0:00:12.960,0:00:17.120 I thought that starting a revolution[br]required being an important person, 0:00:17.120,0:00:19.800 such as Mao, Che Guevara or Gandhi. 0:00:20.090,0:00:25.790 Then one night, my life was changed[br]in an unexpected and very simple way, 0:00:26.043,0:00:29.436 and I realized what my mission[br]in the world was. 0:00:29.596,0:00:34.390 It was not for a mug of beer[br]nor for a romantic encounter - 0:00:34.390,0:00:36.250 as some earlier speakers have told us - 0:00:36.250,0:00:37.650 but for a vegetable. 0:00:37.650,0:00:39.670 It was fine; it could have been worse 0:00:39.670,0:00:43.450 because it was thanks to an artichoke,[br]so I feel very lucky. 0:00:43.740,0:00:47.560 Maybe, while you've been[br]cooking vegetables, 0:00:47.560,0:00:51.010 you've had the realization[br]of how much you discard every day, 0:00:51.010,0:00:53.260 and the percentage of that waste. 0:00:53.260,0:00:56.480 That's what happened to me that day,[br]thanks to an artichoke. 0:00:56.480,0:01:01.820 It opened my mind,[br]and it changed my perspective a bit. 0:01:02.100,0:01:03.240 In that moment,[br] 0:01:03.240,0:01:08.069 I decided that my mission in the world 0:01:08.069,0:01:11.029 would be to take nothing for granted 0:01:11.659,0:01:15.560 and to try to make the world[br]a little more sustainable, 0:01:15.560,0:01:17.790 starting with food. 0:01:18.390,0:01:19.710 Why food? 0:01:20.030,0:01:24.630 With food, we have the freedom of choice. 0:01:24.770,0:01:29.130 It's something which we get to decide,[br]for ourselves and for our family, 0:01:29.130,0:01:31.263 every single day. 0:01:31.263,0:01:33.616 It is, therefore,[br]not only a matter of choice, 0:01:33.616,0:01:36.110 but is also a matter[br]of environmental impact 0:01:36.110,0:01:39.040 because our daily food choices 0:01:39.040,0:01:42.240 constitute a large part[br]of our daily environmental impact. 0:01:42.240,0:01:48.199 If we want to translate it to an index,[br]we can talk about environmental footprint. 0:01:48.199,0:01:51.470 It affects much more than what[br]we decide to order in a restaurant, 0:01:51.470,0:01:56.340 more than, maybe, the way[br]we dress or get around in the city. 0:01:56.620,0:01:57.829 For this reason, 0:01:57.829,0:01:59.370 I believe it's important 0:01:59.370,0:02:04.890 to be fully aware of the choices[br]you make every day, 0:02:04.890,0:02:07.530 and to maybe try something different 0:02:07.530,0:02:11.320 and begin a small revolution, if possible. 0:02:11.610,0:02:14.793 My code word is a very simple one, 0:02:14.793,0:02:17.793 a common sense word: 0:02:18.653,0:02:19.846 optimize. 0:02:19.846,0:02:23.220 I guess that's not a word usually used[br]to refer to economy in the home, 0:02:23.220,0:02:25.990 but is more often used[br]to refer to environmental impact. 0:02:25.990,0:02:30.960 But I think it's a very simple concept[br]that we can apply in daily life, 0:02:30.970,0:02:34.440 especially in our relationship with food. 0:02:34.440,0:02:38.060 Optimizing means, for example,[br]in the way we go shopping - 0:02:38.330,0:02:40.290 how much we decide to buy, 0:02:40.290,0:02:43.130 what is essential,[br]what do we really need - 0:02:43.150,0:02:46.380 all this can help us try to reduce waste. 0:02:46.540,0:02:52.210 Then we could try to use[br]100% of the raw food materials. 0:02:54.280,0:02:57.560 The concept of optimizing consumption 0:02:57.560,0:03:01.850 is, above all, about the way[br]we compose our meals every day, 0:03:01.850,0:03:05.190 in what we really bring to our table. 0:03:06.390,0:03:07.366 Waste. 