WEBVTT 00:00:12.960 --> 00:00:17.120 I thought that starting a revolution required being an important person, 00:00:17.120 --> 00:00:19.800 such as Mao, Che Guevara or Gandhi. 00:00:20.090 --> 00:00:25.790 Then one night, my life was changed in an unexpected and very simple way, 00:00:26.043 --> 00:00:29.436 and I realized what my mission in the world was. 00:00:29.596 --> 00:00:34.390 It was not for a mug of beer nor for a romantic encounter - 00:00:34.390 --> 00:00:36.250 as some earlier speakers have told us - 00:00:36.250 --> 00:00:37.650 but for a vegetable. 00:00:37.650 --> 00:00:39.670 It was fine; it could have been worse 00:00:39.670 --> 00:00:43.450 because it was thanks to an artichoke, so I feel very lucky. 00:00:43.740 --> 00:00:47.560 Maybe, while you've been cooking vegetables, 00:00:47.560 --> 00:00:51.010 you've had the realization of how much you discard every day, 00:00:51.010 --> 00:00:53.260 and the percentage of that waste. 00:00:53.260 --> 00:00:56.480 That's what happened to me that day, thanks to an artichoke. 00:00:56.480 --> 00:01:01.820 It opened my mind, and it changed my perspective a bit. 00:01:02.100 --> 00:01:03.240 In that moment, 00:01:03.240 --> 00:01:08.069 I decided that my mission in the world 00:01:08.069 --> 00:01:11.029 would be to take nothing for granted 00:01:11.659 --> 00:01:15.560 and to try to make the world a little more sustainable, 00:01:15.560 --> 00:01:17.790 starting with food. 00:01:18.390 --> 00:01:19.710 Why food? 00:01:20.030 --> 00:01:24.630 With food, we have the freedom of choice. 00:01:24.770 --> 00:01:29.130 It's something which we get to decide, for ourselves and for our family, 00:01:29.130 --> 00:01:31.263 every single day. 00:01:31.263 --> 00:01:33.616 It is, therefore, not only a matter of choice, 00:01:33.616 --> 00:01:36.110 but is also a matter of environmental impact 00:01:36.110 --> 00:01:39.040 because our daily food choices 00:01:39.040 --> 00:01:42.240 constitute a large part of our daily environmental impact. 00:01:42.240 --> 00:01:48.199 If we want to translate it to an index, we can talk about environmental footprint. 00:01:48.199 --> 00:01:51.470 It affects much more than what we decide to order in a restaurant, 00:01:51.470 --> 00:01:56.340 more than, maybe, the way we dress or get around in the city. 00:01:56.620 --> 00:01:57.829 For this reason, 00:01:57.829 --> 00:01:59.370 I believe it's important 00:01:59.370 --> 00:02:04.890 to be fully aware of the choices you make every day, 00:02:04.890 --> 00:02:07.530 and to maybe try something different 00:02:07.530 --> 00:02:11.320 and begin a small revolution, if possible. 00:02:11.610 --> 00:02:14.793 My code word is a very simple one, 00:02:14.793 --> 00:02:17.793 a common sense word: 00:02:18.653 --> 00:02:19.846 optimize. 00:02:19.846 --> 00:02:23.220 I guess that's not a word usually used to refer to economy in the home, 00:02:23.220 --> 00:02:25.990 but is more often used to refer to environmental impact. 00:02:25.990 --> 00:02:30.960 But I think it's a very simple concept that we can apply in daily life, 00:02:30.970 --> 00:02:34.440 especially in our relationship with food. 00:02:34.440 --> 00:02:38.060 Optimizing means, for example, in the way we go shopping - 00:02:38.330 --> 00:02:40.290 how much we decide to buy, 00:02:40.290 --> 00:02:43.130 what is essential, what do we really need - 00:02:43.150 --> 00:02:46.380 all this can help us try to reduce waste. 00:02:46.540 --> 00:02:52.210 Then we could try to use 100% of the raw food materials. 00:02:54.280 --> 00:02:57.560 The concept of optimizing consumption 00:02:57.560 --> 00:03:01.850 is, above all, about the way we compose our meals every day, 00:03:01.850 --> 00:03:05.190 in what we really bring to our table. 00:03:06.390 --> 00:03:07.366 Waste. 