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(Portuguese): The lovely and hospitable capital

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of the state of Minas Gerais.

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Good afternoon,

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I won't speak in Portuguese because

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I don't speak Portuguese.

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And I don't want to invent
the first talk in Portuñol.

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So I'm going to speak English.

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I come from Mexico.

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So, thirty years ago,
I was born in Mexico City

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and as you may know,
Mexico is the country where corn,

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maize, was born centuries ago.

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We call it the land of corn.

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And actually, corn is very important
in our culture,

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but not just in our culture,

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but mainly in our gastronomy.

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And maybe some of you have been going to

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Mexican restaurants, eating tacos, maybe.

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Maybe burritos, although burritos

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are not really Mexican, sorry.

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But they mostly use what we have here,

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which are tortillas.

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These tortillas are made out of corn,
and in Mexico,

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corn consumption is quite big.

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As you can see there,
from the statistics from the FAO,

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per person, per year, a Mexican

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eats around 120 kg of corn.

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So, it's not just important
in terms of the culture,

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but is very important
in terms of nutrition.

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So, by knowing that,
when I was 15 years old

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I started having dreams,
and my dream at that stage was

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to help creating an enhancement,

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a nutritious enhancement in corn.

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So, my fellow citizens,
Mexicans that eat a lot of tortillas

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every day, like bread,
will have a better nutrition, ok?

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That was my dream when I was 15.

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And I suppose people like me
when I was 15

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and you have a dream like that,
the first thing you start to do

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is to decide to study science,
engineering,

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so that's what I did.

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So step by step I started
studying biochemical engineering,

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graduated, and quite fast,
at the age of 23,

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I was already working
as a research associate

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at the University of Canterbury

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in the Biological Science Department.

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I quickly started to participate in projects

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related to research
on biotechnology, which made sense,

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if I come back to my previous dream.

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So, I don't know, if you think
a lot about inflexions in life,

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those moments that suddenly
change the direction,

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the current trend of your life,
and transforming

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all deviating into a new one.

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To me, this happened in 2005.

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In 2005 I had the opportunity
to go to the Solomon Islands.

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I don’t know if many of you
know the Solomon Islands.

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Well, the Solomon Islands
is actually a country,

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that is situated in the Pacific.

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It is part of the Pacific Islands.

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So, this is a picture
that I took from the plane,

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this is what it looks like.

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It is a very interesting place
with the highest concentration

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of ethnicities and languages in the world.

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And despite of all of that
we don’t know it too much.

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We actually know more
about the Solomon Islands

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because this was the place
where lots of the navel battles

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during the Second World War happened

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and lots of divers go, for example,

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but not many other people.

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So, I was actually invited there
by a conservation biologist

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from the Solomon’s
called Patrick Pikacha.

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He brought me to an island
that is called Choiseul Island,

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which it is in the Solomon Islands
but it is next to the border

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with Papua New Guinea,
and this is how it looks.

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Very beautiful
and it will probably look like

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some other places here also in Brazil.


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So, we went there
because Patrick was doing some work,

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trying to monitor a native species,

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in particular he likes to study frogs.

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So, I don’t know why,
but scientists like him,

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biologists, like to work
at night, maybe because frogs

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usually go out at night

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like some people here
also in Brazil, and Latin America.

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Well, just like frogs, we had to go
outside at night,

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with Patrick, and we were looking
for these frogs

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and just after 30 seconds
of getting out of the field station,

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I realized that this was
not my environment, completely.

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I was completely blind.
Imagine this dark to me,

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I was completely like a blind man.

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I already wear glasses.
Imagine me in here.

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Because I am very used to cities,
for example,

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but not really this kind of environment.

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It was even more interesting,
my experience,

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when I started to see that Patrick
was using his lantern on the river,

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starting to spot some
of the different frogs.

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For me, it was completely invisible.

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But the most interesting thing here,
is that the boy,

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the teenager that was leading
the expedition,

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he was actually spotting
the place where organisms

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were going to appear,
even before the expert,

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even before Patrick.

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And at that moment I started to realize

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that something interesting was happening,

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and I started to look on
how this non-expert, this teenager,

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had a different sight, definitely,
compared to mine,

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but also different from
the real expert, from Patrick.

