[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.60,0:00:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prvi pacijent liječen antibioticima
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.16,0:00:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bio je policajac u Oxfordu.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.69,0:00:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Na njegov slobodan dan,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.80,0:00:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ogrebao se o trn ruže radeći u vrtu.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.17,0:00:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ta je mala ogrebotina postala inficirana.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.85,0:00:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tijekom sljedećih dana, \Nglava mu je natekla
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.16,0:00:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,od gnojnih čireva
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.88,0:00:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i oko mu je bilo toliko inficirano
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.17,0:00:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,da su mu ga morali izvaditi.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.07,0:00:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do kraja veljače 1941. godine,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.05,0:00:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ovaj je jadni čovjek bio na rubu smrti.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.49,0:00:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nalazio se u Radcliffe ambulanti u Oxfordu
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.68,0:00:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i, na njegovu sreću,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.99,0:00:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mali tim liječnika
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.04,0:00:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predvođen doktorom Howardom Floreyem
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.93,0:00:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uspio je sintetizirati
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.100,0:00:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,veoma malu količinu penicilina,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.82,0:00:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lijeka kojeg je otkrio
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.90,0:00:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander Fleming 12 godina prije,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.22,0:00:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ali nikada nije primijenjen na čovjeka
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.93,0:00:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i nitko nije znao hoće li lijek djelovati,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.34,0:00:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sadrži li nečistoće koje bi \Nmogle ubiti pacijenta,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.98,0:00:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ali su Florey i njegov tim shvatili
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.89,0:00:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,da ako već moraju,\Nmogli bi ga upotrijebiti
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.62,0:01:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,na nekome tko će svakako umrijeti.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.18,0:01:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tako su Albertu Alexanderu,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.84,0:01:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oxfordskom policajcu, dali lijek
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.72,0:01:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i unutar 24 sata,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.13,0:01:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,počeo se oporavljati.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.39,0:01:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spustila mu se temperatura,\Nvratio mu se apetit.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.37,0:01:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drugog mu je dana bilo puno bolje.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.68,0:01:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Počelo im je nedostajati penicilina
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.92,0:01:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pa bi trčali s njegovim urinom
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.98,0:01:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preko ceste, kako bi resintetizirali\Npenicilin iz njegova urina
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.83,0:01:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i ponovno mu ga dali,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.77,0:01:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i to je uspijevalo.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.02,0:01:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Četvrti je dan bio \Nna dobrom putu oporavka.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.50,0:01:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To je bilo čudo.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.13,0:01:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Peti dan su ostali bez penicilina
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.37,0:01:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i siroti je čovjek preminuo.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.64,0:01:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tako da ta priča nije završila baš lijepo,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.35,0:01:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ali, na sreću milijuna drugih ljudi,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.70,0:01:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kao ovog djeteta liječenog \Nu ranim 1940-ima,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.71,0:01:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,koje je umiralo od sepse
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.74,0:01:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i koje se u samo šest dana,\Nkao što možete vidjeti,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.89,0:02:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oporavilo zahvaljujući ovom\Nčudesnom lijeku, penicilinu.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.24,0:02:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Milijuni su preživjeli
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.20,0:02:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i globalno zdravstvo se transformiralo.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.78,0:02:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Antibiotici su se koristili
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.58,0:02:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,za pacijente poput ovih,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.70,0:02:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ali korišteni su i veoma neozbiljno
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.84,0:02:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,u nekim slučajevima,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.59,0:02:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,za liječenje samo prehlade ili gripe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.95,0:02:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,koje ne bi reagirale na antibiotik.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.42,0:02:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Također su korišteni u velikim količinama
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.16,0:02:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ne-terapeutski, odnosno \Nu malim koncentracijama
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.80,0:02:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,za brži rast pilića i svinja.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.99,0:02:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Samo kako bi smanjili cijenu mesa\Nza nekoliko penija,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.55,0:02:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potrošili smo mnogo antibiotika\Nna životinje,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.25,0:02:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ne za liječenje, ne za bolesne životinje,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.61,0:02:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,već prvenstveno za potpomognut rast.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.73,0:02:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kamo nas je to dovelo sada?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.59,0:02:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,U osnovi, masivna upotreba antibiotika
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.30,0:02:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diljem svijeta
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.78,0:02:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nametnula je tako veliki\Nselektivni pritisak na bakterije
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.59,0:02:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,da je sada otpornost postala problem
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.24,0:02:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jer su opstale samo
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.01,0:02:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rezistentne bakterije.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.98,0:03:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siguran sam da ste svi\Nčitali o ovome u novinama,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.82,0:03:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,da ste vidjeli ovo u svakom časopisu
