[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.13,0:00:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a painting from the 16th century\Nfrom Lucas Cranach the Elder.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.16,0:00:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shows the famous Fountain of Youth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.31,0:00:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you drink its water or you bathe in it,\Nyou will get health and youth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.86,0:00:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every culture, every civilization\Nhas dreamed of finding eternal youth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.04,0:00:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are people like Alexander the Great\Nor Ponce De León, the explorer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.82,0:00:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who spent much of their life\Nchasing for the Fountain of Youth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.73,0:00:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't find it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.45,0:00:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if there was something to it?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.07,0:00:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if there was something\Nto this Fountain of Youth?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.28,0:00:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will share an absolutely amazing\Ndevelopment in aging research
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.49,0:00:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could revolutionize\Nthe way we think about aging
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.12,0:00:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how we may treat age-related\Ndiseases in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.14,0:00:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It started with experiments that showed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.68,0:00:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a recent number\Nof studies about growing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.100,0:01:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that animals -- old mice --\Nthat share a blood supply with young mice
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.02,0:01:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can get rejuvenated.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.15,0:01:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is similar to what you might see\Nin humans, in Siamese twins,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.78,0:01:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I know this sounds a bit creepy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.34,0:01:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what Tom Rando, a stem-cell\Nresearcher, reported in 2007,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.31,0:01:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that old muscle from a mouse\Ncan be rejuvenated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.83,0:01:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it's exposed to young blood\Nthrough common circulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.90,0:01:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was reproduced by Amy Wagers\Nat Harvard a few years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.57,0:01:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and others then showed that similar\Nrejuvenating effects could be observed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.19,0:01:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the pancreas, the liver and the heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.97,0:01:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I'm most excited about,\Nand several other labs as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.10,0:01:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this may even apply to the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.72,0:01:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we found is that an old mouse\Nexposed to a young environment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.07,0:01:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this model called parabiosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.11,0:01:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows a younger brain --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.92,0:02:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a brain that functions better.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.97,0:02:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I repeat:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.58,0:02:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an old mouse that gets young blood\Nthrough shared circulation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.82,0:02:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks younger and functions\Nyounger in its brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.100,0:02:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we get older --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.55,0:02:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can look at different aspects\Nof human cognition,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.25,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see on this slide here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.03,0:02:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can look at reasoning,\Nverbal ability and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.90,0:02:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And up to around age 50 or 60,\Nthese functions are all intact,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.20,0:02:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as I look at the young audience\Nhere in the room, we're all still fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.71,0:02:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.74,0:02:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's scary to see\Nhow all these curves go south.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.57,0:02:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we get older,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.18,0:02:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diseases such as Alzheimer's\Nand others may develop.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that with age,\Nthe connections between neurons --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.60,0:02:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way neurons talk to each other,\Nthe synapses -- they start to deteriorate;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.27,0:02:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neurons die, the brain starts to shrink,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.60,0:03:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's an increased susceptibility\Nfor these neurodegenerative diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.57,0:03:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One big problem we have -- to try\Nto understand how this really works
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.51,0:03:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a very molecular, mechanistic level --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.13,0:03:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we can't study the brains\Nin detail, in living people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.03,0:03:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do cognitive tests,\Nwe can do imaging --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.04,0:03:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all kinds of sophisticated testing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.76,0:03:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we usually have to wait\Nuntil the person dies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.40,0:03:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the brain and look how it really\Nchanged through age or in a disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.89,0:03:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what neuropathologists\Ndo, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.33,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how about we think of the brain\Nas being part of the larger organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.02,0:03:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could we potentially understand more
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.52,0:03:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what happens in the brain\Nat the molecular level
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.48,0:03:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we see the brain\Nas part of the entire body?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.09,0:03:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if the body ages or gets sick,\Ndoes that affect the brain?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.99,0:03:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And vice versa: as the brain gets older,\Ndoes that influence the rest of the body?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.05,0:04:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what connects all the different\Ntissues in the body
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.56,0:04:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.37,0:04:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blood is the tissue that not only carries\Ncells that transport oxygen, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.22,0:04:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the red blood cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.48,0:04:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fights infectious diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.70,0:04:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it also carries messenger molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.100,0:04:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hormone-like factors\Nthat transport information
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.94,0:04:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one cell to another,\Nfrom one tissue to another,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.09,0:04:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.57,0:04:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we look at how the blood\Nchanges in disease or age,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.74,0:04:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we learn something about the brain?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.65,0:04:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that as we get older,\Nthe blood changes as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.51,0:04:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so these hormone-like factors\Nchange as we get older.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.49,0:04:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by and large,\Nfactors that we know are required