0:03:07.366,0:03:11.372 At the end of this project[br]that began with an artichoke, 0:03:11.372,0:03:16.080 I was left with the end of the chain -[br]the waste - what we usually throw away. 0:03:16.080,0:03:21.590 Here we have a small example[br]of waste versus noble raw materials. 0:03:21.590,0:03:25.130 Every day, we all do[br]what I'm doing right now. 0:03:25.130,0:03:28.370 We clean vegetables,[br]and we separate them - 0:03:28.370,0:03:32.500 on one side is the noble part that we use,[br]and on the other is the waste. 0:03:32.500,0:03:37.810 The waste - the less noble part -[br]is on average at least 50%. 0:03:37.810,0:03:40.000 In winter, we can get even 70% waste 0:03:40.000,0:03:43.720 because many vegetables[br]have more protective parts. 0:03:43.720,0:03:47.130 What does it mean[br]to optimize in the kitchen? 0:03:47.130,0:03:49.740 I want to say that to change[br]our approach to food, 0:03:49.740,0:03:52.890 use 100% of the raw materials. 0:03:52.890,0:03:57.980 But not simply by taking them[br]out of the garbage. 0:03:57.980,0:04:00.130 It means having a different approach, 0:04:00.130,0:04:03.290 to see all these parts as a whole. 0:04:03.290,0:04:05.600 As an example, let's use an apple. 0:04:05.600,0:04:08.890 I can see the apple as, okay, an apple, 0:04:08.890,0:04:12.350 but I can also see it[br]as a set of four ingredients. 0:04:12.870,0:04:15.003 For example, the pulp. 0:04:15.663,0:04:17.316 For simplicity, I made some chips, 0:04:17.316,0:04:20.620 but I could have eaten it[br]or baked it in a cake. 0:04:20.620,0:04:21.670 The peel - 0:04:22.030,0:04:25.210 maybe I eat it as it is, or I dry it, 0:04:25.210,0:04:27.590 or I make a fantastic[br]rejuvenating herbal tea 0:04:27.590,0:04:30.550 that I'd pay much more for[br]if I bought it at an herbalist's. 0:04:30.550,0:04:31.539 The core. 0:04:31.539,0:04:35.699 I centrifuge it and[br]let it ferment in its own juice, 0:04:35.699,0:04:37.660 and it becomes a delicious apple vinegar, 0:04:37.660,0:04:39.939 because vinegar[br]can be made from apple cores. 0:04:39.939,0:04:42.360 The seeds I can use as a gelling agent. 0:04:42.360,0:04:45.420 This is just an example[br]with a familiar product, 0:04:45.420,0:04:49.600 but it's a concept we should apply[br]to every single ingredient. 0:04:49.600,0:04:50.819 Another example: 0:04:50.819,0:04:54.575 this is one of the vegetables[br]it took me some time to love, 0:04:55.195,0:04:56.985 to love 100%: 0:04:57.165,0:04:58.341 the pumpkin. 0:04:58.341,0:05:02.149 I really like it because[br]the peel is the truly noble part, 0:05:02.149,0:05:04.789 the part with the greatest[br]amount of fiber. 0:05:04.789,0:05:06.110 It is less sweet than pulp, 0:05:06.110,0:05:10.240 so maybe if you don't like[br]the strong sweetness of the pulp, 0:05:10.240,0:05:11.989 you can focus on the peel, 0:05:11.989,0:05:17.539 which also contains more fiber[br]and certainly has health benefits. 0:05:17.539,0:05:21.729 But not only that - with all the inner[br]filaments, I can prepare a wafer. 0:05:21.729,0:05:26.469 The seeds can be toasted,[br]or I can simply let them sprout. 0:05:26.709,0:05:30.320 I think to let something sprout[br]is a practical example 0:05:30.320,0:05:32.150 of an easy technique 0:05:32.150,0:05:35.090 that allows you to transform[br]and find value in something 0:05:35.090,0:05:36.553 we all have at home 0:05:36.553,0:05:38.496 and that we usually don't even look at - 0:05:38.496,0:05:40.389 we just throw it away. 0:05:40.389,0:05:43.169 To optimize in the kitchen[br]is for me especially this: 0:05:43.169,0:05:45.699 to change a little bit[br]of your way of thinking 0:05:45.699,0:05:50.780 and to see vegetables and all food[br]with a different eye, 0:05:50.780,0:05:53.609 to waste them less[br]and use them to their fullest. 