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.63,0:03:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,na koji ste naišli,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.53,0:03:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ali stvarno želim da u potpunosti shvatite
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.55,0:03:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,važnost ovog problema
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.50,0:03:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ovo je ozbiljno.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.95,0:03:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sljedeći dijapozitiv prikazuje otpornost\Nacinetobactera na karbapenem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.77,0:03:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Acinetobacter je gadna bolnička bakterija,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.15,0:03:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i karbapenem je poprilično
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.49,0:03:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,najjača vrsta antibiotika
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.26,0:03:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kojom možemo napasti ovu bakteriju.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.72,0:03:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Možete vidjeti da je u 1999.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.99,0:03:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ovo bio uzorak otpornosti.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.18,0:03:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,većinom ispod 10 posto\Nširom Sjedinjenih Država.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.22,0:03:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sada pogledajte što se događa\Nkada pokrenemo video.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.46,0:03:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ne znam gdje živite,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.52,0:03:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ali gdjegod to bilo,\Nzasigurno je puno gore sada
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.42,0:03:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nego što je bilo 1999. godine.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.92,0:03:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To je problem s otpornošću na antibiotike.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.89,0:03:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ovo je globalno pitanje
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.57,0:04:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,koji jednako pogađa\Ni bogate i siromašne zemlje,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i u njegovoj srži,\Nmogli biste pitati
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.24,0:04:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nije li to zapravo samo medicinski problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.17,0:04:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ako bismo naučili doktore\Nne koristiti antibiotike toliko,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.94,0:04:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ako bismo naučili pacijente \Nne zahtijevati antibiotike,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.71,0:04:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,možda ovo zapravo ne bi bio problem
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.48,0:04:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i možda bi farmaceutske kompanije
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.12,0:04:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trebale više raditi na razvoju
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.88,0:04:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,više antibiotika.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.51,0:04:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, ispada da postoji nešto fundamentalno\Nu vezi s antibioticima
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.89,0:04:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,što ih razlikuje od drugih lijekova,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.67,0:04:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a to je da ako ja\Nzloupotrijebim antibiotike
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.77,0:04:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ili ako koristim antibiotike,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.43,0:04:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nisam samo ja pogođen,\Nveć su i drugi ljudi pogođeni
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.29,0:04:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,na isti način kao da odlučim\Nodvesti se na posao
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.63,0:04:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ili otići negdje avionom,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.27,0:04:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,troškovi koje nametnem drugima
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.24,0:04:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kroz globalne klimatske promjene\Nprisutni su svugdje
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.68,0:04:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i ja ne uzimam, nužno, te troškove u obzir.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.46,0:04:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ovo je ono što bi ekonomisti \Nmogli nazvati problemom zajednice,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.33,0:04:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i problem zajednice je točno
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.31,0:04:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ono s čim se suočavamo\Ni u slučaju antibiotika:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.74,0:04:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,da ne uzimamo u obzir —
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.89,0:04:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i mi, uključujući pojedince, pacijente,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.89,0:04:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bolnice, čitav zdravstveni sustav —
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.05,0:05:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ne uzimamo u obzir troškove \Nkoje oni nameću drugima
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.20,0:05:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,načinom na koji su antibiotici\Nzapravo korišteni.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.55,0:05:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ovaj je problem sličan
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.96,0:05:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drugome području za koje svi znamo,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.94,0:05:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a to je upotreba goriva i energije,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.87,0:05:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i naravno, upotreba energije
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.37,0:05:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i iscrpljuje energiju kao što i
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.45,0:05:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vodi do lokalnog zagađenja\Ni klimatskih promjena.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.71,0:05:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tipično, u slučaju energije,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.52,0:05:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,postoje dva načina na koja se može \Nnositi s problemom.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.83,0:05:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jedan je da bolje koristimo\Nnaftu koju imamo,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.58,0:05:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,što je analogno boljoj upotrebi
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.69,0:05:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,postojećih antibiotika,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.24,0:05:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a to možemo učiniti na brojne načine
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.93,0:05:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,o kojima ćemo pričati ubrzo,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.16,0:05:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dok je druga opcija poticanje traženja \Nnovih naftnih bušotina,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.85,0:05:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,odnosno, u slučaju antibiotika,\Ntraženje novih antibiotika.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.05,0:05:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ovo dva načina nisu odvojena.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.10,0:05:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Povezani su, jer ako mnogo ulažemo
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.52,0:05:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,u nove naftne bušotine,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.81,0:05:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smanjujemo poticaje za očuvanje nafte
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.76,0:05:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i to će se na isti način \Ndogoditi s antibioticima.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.29,0:05:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Događa se i obrnuto,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.45,0:05:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ako prigodno koristimo naše antibiotike,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.79,0:06:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ne moramo nužno ulagati