00:03:07.366 --> 00:03:11.372 At the end of this project that began with an artichoke, 00:03:11.372 --> 00:03:16.080 I was left with the end of the chain - the waste - what we usually throw away. 00:03:16.080 --> 00:03:21.590 Here we have a small example of waste versus noble raw materials. 00:03:21.590 --> 00:03:25.130 Every day, we all do what I'm doing right now. 00:03:25.130 --> 00:03:28.370 We clean vegetables, and we separate them - 00:03:28.370 --> 00:03:32.500 on one side is the noble part that we use, and on the other is the waste. 00:03:32.500 --> 00:03:37.810 The waste - the less noble part - is on average at least 50%. 00:03:37.810 --> 00:03:40.000 In winter, we can get even 70% waste 00:03:40.000 --> 00:03:43.720 because many vegetables have more protective parts. 00:03:43.720 --> 00:03:47.130 What does it mean to optimize in the kitchen? 00:03:47.130 --> 00:03:49.740 I want to say that to change our approach to food, 00:03:49.740 --> 00:03:52.890 use 100% of the raw materials. 00:03:52.890 --> 00:03:57.980 But not simply by taking them out of the garbage. 00:03:57.980 --> 00:04:00.130 It means having a different approach, 00:04:00.130 --> 00:04:03.290 to see all these parts as a whole. 00:04:03.290 --> 00:04:05.600 As an example, let's use an apple. 00:04:05.600 --> 00:04:08.890 I can see the apple as, okay, an apple, 00:04:08.890 --> 00:04:12.350 but I can also see it as a set of four ingredients. 00:04:12.870 --> 00:04:15.003 For example, the pulp. 00:04:15.663 --> 00:04:17.316 For simplicity, I made some chips, 00:04:17.316 --> 00:04:20.620 but I could have eaten it or baked it in a cake. 00:04:20.620 --> 00:04:21.670 The peel - 00:04:22.030 --> 00:04:25.210 maybe I eat it as it is, or I dry it, 00:04:25.210 --> 00:04:27.590 or I make a fantastic rejuvenating herbal tea 00:04:27.590 --> 00:04:30.550 that I'd pay much more for if I bought it at an herbalist's. 00:04:30.550 --> 00:04:31.539 The core. 00:04:31.539 --> 00:04:35.699 I centrifuge it and let it ferment in its own juice, 00:04:35.699 --> 00:04:37.660 and it becomes a delicious apple vinegar, 00:04:37.660 --> 00:04:39.939 because vinegar can be made from apple cores. 00:04:39.939 --> 00:04:42.360 The seeds I can use as a gelling agent. 00:04:42.360 --> 00:04:45.420 This is just an example with a familiar product, 00:04:45.420 --> 00:04:49.600 but it's a concept we should apply to every single ingredient. 00:04:49.600 --> 00:04:50.819 Another example: 00:04:50.819 --> 00:04:54.575 this is one of the vegetables it took me some time to love, 00:04:55.195 --> 00:04:56.985 to love 100%: 00:04:57.165 --> 00:04:58.341 the pumpkin. 00:04:58.341 --> 00:05:02.149 I really like it because the peel is the truly noble part, 00:05:02.149 --> 00:05:04.789 the part with the greatest amount of fiber. 00:05:04.789 --> 00:05:06.110 It is less sweet than pulp, 00:05:06.110 --> 00:05:10.240 so maybe if you don't like the strong sweetness of the pulp, 00:05:10.240 --> 00:05:11.989 you can focus on the peel, 00:05:11.989 --> 00:05:17.539 which also contains more fiber and certainly has health benefits. 00:05:17.539 --> 00:05:21.729 But not only that - with all the inner filaments, I can prepare a wafer. 00:05:21.729 --> 00:05:26.469 The seeds can be toasted, or I can simply let them sprout. 00:05:26.709 --> 00:05:30.320 I think to let something sprout is a practical example 00:05:30.320 --> 00:05:32.150 of an easy technique 00:05:32.150 --> 00:05:35.090 that allows you to transform and find value in something 00:05:35.090 --> 00:05:36.553 we all have at home 00:05:36.553 --> 00:05:38.496 and that we usually don't even look at - 00:05:38.496 --> 00:05:40.389 we just throw it away. 00:05:40.389 --> 00:05:43.169 To optimize in the kitchen is for me especially this: 00:05:43.169 --> 00:05:45.699 to change a little bit of your way of thinking 00:05:45.699 --> 00:05:50.780 and to see vegetables and all food with a different eye, 00:05:50.780 --> 00:05:53.609 to waste them less and use them to their fullest. 