0:05:53.609,0:05:57.759 To optimize also means optimizing[br]consumption of water and energy. 0:05:57.759,0:06:02.000 For example, every time[br]that I cook pasta or vegetables, 0:06:02.000,0:06:06.100 I can simultaneously cook other things,[br]maybe other vegetables. 0:06:06.100,0:06:08.730 Just get a basket -[br]you don't need anything complicated. 0:06:08.730,0:06:11.430 Or every time that I use[br]a household appliance, 0:06:11.430,0:06:13.370 such as the dishwasher, 0:06:13.370,0:06:15.210 I could also use it for cooking. 0:06:15.210,0:06:16.939 This is not a joke. 0:06:16.939,0:06:19.800 I'm sure some of you[br]are turning up your nose, 0:06:19.800,0:06:23.590 but it is an outstanding[br]cooking technique using low temperatures. 0:06:23.590,0:06:28.069 So you do not need to buy[br]a professional tool that cost 2000 euros; 0:06:28.069,0:06:32.089 you can just use the dishwasher[br]every time you wash the dishes. 0:06:32.089,0:06:33.649 How can you do that? 0:06:33.649,0:06:36.900 A very practical example[br]is to take a jar like this - 0:06:36.900,0:06:38.620 it has to be hermetically sealed - 0:06:38.620,0:06:40.360 and put, for example, an egg inside, 0:06:40.360,0:06:42.760 cover the egg with water, close it tight, 0:06:42.760,0:06:47.270 and store it in the dishwasher[br]when it is full of dirty dishes. 0:06:47.540,0:06:49.599 And use whatever wash setting you want, 0:06:49.599,0:06:53.100 choosing the setting based[br]on what the dishes need, not the egg. 0:06:53.320,0:06:56.980 When the washing is complete,[br]your egg will be boiled, 0:06:56.980,0:07:00.280 soft-boiled or hard-boiled,[br]according to the setting you chose. 0:07:00.280,0:07:03.580 It will be great because[br]it will be cooked at a low temperature - 0:07:03.580,0:07:07.209 with an incredible texture,[br]better than the classic hard-boiled egg. 0:07:07.209,0:07:10.399 And you did it at zero impact, zero cost, 0:07:10.399,0:07:15.729 and getting a result that would be hard[br]to get using traditional techniques. 0:07:15.729,0:07:19.199 So, optimizing the use[br]of a household appliance 0:07:19.199,0:07:22.160 may give some interesting benefits. 0:07:22.370,0:07:24.559 Let's see another example of optimization. 0:07:24.559,0:07:29.779 This time, I come into your home[br]even more, into your recipes. 0:07:29.779,0:07:34.959 When we were at war, okay,[br]there were a lot of food shortages. 0:07:35.089,0:07:38.709 We had only a few proteins,[br]so we ate a lot of potatoes and polenta. 0:07:39.039,0:07:42.710 When you could put meat on the table - 0:07:42.710,0:07:44.500 a course with protein - 0:07:44.500,0:07:46.589 it was a feast and it was great. 0:07:46.589,0:07:48.639 But now the problem is the opposite. 0:07:48.639,0:07:50.219 Now we have abundance, 0:07:50.219,0:07:55.499 and we have a tendency[br]to use twice the protein we need.[br] 0:07:55.499,0:07:57.109 Why is it a problem? 0:07:57.109,0:08:01.429 It's a problem because if we eat[br]too much polenta or potatoes, 0:08:01.429,0:08:03.389 yes, we might put on weight, 0:08:03.389,0:08:09.189 but too many proteins in the pot[br]can tire our kidney and liver, 0:08:09.189,0:08:11.979 and it increases the risk[br]of developing certain diseases. 