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.57,0:06:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,u razvoj novih lijekova.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.75,0:06:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ako ste mislili da je ovo dvoje u cjelosti,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.29,0:06:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potpuno balansirano \Nizmeđu ove dvije opcije,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.40,0:06:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mogli bi razmotriti činjenicu da
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.47,0:06:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,je ovo zapravo igra koju igramo.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.74,0:06:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To je zapravo igra koevolucije,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.18,0:06:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a koevolucija je, na ovoj slici,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.12,0:06:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,između geparda i gazela.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.35,0:06:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gepardi su evoluirali\Ntako da trče brže,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.26,0:06:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jer da ne trče brže
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.73,0:06:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ne bi imali što jesti za ručak.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.61,0:06:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gazele su evoluirale da trče brže jer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.30,0:06:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ako ne bi trčale brže, \None bi postale ručak.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.51,0:06:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To je igra koju mi \Nigramo protiv bakterija,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.38,0:06:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,samo što mi nismo gepardi,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.45,0:06:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mi smo gazele,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.93,0:06:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i bakterija bi,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.72,0:06:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,samo za vrijeme ovog kratkog govora,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.55,0:06:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dobila djecu i unuke,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.98,0:06:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i shvatila kako biti rezistentna
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.36,0:06:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,samo putem selekcije \Nte probom i pogreškom,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.83,0:06:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pokušavajući neprestano iznova.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.75,0:06:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,S obzirom na to, kako \Nostati ispred bakterija?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.52,0:06:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imamo procese otkrivanja lijekova,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.57,0:06:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,provjeravanje molekula,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.20,0:06:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imamo klinička ispitivanja,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.93,0:07:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i onda kada mislimo da imamo lijek,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.08,0:07:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onda imamo regulatorni proces\NUprave za hranu i lijekove.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.82,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nakon što prođemo kroz to sve,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onda pokušavamo ostati korak ispred
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.27,0:07:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bakterija.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.56,0:07:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jasno je da je ovo igra koja \Nne može biti održana,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.22,0:07:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ili koja se može pobijediti
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.52,0:07:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,samo inovacijama kako biti u prednosti.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.37,0:07:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moramo usporiti tempo koevolucije,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.62,0:07:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i postoje ideje koje možemo\Nposuditi od energije
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.30,0:07:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i koje su od pomoći kada razmišljamo
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.07,0:07:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kako bi to mogli napraviti u slučaju
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.81,0:07:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antibiotika, također.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.15,0:07:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ako razmislite kako se nosimo s
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.39,0:07:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cijenom energije, na primjer,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.82,0:07:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uzimamo u obzir porez na emisije,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.66,0:07:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,što znači da namećemo trošak zagađenja
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.25,0:07:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ljudima koji zapravo koriste tu energiju.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.08,0:07:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mogli bi razmotriti da isto \Nučinimo s antibioticima,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.06,0:07:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i možda bi to osiguralo da se antibiotici
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.77,0:07:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,zapravo umjesno koriste.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.17,0:07:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Postoje subvencije za čistu energiju,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.20,0:07:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,koja koristi goriva koja ne zagađuju toliko
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.26,0:07:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ili možda ne treba fosilna goriva.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.10,0:07:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Analogija je slijedeća: možda se trebamo
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.96,0:08:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,udaljiti od upotrebe antibiotika,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.22,0:08:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i ako razmislite o tome, koje su\Ndobre zamjene za antibiotike?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.94,0:08:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Izgleda da bi bilo što što smanjuje
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.10,0:08:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potrebu za antibioticima \Nstvarno funkcioniralo,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.34,0:08:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tako da bi to moglo uključivati\Nbolju kontrolu bolničkih infekcija
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.48,0:08:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ili cijepljenje ljudi,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.38,0:08:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pogotovo protiv sezonske gripe.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.68,0:08:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sezonska je, gripa vjerojatno,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.21,0:08:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,najveći pokretač upotrebe antibiotika,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.21,0:08:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kako u ovoj zemlji, tako\Ni u mnogim drugim zemljama,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.13,0:08:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i to bi stvarno moglo pomoći.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.15,0:08:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Treća bi opcija mogla uključiti \Nnešto poput razmjenjivih kvota.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.25,0:08:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ovo se može činiti kao daleki scenarij,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.50,0:08:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ali ako razmotrimo činjenicu da možda
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.93,0:08:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nećemo imati antibiotika\Nza mnoge ljude s infekcijama,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.31,0:08:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mogli bi uzeti u obzir\Nčinjenicu da bi možda
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.55,0:08:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,željeli raspodijeliti tko bi\Ntrebao zapravo korisiti
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.86,0:08:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neke od tih antibiotika od drugih,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.57,0:08:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i to bi mogli biti na bazi \Nkliničke potrebe