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But the Solomon Islands
do not only have a forest,

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they also have cities.

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And in the city of Honiara,
which is the capital,

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we and some colleagues
from the University of Canterbury,

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like professor Jack Hyneman,
my friend and colleague

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from the Solomon Islands Paul Roughan,

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started to organize some

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capacity building initiatives
to discuss biotechnology

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in the Solomon Islands
and discuss biology in general.

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The person you see here is Naneth Tutua.

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She is a business woman
from the Solomon Islands.

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What she is [holding] there
is a DNA extraction

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from a papaya.

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She was able to visualize DNA.

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So how did this happen?

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Because Solomon Islands is considered

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one of the least developed places
in the world.

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So, there are no real laboratories
for molecular biology there.

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But what we had to do is to improvise.

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To do a different kind
of experiment in order to extract DNA

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and so, Ms. Naneth
could see what DNA looks like,

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and by looking at this,
she was able to demystify DNA.

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And DNA was just not something

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that is abstract
and she cannot understand,

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this time she was able to see it,
understand it,

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and when someone wants
to talk about biotechnology,

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she has somehow,
some confidence to talk about this.

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She seems quite proud
of doing her extraction.

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And naturally, DNA extractions,
I don’t know if you know,

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but are quite easy to do.

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You just need salt,
detergent and alcohol.

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So I started to use
these three ingredients,

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put it in my bag
and started to travel around,

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doing exactly what we did
in the Solomon’s,

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repeating the experience, bringing

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the demystification of DNA.

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This happens in different places
of the world

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but definitely my
most important experience

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was when last November,
a DNA extraction was featured

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in a Chilean soap opera
called Decibel 110.

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A low cost kitchen DNA extraction

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was part of this meet-up
between Francisco

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and his prohibited love, Cindy.

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We didn’t stop at the DNA extraction,
we suddenly started to play also

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with instruments of molecular biology.

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Here you have some pictures of workshops

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that we’ve performed
in Philippines, where we actually

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started to develop basic
molecular lab equipment,

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as you can see there,
it looks quite basic,

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but it's actually
some of the equipment

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that is mostly used in laboratories.

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So, once I started to build up
this kind of motion

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and instrument and trying to work out

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with these local's technology,
and the demystification

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and with all those travels,

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I suddenly found myself in West Africa.

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And West Africa was also
an inflexion point for me.

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The reason for that,
is that in West Africa

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I found for the first time
a hub of people

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that were thinking a bit like me.

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That were asking questions
about the experts,

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that were asking questions
about technology.

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What kind of technology?
For whom?

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They were asking questions about

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what Africa can bring to the world.

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The interesting thing here,
is that they were

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mainly social scientists,
but also farmers,

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and artists, talking about this.

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So we decided to stay more,
and I’ve been going

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to West Africa every year since 2007.

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And the basic question of it,
is based on this picture.

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As you can see we have a plane.

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A plane represents technology, I think,

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and as we can agree,
planes have changed

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the way we move,
the way we communicate,

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but also the way diseases are transmitted

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and also passed.

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But what is important here
is not just to look at the technology,

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but to look at the context surrounding it.

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And maybe for some of you
this will look quite nice.

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For me, it allows me to make
the questions about

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what is the context about.

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What this technology
can offer to the context?

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Does this technology fit into the context?

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And those were the questions used

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as a base for our documentary:

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(Music)

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(Video) Man (French): If science say so,
it counts as "the gospel".

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Science is made by man.

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Science must be made by man

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for man.

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Woman: Why do we do research?

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Who does the research?

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For what purpose?

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Man: And the specialists hide

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in their offices, in their sects,

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to decide for everybody.

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Man: To create an agricultural policy,

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without the farmers

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it means that we are not discussing
agriculture.

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Man: The farmer needs to consider himself
as a researcher

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as someone who works in a laboratory.

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Woman: It is not enough to research
inside a laboratory.

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Man: Today, we will extract DNA
from plants.

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Woman: Is not enough to do research
inside an institution.

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Man: We will use some salt,

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some detergent,

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we have alcohol and test tubes.

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We are able to extract DNA.
We saw it.

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I saw the DNA,
our friends saw the DNA.

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Without any electron
or optical microscope.