00:05:53.609 --> 00:05:57.759 To optimize also means optimizing consumption of water and energy. 00:05:57.759 --> 00:06:02.000 For example, every time that I cook pasta or vegetables, 00:06:02.000 --> 00:06:06.100 I can simultaneously cook other things, maybe other vegetables. 00:06:06.100 --> 00:06:08.730 Just get a basket - you don't need anything complicated. 00:06:08.730 --> 00:06:11.430 Or every time that I use a household appliance, 00:06:11.430 --> 00:06:13.370 such as the dishwasher, 00:06:13.370 --> 00:06:15.210 I could also use it for cooking. 00:06:15.210 --> 00:06:16.939 This is not a joke. 00:06:16.939 --> 00:06:19.800 I'm sure some of you are turning up your nose, 00:06:19.800 --> 00:06:23.590 but it is an outstanding cooking technique using low temperatures. 00:06:23.590 --> 00:06:28.069 So you do not need to buy a professional tool that cost 2000 euros; 00:06:28.069 --> 00:06:32.089 you can just use the dishwasher every time you wash the dishes. 00:06:32.089 --> 00:06:33.649 How can you do that? 00:06:33.649 --> 00:06:36.900 A very practical example is to take a jar like this - 00:06:36.900 --> 00:06:38.620 it has to be hermetically sealed - 00:06:38.620 --> 00:06:40.360 and put, for example, an egg inside, 00:06:40.360 --> 00:06:42.760 cover the egg with water, close it tight, 00:06:42.760 --> 00:06:47.270 and store it in the dishwasher when it is full of dirty dishes. 00:06:47.540 --> 00:06:49.599 And use whatever wash setting you want, 00:06:49.599 --> 00:06:53.100 choosing the setting based on what the dishes need, not the egg. 00:06:53.320 --> 00:06:56.980 When the washing is complete, your egg will be boiled, 00:06:56.980 --> 00:07:00.280 soft-boiled or hard-boiled, according to the setting you chose. 00:07:00.280 --> 00:07:03.580 It will be great because it will be cooked at a low temperature - 00:07:03.580 --> 00:07:07.209 with an incredible texture, better than the classic hard-boiled egg. 00:07:07.209 --> 00:07:10.399 And you did it at zero impact, zero cost, 00:07:10.399 --> 00:07:15.729 and getting a result that would be hard to get using traditional techniques. 00:07:15.729 --> 00:07:19.199 So, optimizing the use of a household appliance 00:07:19.199 --> 00:07:22.160 may give some interesting benefits. 00:07:22.370 --> 00:07:24.559 Let's see another example of optimization. 00:07:24.559 --> 00:07:29.779 This time, I come into your home even more, into your recipes. 00:07:29.779 --> 00:07:34.959 When we were at war, okay, there were a lot of food shortages. 00:07:35.089 --> 00:07:38.709 We had only a few proteins, so we ate a lot of potatoes and polenta. 00:07:39.039 --> 00:07:42.710 When you could put meat on the table - 00:07:42.710 --> 00:07:44.500 a course with protein - 00:07:44.500 --> 00:07:46.589 it was a feast and it was great. 00:07:46.589 --> 00:07:48.639 But now the problem is the opposite. 00:07:48.639 --> 00:07:50.219 Now we have abundance, 00:07:50.219 --> 00:07:55.499 and we have a tendency to use twice the protein we need. 00:07:55.499 --> 00:07:57.109 Why is it a problem? 00:07:57.109 --> 00:08:01.429 It's a problem because if we eat too much polenta or potatoes, 00:08:01.429 --> 00:08:03.389 yes, we might put on weight, 00:08:03.389 --> 00:08:09.189 but too many proteins in the pot can tire our kidney and liver, 00:08:09.189 --> 00:08:11.979 and it increases the risk of developing certain diseases. 