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.72,0:04:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the development of tissues,\Nfor the maintenance of tissues --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.16,0:04:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they start to decrease as we get older,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.06,0:04:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while factors involved in repair,\Nin injury and in inflammation --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.79,0:04:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they increase as we get older.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.76,0:05:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's this unbalance of good\Nand bad factors, if you will.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.99,0:05:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to illustrate what we can do\Npotentially with that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.00,0:05:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to talk you through\Nan experiment that we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.68,0:05:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had almost 300 blood samples\Nfrom healthy human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.35,0:05:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 to 89 years of age,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.90,0:05:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we measured over 100\Nof these communication factors,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.81,0:05:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these hormone-like proteins that\Ntransport information between tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.27,0:05:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we noticed first
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.97,0:05:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that between the youngest\Nand the oldest group,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.81,0:05:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about half the factors\Nchanged significantly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.13,0:05:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our body lives in a very\Ndifferent environment as we get older,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.29,0:05:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to these factors.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.06,0:05:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And using statistical\Nor bioinformatics programs,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.58,0:05:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could try to discover\Nthose factors that best predict age --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.30,0:05:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way, back-calculate\Nthe relative age of a person.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.34,0:05:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way this looks\Nis shown in this graph.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.62,0:05:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, on the one axis you see\Nthe actual age a person lived,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.01,0:06:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chronological age.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.34,0:06:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how many years they lived.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.09,0:06:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we take these top factors\Nthat I showed you,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.82,0:06:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we calculate their relative age,\Ntheir biological age.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.71,0:06:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you see is that\Nthere is a pretty good correlation,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.37,0:06:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can pretty well predict\Nthe relative age of a person.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.70,0:06:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's really exciting\Nare the outliers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.64,0:06:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they so often are in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.92,0:06:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see here, the person\NI highlighted with the green dot
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.51,0:06:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about 70 years of age
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.13,0:06:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but seems to have a biological age,\Nif what we're doing here is really true,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.16,0:06:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of only about 45.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.23,0:06:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is this a person that looks\Nactually much younger than their age?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.18,0:06:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more importantly: Is this a person\Nwho is maybe at a reduced risk
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.72,0:06:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop an age-related disease\Nand will have a long life --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.07,0:06:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will live to 100 or more?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.40,0:06:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand, the person here,\Nhighlighted with the red dot,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.99,0:07:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not even 40,\Nbut has a biological age of 65.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.92,0:07:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this a person at an increased risk\Nof developing an age-related disease?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.34,0:07:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in our lab, we're trying\Nto understand these factors better,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.02,0:07:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many other groups\Nare trying to understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.28,0:07:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are the true aging factors,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.38,0:07:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can we learn something about them\Nto possibly predict age-related diseases?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.28,0:07:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I've shown you so far\Nis simply correlational, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.37,0:07:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can just say,\N"Well, these factors change with age,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.42,0:07:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you don't really know\Nif they do something about aging.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.03,0:07:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I'm going to show you now\Nis very remarkable
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.10,0:07:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it suggests that these factors\Ncan actually modulate the age of a tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.84,0:07:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's where we come back\Nto this model called parabiosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.17,0:07:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, parabiosis is done in mice
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.73,0:07:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by surgically connecting\Nthe two mice together,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.67,0:07:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that leads then\Nto a shared blood system,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.02,0:07:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we can now ask,\N"How does the old brain get influenced
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.84,0:08:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by exposure to the young blood?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.14,0:08:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for this purpose, we use young mice
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.37,0:08:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are an equivalency\Nof 20-year-old people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.85,0:08:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and old mice that are roughly\N65 years old in human years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.96,0:08:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found is quite remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.81,0:08:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We find there are more neural stem cells\Nthat make new neurons
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.55,0:08:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these old brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.35,0:08:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an increased\Nactivity of the synapses,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.96,0:08:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the connections between neurons.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.02,0:08:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are more genes expressed\Nthat are known to be involved