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Woman: We have to deinstitutionalize
the research!

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Camilo Rodriguez-Beltran: So,
this is just a fragment of the documentary

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“Autrement” (“Differently”),
that we did in West Africa,

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and, as you can see,
it just raises questions

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about technology, science,
but based on the context in West Africa.

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And as you can see there is
an empowerment of it.

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There is a message that Africans
want to say

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about what they can offer.

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So, after building kind of a boat,

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with instruments and methods,
we started to use them

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in different parts of the globe,

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then I decided also to observe. 


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And this comes from
a so called expert that is known

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now to talk about the non-experts.

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Usually the non-experts
are kind of invisible

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in this generation of knowledge.

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Mostly, non experts are consumers or users

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of knowledge, of technology, of science.

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We have had several
technological revolutions

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starting with Information Technology,

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starting also in agriculture,
lots of technical revolutions.

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But most of the people in the world,
and I'm talking here also of countries,

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have been mostly consumers and users.

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This is a list of the technologies

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that Peter Diamandis,
from Singularity University,

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00:13:48,398 --> 00:13:51,208
proposed at the last TED.

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This list, which is quite interesting,

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he proposes are the technologies
that will change

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and that are already changing the future.

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And among these technologies,

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he also talks about the crowd,
and the power of the crowd.

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He actually introduced the term
cyber citizens,

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which are normal citizens,
people like us,

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that participate via online,
and in his example,

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it was in a game of folding proteins.

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Not only for the pleasure
of playing a game

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but actually to solve medical problems.

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And this is where we are now,
in a world where

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the non experts are not just
consumers and users,

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but they are transforming
themselves into contributors.

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We heard today,
this morning, a very good example of it

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happening here, in the Amazon.

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But some of these are also
what we call the Crowd-X,

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or crowdsourcing, or crowdfunding.

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A very good example is Wikipedia.

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Wikipedia is a contribution
of the non-experts.

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And we have lots of examples like that.

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The citizen science, the bio-hackers,

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this is happening right now.

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The Who is changing.

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The non-experts are contributing right now.

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However, I am here to propose

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something more radical,
than just being contributors.

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I want also to raise questions
regarding the What.

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What kind of technology?

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Is that the only list of technologies
that will shape the future?

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I don’t think so.

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I don’t think there is only
one way to see

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how we're going to develop
ourselves into the future.

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I actually think that we need more
and we have more.

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We need knowledge that starts to develop

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from the context, context-based.

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We heard some examples from West Africa

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and the Solomon's.

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Those are different contexts
and they can develop

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new ways to see generation of knowledge.

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We probably need to unlabel,

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not to say: science is just this,

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and if you start to bring some
art into this,

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then it's not science,
you can't talk about that.

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Maybe we have to start unlabeling things.

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For example, in our documentary,

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we talk about science and development

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but we use contemporary African dance
to talk about that, why?

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Because if you talk
about contemporary dance in Africa,

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things make sense.

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If you don’t use the culture,
things do not make sense.

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It is important to work out
in the demystification,

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in the democratization, decentralization.

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I think we can have very good examples
for research

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coming from these places.

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Solomon Islands,
this tiny archipelago, could become,

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for example, the best observatory,

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monitoring of global changes in the world.

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And these could be
the new research centers

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happening around the world,

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maybe these are the new contributors.

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I actually believe that we have passed

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from the technological revolution to,
right now,

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in a crowd revolution,
but we need something else.

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We need a humble revolution.
We need humbleness.

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We need to reduce our ego.

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Those who consider themselves specialists,
or experts,

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we need to reduce the ego.

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Once we reduce the ego,
we are able to identify

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the potential among our peers,

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among those that we call the non-experts.

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And, by doing that,
we will be able to start new directions.

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New directions for science, for technology,

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you can call it the way you want.


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I will just finish with this slide,

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which to me represents empowerment,

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because I am here,
standing in front of you,

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and that dream that I had
when I was 15 years old,

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I want you to remember,
that dream has changed.

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That dream has actually expanded.

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I don’t want to build,
with a bunch of experts,

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a technological tool to help
the population of my country.

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I want to create something new.

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I want to expand my horizon,
and this is all.

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Thank you very much.

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(Applause)