0:08:11.979,0:08:14.080 So it's something that's no good for us. 0:08:14.080,0:08:17.889 The classic restaurant portion[br]that we have at the table - 0:08:17.889,0:08:21.570 such as vegetables, meat, fish - 0:08:21.570,0:08:23.690 is too much. 0:08:23.690,0:08:25.739 Actually, if we eat lots of vegetables, 0:08:25.739,0:08:29.379 we'll cover a large part[br]of our daily protein needs. 0:08:29.379,0:08:32.809 Why did I put this concept in my talk? 0:08:32.860,0:08:37.630 Because to eat more than what we need 0:08:37.630,0:08:40.210 is a waste of resources. 0:08:40.210,0:08:42.830 It's definitely something[br]we could improve upon. 0:08:42.830,0:08:44.080 Furthermore, 0:08:44.080,0:08:49.460 if these proteins are animal proteins[br]with a high environmental impact, 0:08:50.450,0:08:54.060 reducing them also means[br]to lessen our environmental impact. 0:08:54.060,0:09:00.180 So, I think it is important that we all[br]put a little less protein on our plate. 0:09:00.190,0:09:01.190 It would be enough - 0:09:01.190,0:09:03.800 just with a small effort from all of you - 0:09:03.800,0:09:08.020 to have an important[br]environmental benefit, 0:09:08.020,0:09:12.420 not only to our health,[br]but to the health of our entire country. 0:09:12.420,0:09:15.230 It would create even more benefits[br]if we did it worldwide, 0:09:15.230,0:09:17.970 in terms of public spending on health. 0:09:18.710,0:09:23.910 It is beneficial for both individuals[br]and the entire society. 0:09:23.910,0:09:26.070 I believe it is more effective 0:09:26.070,0:09:29.980 to try to convince you[br]to use less protein, 0:09:29.980,0:09:33.300 than to try to convince all of you[br]to abandon animal products. 0:09:33.300,0:09:34.600 I would persuade one of you 0:09:34.600,0:09:37.640 while I hope these ideas[br]will remain impressed in your mind. 0:09:37.640,0:09:40.570 You don't have to worry[br]about eating enough protein, 0:09:40.570,0:09:42.060 but about eating too much. 0:09:42.060,0:09:44.140 This is the problem with protein. 0:09:44.140,0:09:48.600 And above all, try to eat[br]proteins of good quality, 0:09:48.600,0:09:53.670 and, if possible, choose animal products[br]with a low environmental impact. 0:09:53.670,0:09:56.170 "Which ones?" you probably wonder. 0:09:57.890,0:09:59.430 The Expo will be next year, 0:09:59.430,0:10:03.970 and many people are talking[br]about the food of the future. 0:10:03.970,0:10:07.780 I have heard so much talk[br]about eating insects. 0:10:07.890,0:10:11.030 Personally, I don't think[br]that this will fit in our culture. 0:10:11.030,0:10:13.300 I don't know if you agree with me, 0:10:13.300,0:10:17.230 but we are not insect-eaters,[br]and I doubt we will become them. 0:10:17.230,0:10:22.610 But there is a food protein[br]that has zero impact, 0:10:22.610,0:10:26.550 and we can produce it[br]by ourselves in our own homes, 0:10:26.550,0:10:29.970 nourishing it with vegetable waste, 0:10:29.970,0:10:32.810 maybe not the vegetables[br]that we will eat tonight, 0:10:32.810,0:10:35.370 but the things[br]that we are not able to use. 0:10:35.370,0:10:37.230 What am I talking about? 0:10:37.230,0:10:42.330 I'm talking about the surprise guests[br]that are with me on the stage tonight - 0:10:42.330,0:10:47.320 snails - that have suffered[br]from the harsh climate of Trentino, 0:10:47.330,0:10:49.710 and so they have decided[br]to go into hibernation. 0:10:49.710,0:10:52.890 However, I have here[br]a representation of them. 0:10:52.890,0:10:54.790 Why do I like snails? 0:10:54.790,0:10:58.640 Because anyone can self-produce them, 0:10:58.640,0:11:02.820 and they are a gourmet product[br]of Italian tradition. 