00:08:11.979 --> 00:08:14.080 So it's something that's no good for us. 00:08:14.080 --> 00:08:17.889 The classic restaurant portion that we have at the table - 00:08:17.889 --> 00:08:21.570 such as vegetables, meat, fish - 00:08:21.570 --> 00:08:23.690 is too much. 00:08:23.690 --> 00:08:25.739 Actually, if we eat lots of vegetables, 00:08:25.739 --> 00:08:29.379 we'll cover a large part of our daily protein needs. 00:08:29.379 --> 00:08:32.809 Why did I put this concept in my talk? 00:08:32.860 --> 00:08:37.630 Because to eat more than what we need 00:08:37.630 --> 00:08:40.210 is a waste of resources. 00:08:40.210 --> 00:08:42.830 It's definitely something we could improve upon. 00:08:42.830 --> 00:08:44.080 Furthermore, 00:08:44.080 --> 00:08:49.460 if these proteins are animal proteins with a high environmental impact, 00:08:50.450 --> 00:08:54.060 reducing them also means to lessen our environmental impact. 00:08:54.060 --> 00:09:00.180 So, I think it is important that we all put a little less protein on our plate. 00:09:00.190 --> 00:09:01.190 It would be enough - 00:09:01.190 --> 00:09:03.800 just with a small effort from all of you - 00:09:03.800 --> 00:09:08.020 to have an important environmental benefit, 00:09:08.020 --> 00:09:12.420 not only to our health, but to the health of our entire country. 00:09:12.420 --> 00:09:15.230 It would create even more benefits if we did it worldwide, 00:09:15.230 --> 00:09:17.970 in terms of public spending on health. 00:09:18.710 --> 00:09:23.910 It is beneficial for both individuals and the entire society. 00:09:23.910 --> 00:09:26.070 I believe it is more effective 00:09:26.070 --> 00:09:29.980 to try to convince you to use less protein, 00:09:29.980 --> 00:09:33.300 than to try to convince all of you to abandon animal products. 00:09:33.300 --> 00:09:34.600 I would persuade one of you 00:09:34.600 --> 00:09:37.640 while I hope these ideas will remain impressed in your mind. 00:09:37.640 --> 00:09:40.570 You don't have to worry about eating enough protein, 00:09:40.570 --> 00:09:42.060 but about eating too much. 00:09:42.060 --> 00:09:44.140 This is the problem with protein. 00:09:44.140 --> 00:09:48.600 And above all, try to eat proteins of good quality, 00:09:48.600 --> 00:09:53.670 and, if possible, choose animal products with a low environmental impact. 00:09:53.670 --> 00:09:56.170 "Which ones?" you probably wonder. 00:09:57.890 --> 00:09:59.430 The Expo will be next year, 00:09:59.430 --> 00:10:03.970 and many people are talking about the food of the future. 00:10:03.970 --> 00:10:07.780 I have heard so much talk about eating insects. 00:10:07.890 --> 00:10:11.030 Personally, I don't think that this will fit in our culture. 00:10:11.030 --> 00:10:13.300 I don't know if you agree with me, 00:10:13.300 --> 00:10:17.230 but we are not insect-eaters, and I doubt we will become them. 00:10:17.230 --> 00:10:22.610 But there is a food protein that has zero impact, 00:10:22.610 --> 00:10:26.550 and we can produce it by ourselves in our own homes, 00:10:26.550 --> 00:10:29.970 nourishing it with vegetable waste, 00:10:29.970 --> 00:10:32.810 maybe not the vegetables that we will eat tonight, 00:10:32.810 --> 00:10:35.370 but the things that we are not able to use. 00:10:35.370 --> 00:10:37.230 What am I talking about? 00:10:37.230 --> 00:10:42.330 I'm talking about the surprise guests that are with me on the stage tonight - 00:10:42.330 --> 00:10:47.320 snails - that have suffered from the harsh climate of Trentino, 00:10:47.330 --> 00:10:49.710 and so they have decided to go into hibernation. 00:10:49.710 --> 00:10:52.890 However, I have here a representation of them. 00:10:52.890 --> 00:10:54.790 Why do I like snails? 00:10:54.790 --> 00:10:58.640 Because anyone can self-produce them, 00:10:58.640 --> 00:11:02.820 and they are a gourmet product of Italian tradition. 00:11:02.920 --> 00:11:05.680 Who among you have ever eaten snails? 