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.90,0:08:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ali i na bazi cijene.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.83,0:08:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zasigurno i educiranje potrošača pomaže.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.74,0:09:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Veoma često, ljudi\Npreviše koriste antibiotike
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.34,0:09:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ili previše propisuju bez da, nužno,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.62,0:09:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,znaju da to rade
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.10,0:09:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pa su se mehanizmi koji \Ndaju podatke o rezultatima
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.49,0:09:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pokazali korisnima,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.56,0:09:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,također, i na energiji-
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.49,0:09:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kada kažete nekome da troši
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.03,0:09:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,puno energije tijekom špice,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.95,0:09:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skloni su smanjiti potrošnju,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.42,0:09:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i isti je primjer izveden
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.18,0:09:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i u slučaju antibiotika.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.92,0:09:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bolnica u St. Louisu bi, u biti, postavila
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.98,0:09:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,na tablu imena kirurga
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.06,0:09:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poredana po tome koliko \Nsu antibiotika koristili
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.38,0:09:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,u prethodnom mjesecu,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.33,0:09:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i to je čisto bila povratna informacija,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.46,0:09:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nije bilo nikakvog posramljivanja,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.04,0:09:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nego je, u osnovi, pružilo\Nneke informacije
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.99,0:09:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kirurzima i možda ih potaklo da razmisle
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.94,0:09:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kako koriste antibiotike.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.17,0:09:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Također je mnogo toga moguće napraviti
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.19,0:09:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,s aspekta opskrbe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.34,0:09:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ako pogledate cijenu penicilina,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.07,0:09:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trošak po danu iznosi oko 10 centa.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.76,0:09:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To je relativno jeftin lijek.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.52,0:09:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ako uzmete lijekove otkrivene od tada-
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.66,0:09:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,linezolid ili daptomicin-
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.30,0:09:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oni su značajno skuplji,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.18,0:09:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tako da se svijetu naviknutom plaćati\N10 centi po danu za antibiotike,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.63,0:10:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ideja plaćanja 180 dolara po danu
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.16,0:10:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,čini puno.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.73,0:10:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, što nam to zapravo govori?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.72,0:10:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cijena nam govori
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.68,0:10:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,da više ne bi trebali
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.58,0:10:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uzimati jeftine, učinkovite\Nantibiotike zdravo za gotovo
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.70,0:10:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,u doglednoj budućnosti,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.46,0:10:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i cijena nam je signal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.99,0:10:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,da bi možda trebali obraćati
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.60,0:10:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,puno više pažnje očuvanju.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.16,0:10:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cijena je, također, signal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.86,0:10:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,da bi možda trebali početi\Ngledati na druge tehnologije,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.74,0:10:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,na isti način na koji su\Ncijene benzina signal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.39,0:10:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i pokretna sila za, na primjer,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.98,0:10:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,razvoj električnih auta.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.84,0:10:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cijene su važan signal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.62,0:10:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i moramo obratiti pozornost,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.21,0:10:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ali, isto tako moramo \Nu obzir uzeti činjenicu da
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.66,0:10:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,iako se ove visoke cijene čine\Nneobičnima za antibiotike,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.91,0:10:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,zanemarive su u usporedbi\Ns dnevnim cijenama
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.15,0:10:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nekih lijekova za rak,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.26,0:10:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,koji mogu spasiti pacijentov život samo\Nza nekoliko mjeseci ili možda godinu,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.92,0:10:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dok bi antibiotici, potencijalno,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.68,0:10:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spasili pacijentov život zauvijek.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.50,0:10:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tako da će ovo uključivati
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.82,0:10:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potpuno novi preokret u pristupu,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.73,0:11:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to je, također, zastrašujuć preokret jer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.64,0:11:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,u mnogim djelovima ove zemlje,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.97,0:11:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,u mnogim djelovima svijeta,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.71,0:11:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ideja plaćanja 200 dolara
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.78,0:11:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,za dan liječenja antibioticima
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.67,0:11:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,je jednostavno nezamisliva.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.21,0:11:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trebamo razmisliti o tome.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.95,0:11:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Postoje opcije zaštitne mreže,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.76,0:11:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,odnosno, druge alternativne tehnologije
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.44,0:11:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,na kojima ljudi rade.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.63,0:11:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One uključuju bakteriofage, probiotike,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.28,0:11:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,međustanična komunikacija, sinbiotici.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.33,0:11:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sve su to korisni putevi \Nkoje treba istražiti
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.37,0:11:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i postati će još unosniji