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.33,0:08:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the formation of new memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.66,0:08:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's less of this bad inflammation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.43,0:08:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we observed that there are no cells\Nentering the brains of these animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.95,0:08:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we connect them,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.36,0:08:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are actually no cells\Ngoing into the old brain, in this model.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.38,0:08:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, we've reasoned, then,\Nthat it must be the soluble factors,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.06,0:08:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could collect simply the soluble\Nfraction of blood which is called plasma,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.87,0:09:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inject either young plasma\Nor old plasma into these mice,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.84,0:09:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we could reproduce\Nthese rejuvenating effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.23,0:09:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what we could also do now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.97,0:09:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we could do memory tests with mice.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.44,0:09:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As mice get older, like us humans,\Nthey have memory problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.82,0:09:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just harder to detect them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.44,0:09:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'll show you in a minute\Nhow we do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.80,0:09:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we wanted to take this\None step further,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.52,0:09:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one step closer to potentially\Nbeing relevant to humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.59,0:09:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I'm showing you now\Nare unpublished studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.81,0:09:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we used human plasma --\Nyoung human plasma,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.36,0:09:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a control, saline,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.24,0:09:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and injected it into old mice,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.14,0:09:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and asked, can we again\Nrejuvenate these old mice?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.01,0:09:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we make them smarter?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.10,0:09:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to do this, we use a test.\NIt's called a Barnes maze.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.42,0:09:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a big table\Nthat has lots of holes in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.60,0:09:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are guide marks around it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.10,0:09:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a bright light,\Nas on this stage here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.73,0:09:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mice hate this and they try to escape,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.89,0:10:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find the single hole that you see\Npointed at with an arrow,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.17,0:10:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a tube is mounted underneath
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.14,0:10:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they can escape\Nand feel comfortable in a dark hole.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.98,0:10:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we teach them, over several days,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.80,0:10:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find this space\Non these cues in the space,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.73,0:10:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can compare this for humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.55,0:10:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to finding your car in a parking lot\Nafter a busy day of shopping.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.80,0:10:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.83,0:10:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of us have probably had\Nsome problems with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.60,0:10:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's look at an old mouse here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.95,0:10:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an old mouse\Nthat has memory problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.15,0:10:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you'll notice in a moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.30,0:10:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just looks into every hole,\Nbut it didn't form this spacial map
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.05,0:10:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would remind it where it was\Nin the previous trial or the last day.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.87,0:10:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In stark contrast, this mouse here\Nis a sibling of the same age,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.36,0:10:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was treated with young\Nhuman plasma for three weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.81,0:10:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with small injections every three days.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.74,0:10:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you noticed, it almost\Nlooks around, "Where am I?" --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.99,0:11:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then walks straight\Nto that hole and escapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.92,0:11:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it could remember where that hole was.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.74,0:11:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by all means, this old mouse\Nseems to be rejuvenated --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.45,0:11:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it functions more like a younger mouse.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.86,0:11:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it also suggests\Nthat there is something --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.59,0:11:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only in young mouse plasma,\Nbut in young human plasma --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.60,0:11:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has the capacity\Nto help this old brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.83,0:11:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to summarize,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.01,0:11:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find the old mouse, and its brain\Nin particular, are malleable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.23,0:11:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not set in stone;\Nwe can actually change them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.71,0:11:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be rejuvenated.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.68,0:11:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Young blood factors can reverse aging,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.30,0:11:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what I didn't show you --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.04,0:11:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this model, the young mouse actually\Nsuffers from exposure to the old.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.28,0:11:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are old-blood factors\Nthat can accelerate aging.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.72,0:11:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most importantly,\Nhumans may have similar factors,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.07,0:11:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can take young human\Nblood and have a similar effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.59,0:12:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Old human blood, I didn't show you,\Ndoes not have this effect;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.17,0:12:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it does not make the mice younger.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.07,0:12:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, is this magic transferable to humans?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.72,0:12:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're running a small\Nclinical study at Stanford,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.38,0:12:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we treat Alzheimer's patients\Nwith mild disease
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.28,0:12:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a pint of plasma\Nfrom young volunteers, 20-year-olds,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.91,0:12:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do this once a week for four weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.53,0:12:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we look\Nat their brains with imaging.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.05,0:12:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We test them cognitively,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.92,0:12:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we ask their caregivers\Nfor daily activities of living.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.95,0:12:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we hope is that there are\Nsome signs of improvement
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.89,0:12:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.76,0:12:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if that's the case,\Nthat could give us hope
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.34,0:12:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that what I showed you works in mice
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.78,0:12:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might also work in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.48,0:12:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I don't think we will live forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.96,0:12:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But maybe we discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.32,0:12:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Fountain of Youth\Nis actually within us,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.43,0:12:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has just dried out.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.57,0:13:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we can turn it\Nback on a little bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.43,0:13:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe we can find the factors\Nthat are mediating these effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.08,0:13:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can produce these factors synthetically
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.69,0:13:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can treat diseases of aging,\Nsuch as Alzheimer's disease
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.72,0:13:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or other dementias.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.28,0:13:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.46,0:13:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)