00:11:07.640 --> 00:11:09.930 Who wouldn't eat them ever? 00:11:10.300 --> 00:11:11.630 Very good. 00:11:11.630 --> 00:11:14.920 Probably ten years ago, this number would have been lower 00:11:14.920 --> 00:11:16.560 with more people eating snails. 00:11:16.560 --> 00:11:20.950 About 35 years ago, a law prevented us from collecting them. 00:11:20.950 --> 00:11:22.930 We were snail harvesters, 00:11:22.930 --> 00:11:25.970 but we could also procure them from professional producers. 00:11:25.970 --> 00:11:29.350 This has fostered a great development of snail producers in Italy, 00:11:29.350 --> 00:11:33.050 producing at the highest quality levels in the world. 00:11:33.050 --> 00:11:35.510 There are thousands of producers in Italy, 00:11:35.510 --> 00:11:40.460 and not only for food use, but also for makeup and other uses. 00:11:40.460 --> 00:11:44.960 It is also a food that - even asking my chef friends - 00:11:44.960 --> 00:11:47.430 has a great potential: 00:11:47.430 --> 00:11:50.560 it's extremely versatile and tastes very delicate. 00:11:50.560 --> 00:11:52.280 But you need to know how to do it. 00:11:52.280 --> 00:11:54.190 To breed your snails at home, 00:11:54.190 --> 00:11:58.650 you just need a small balcony or a vegetable garden with loam, 00:11:58.650 --> 00:12:01.330 a small net to prevent them from escaping. 00:12:01.430 --> 00:12:04.460 Snails arrive on their own, it's enough to just plant lettuce. 00:12:04.460 --> 00:12:09.420 Or you can take eggs and feed them with vegetable waste, 00:12:09.420 --> 00:12:13.650 thus reducing food waste even more. 00:12:14.120 --> 00:12:16.100 You will have a twice-a-year harvest, 00:12:16.100 --> 00:12:18.850 once in autumn and once in spring, like a vegetable. 00:12:18.850 --> 00:12:23.440 They will need one hour cooking time, and then you can use them as you want, 00:12:23.440 --> 00:12:29.640 in bourguignon, French escargot or in your own recipe. 00:12:30.390 --> 00:12:32.710 They can give a sense of satisfaction. 00:12:32.710 --> 00:12:36.600 It's a low-fat meat which has a lot of benefits. 00:12:36.810 --> 00:12:40.490 I think it can become not only the food of the future, 00:12:40.540 --> 00:12:42.110 but also the food of the present. 00:12:42.110 --> 00:12:45.340 I hope that if I ask you again next year, 00:12:45.340 --> 00:12:47.760 there will be more people who eat them 00:12:47.760 --> 00:12:49.920 and less people who wouldn't eat them ever. 00:12:49.920 --> 00:12:52.670 It's certain that a mental switch is needed to do this, 00:12:52.670 --> 00:12:54.680 but also overcoming prejudices. 00:12:54.680 --> 00:12:57.030 So, sustainable revolution! 00:12:57.030 --> 00:13:00.990 I'm sure that it can reach all of you, 00:13:00.990 --> 00:13:03.380 and it requires just a little change, 00:13:03.380 --> 00:13:07.740 certainly a change in thought and overcoming of prejudices. 00:13:07.740 --> 00:13:11.020 I know that to ask you to cook in the dishwasher, 00:13:11.020 --> 00:13:14.000 to eat all the peels, to start eating snails, 00:13:14.000 --> 00:13:16.750 is not a simple thing. 00:13:16.750 --> 00:13:19.410 But I'm a very optimistic person, 00:13:19.410 --> 00:13:23.150 so I hope I have at least aroused your curiosity. 00:13:23.150 --> 00:13:27.550 Less proteins on your plate, changing the way you see ingredients - 00:13:27.860 --> 00:13:30.050 there are truly so many benefits. 00:13:30.220 --> 00:13:34.140 So join with me and become revolutionaries 00:13:34.140 --> 00:13:36.420 because the benefits are so many: 00:13:36.420 --> 00:13:40.330 for our health, for our well-being, 00:13:40.330 --> 00:13:44.380 and most of all for our happiness and that of our planet. 00:13:44.380 --> 00:13:45.500 Thank you. 00:13:45.500 --> 00:13:47.610 (Applause)