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.98,0:11:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kada cijena novih antibiotika počne rasti,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.06,0:11:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a vidjeli smo da tržište odgovara,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.96,0:11:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i vlada sada razmatra
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.96,0:11:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,načine poticanja razvoja novih antibiotika.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.73,0:11:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ali tu postoje izazovi.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.46,0:11:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ne želimo samo bacati novac.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.03,0:11:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Želimo biti u mogućnosti
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.55,0:11:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uložiti u novi antibiotik
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.83,0:11:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,na načine da zapravo ohrabrimo
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.80,0:11:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,umjesnu upotrebu i prodaju tih antibiotika,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.82,0:11:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a upravo je to izazov.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.29,0:12:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vraćajući se na te tehnologije,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.62,0:12:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,svi ćete se prisjetiti rečenice\Niz onog poznatog
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.98,0:12:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filma o dinosaurima: "Priroda će pronaći put."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.20,0:12:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tako da ovo nisu trajna rješenja.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.52,0:12:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stvarno to moramo zapamtiti,\Nkakva god tehnologija bila,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.61,0:12:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,priroda će naći način kako ju izbjeći.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.49,0:12:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mogli bi pomisliti da je ovo problem
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.56,0:12:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,samo sa antibioticima i bakterijama,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.30,0:12:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ali ispostavilo se da imamo točno isti,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.25,0:12:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,identični problem i \Nu mnogim drugim područjima,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.98,0:12:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,s tuberkulozom otpornom na više lijekova,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.93,0:12:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,što je ozbiljan problem \Nu Indiji i Južnoj Africi.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.50,0:12:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tisuće pacijenata umire jer
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.28,0:12:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,su zamjenski lijekovi toliko skupi,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.12,0:12:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a, u nekim slučajevima, ni oni ne djeluju
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.34,0:12:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i imate ekstremno otpornu tuberkulozu.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.41,0:12:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Virusi postaju rezistentni.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.22,0:12:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poljoprivredni štetnici. Paraziti malarije.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.39,0:12:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trenutno, veliki dio svijeta ovisi o
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.17,0:12:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jednom lijeku, artemisininima,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.87,0:12:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,za liječenje malarije.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.83,0:12:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otpornost na artemisinin se već pojavila
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.41,0:12:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i ako ona postane široko rasprostranjena,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.77,0:12:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,riskiramo
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.12,0:13:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jedini lijek koji imamo za liječenje\Nmalarije širom svijeta
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.01,0:13:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,na siguran i efikasan način.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.22,0:13:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Komarci razvijaju otpornost.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.02,0:13:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ako imate djecu, vjerojatno znate za uši,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.26,0:13:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a ako ste iz New Yorka,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.97,0:13:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,znam da su tamo specijalnost stjenice.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.70,0:13:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One su također rezistentne.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.96,0:13:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moramo proučiti i primjer preko bare.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.84,0:13:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ispada da su i štakori otporni na otrove.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.19,0:13:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ono što je zajedničko \Nsvim ovim stvarima je
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.89,0:13:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,da smo imali ove tehnologije
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.60,0:13:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,za kontrolu prirode samo za \Nproteklih 70, 80 ili 100 godina
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.22,0:13:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i u trenutku
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.25,0:13:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smo potratili našu mogućnost kontrole,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.80,0:13:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jer nismo prepoznali da će
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.29,0:13:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prirodna selekcija i evolucija pronaći
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.10,0:13:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,način da se osveti,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.27,0:13:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i moramo potpuno promisliti
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.32,0:13:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kako ćemo koristiti
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.67,0:13:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mjere za kontrolu bioloških organizama,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.76,0:13:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i promisliti kako ćemo poticati
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.22,0:13:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,razvoj, uvođenje,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.45,0:13:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,u slučaju propisivanja antibiotika
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.12,0:14:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i korištenje vrijednih resursa.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.89,0:14:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I sada stvarno trebamo\Npočeti razmišljati o njima
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.27,0:14:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kao o prirodnim resursima.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.23,0:14:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tako stojimo na raskrižju.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.54,0:14:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Opcija je proći kroz ta razmišljanja
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.86,0:14:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i pažljivo razmotriti poticaje
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.95,0:14:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kako bi promijenili način poslovanja.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.27,0:14:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alternativa je
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.49,0:14:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,svijet u kojem je čak i vlat trave
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.39,0:14:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potencijalno smrtonosno oružje.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.00,0:14:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hvala.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.40,0:14:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Pljesak)