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.98,0:02:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deal with challenging terminology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.91,0:02:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and handle a multitude of foreign accents.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.29,0:03:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may resort to acronyms \Nto shorten long names,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.51,0:03:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,choose generic terms over specific,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.07,0:03:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or refer to slides and other visual aides.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.45,0:03:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can even leave a term \Nin the original language,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.40,0:03:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they search for the most \Naccurate equivalent.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.67,0:03:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interpreters are also skilled at keeping\Naplomb in the face of chaos.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.39,0:03:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, they have no control\Nover who is going to say what,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.75,0:03:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how articulate the speaker will sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.67,0:03:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A curveball can be thrown at any time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.32,0:03:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, they often perform \Nto thousands of people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.11,0:03:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in very intimidating settings,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.22,0:03:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the UN General Assembly.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.88,0:03:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To keep their emotions in check,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.57,0:03:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they carefully prepare for an assignment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.92,0:03:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building glossaries in advance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.17,0:03:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reading voraciously \Nabout the subject matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.35,0:03:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reviewing previous talks on the topic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.47,0:03:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, interpreters work in pairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.42,0:03:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While one colleague is busy translating\Nincoming speeches in real time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.94,0:03:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other gives support \Nby locating documents,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.97,0:04:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking up words,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.44,0:04:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tracking down pertinent information.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.16,0:04:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because simultaneous interpretation\Nrequires intense concentration,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.26,0:04:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every 30 minutes, the pair switches roles.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.66,0:04:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Success is heavily dependent \Non skillful collaboration.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.77,0:04:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Language is complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.46,0:04:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when abstract or nuanced concepts\Nget lost in translation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.04,0:04:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the consequences may be catastrophic.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.57,0:04:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Margaret Atwood famously noted,\N"War is what happens when language fails."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.10,0:04:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conference interpreters of all people\Nare aware of that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.64,0:04:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and work diligently behind the scenes\Nto make sure it never does.