0:11:02.920,0:11:05.680 Who among you have ever eaten snails? 0:11:07.640,0:11:09.930 Who wouldn't eat them ever? 0:11:10.300,0:11:11.630 Very good. 0:11:11.630,0:11:14.920 Probably ten years ago,[br]this number would have been lower 0:11:14.920,0:11:16.560 with more people eating snails. 0:11:16.560,0:11:20.950 About 35 years ago, a law[br]prevented us from collecting them. 0:11:20.950,0:11:22.930 We were snail harvesters, 0:11:22.930,0:11:25.970 but we could also procure them[br]from professional producers. 0:11:25.970,0:11:29.350 This has fostered a great development[br]of snail producers in Italy, 0:11:29.350,0:11:33.050 producing at the highest[br]quality levels in the world. 0:11:33.050,0:11:35.510 There are thousands of producers in Italy, 0:11:35.510,0:11:40.460 and not only for food use,[br]but also for makeup and other uses. 0:11:40.460,0:11:44.960 It is also a food that -[br]even asking my chef friends - 0:11:44.960,0:11:47.430 has a great potential: 0:11:47.430,0:11:50.560 it's extremely versatile[br]and tastes very delicate. 0:11:50.560,0:11:52.280 But you need to know how to do it. 0:11:52.280,0:11:54.190 To breed your snails at home, 0:11:54.190,0:11:58.650 you just need a small balcony[br]or a vegetable garden with loam,[br] 0:11:58.650,0:12:01.330 a small net to prevent them from escaping. 0:12:01.430,0:12:04.460 Snails arrive on their own,[br]it's enough to just plant lettuce. 0:12:04.460,0:12:09.420 Or you can take eggs[br]and feed them with vegetable waste, 0:12:09.420,0:12:13.650 thus reducing food waste even more. 0:12:14.120,0:12:16.100 You will have a twice-a-year harvest, 0:12:16.100,0:12:18.850 once in autumn and once in spring,[br]like a vegetable. 0:12:18.850,0:12:23.440 They will need one hour cooking time,[br]and then you can use them as you want, 0:12:23.440,0:12:29.640 in bourguignon, French escargot[br]or in your own recipe. 0:12:30.390,0:12:32.710 They can give a sense of satisfaction. 0:12:32.710,0:12:36.600 It's a low-fat meat[br]which has a lot of benefits. 0:12:36.810,0:12:40.490 I think it can become[br]not only the food of the future, 0:12:40.540,0:12:42.110 but also the food of the present. 0:12:42.110,0:12:45.340 I hope that if I ask you again next year, 0:12:45.340,0:12:47.760 there will be more people who eat them 0:12:47.760,0:12:49.920 and less people who[br]wouldn't eat them ever. 0:12:49.920,0:12:52.670 It's certain that a mental switch[br]is needed to do this, 0:12:52.670,0:12:54.680 but also overcoming prejudices. 0:12:54.680,0:12:57.030 So, sustainable revolution! 0:12:57.030,0:13:00.990 I'm sure that it can reach all of you, 0:13:00.990,0:13:03.380 and it requires just a little change, 0:13:03.380,0:13:07.740 certainly a change in thought[br]and overcoming of prejudices. 0:13:07.740,0:13:11.020 I know that to ask you[br]to cook in the dishwasher, 0:13:11.020,0:13:14.000 to eat all the peels,[br]to start eating snails, 0:13:14.000,0:13:16.750 is not a simple thing. 0:13:16.750,0:13:19.410 But I'm a very optimistic person, 0:13:19.410,0:13:23.150 so I hope I have at least[br]aroused your curiosity. 0:13:23.150,0:13:27.550 Less proteins on your plate,[br]changing the way you see ingredients - 0:13:27.860,0:13:30.050 there are truly so many benefits. 0:13:30.220,0:13:34.140 So join with me and become revolutionaries 0:13:34.140,0:13:36.420 because the benefits are so many: 0:13:36.420,0:13:40.330 for our health, for our well-being, 0:13:40.330,0:13:44.380 and most of all for our happiness[br]and that of our planet. 0:13:44.380,0:13:45.500 Thank you. 0:13:45.500,0:13:47.610 (Applause)