[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.01,0:00:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a child growing up in Maine,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.17,0:00:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of my favorite things to do
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.19,0:00:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to look for sand dollars\Non the seashores of Maine,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.24,0:00:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because my parents told me\Nit would bring me luck.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.97,0:00:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you know, these shells,\Nthey're hard to find.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.67,0:00:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're covered in sand,\Nthey're difficult to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.73,0:00:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, over time,\NI got used to looking for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.20,0:00:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started seeing shapes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.82,0:00:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and patterns that helped me\Nto collect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.86,0:00:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This grew into a passion\Nfor finding things,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.18,0:00:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a love for the past and archaeology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.54,0:00:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually, when I started\Nstudying Egyptology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.88,0:00:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I realized that seeing\Nwith my naked eyes alone wasn't enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.29,0:00:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because all of the sudden, in Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.16,0:00:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my beach had grown\Nfrom a tiny beach in Maine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.78,0:00:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to one eight hundred miles long,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.89,0:00:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,next to the Nile.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.47,0:00:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my sand dollars had grown\Nto the size of cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.25,0:00:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is really what brought me\Nto using satellite imagery.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.40,0:01:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For trying to map the past,\NI knew that I had to see differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.88,0:01:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I want to show you an example\Nof how we see differently
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.26,0:01:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the infrared.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.90,0:01:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a site located\Nin the eastern Egyptian delta
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.88,0:01:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Mendes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.10,0:01:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the site visibly appears brown,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.10,0:01:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when we use the infrared
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.33,0:01:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we process it, all of the sudden,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using false color,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.54,0:01:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the site appears as bright pink.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.66,0:01:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you are seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.10,0:01:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the actual chemical changes\Nto the landscape
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.42,0:01:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused by the building\Nmaterials and activities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.94,0:01:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the ancient Egyptians.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.38,0:01:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I want to share with you today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.52,0:01:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how we've used satellite data
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.34,0:01:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find an ancient Egyptian city,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.82,0:01:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Itjtawy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.47,0:01:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,missing for thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.70,0:01:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Itjtawy was ancient Egypt's capital
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.80,0:01:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for over four hundred years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.35,0:01:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a period of time\Ncalled the Middle Kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.69,0:01:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about four thousand years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.62,0:01:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The site is located\Nin the Faiyum of Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.55,0:01:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the site is really important,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.18,0:02:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in the Middle Kingdom\Nthere was this great renaissance
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.20,0:02:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for ancient Egyptian art,\Narchitecture and religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.78,0:02:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egyptologists have always known\Nthe site of Itjtawy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.56,0:02:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was located somewhere near the pyramids\Nof the two kings who built it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.02,0:02:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicated within the red circles here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.55,0:02:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but somewhere within\Nthis massive flood plain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.87,0:02:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This area is huge --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.18,0:02:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's four miles by three miles in size.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.30,0:02:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nile used to flow\Nright next to the city of Itjtawy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.17,0:02:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as it shifted and changed\Nand moved over time to the east,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.61,0:02:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it covered over the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.47,0:02:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how do you find a buried city
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.33,0:02:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a vast landscape?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.47,0:02:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finding it randomly\Nwould be the equivalent
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.96,0:02:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of locating a needle in a haystack,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.68,0:02:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blindfolded, wearing baseball mitts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.55,0:02:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.81,0:02:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did is\Nwe used NASA topography data
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.09,0:02:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to map out the landscape,\Nvery subtle changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.22,0:02:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started to be able to see\Nwhere the Nile used to flow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.93,0:02:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can see in more detail,\Nand even more interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.74,0:02:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this very slight raised area
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.81,0:02:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seen within the circle up here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.27,0:03:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we thought could possibly be\Nthe location of the city of Itjtawy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.23,0:03:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we collaborated\Nwith Egyptian scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.27,0:03:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do coring work, which you see here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.42,0:03:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I say coring, it's like ice coring,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.61,0:03:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead of layers of climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.57,0:03:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're looking for layers\Nof human occupation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.93,0:03:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, five meters down,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.69,0:03:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,underneath a thick layer of mud,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.84,0:03:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found a dense layer of pottery.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.29,0:03:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this shows is that\Nat this possible location of Itjtawy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.19,0:03:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five meters down,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.45,0:03:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a layer of occupation\Nfor several hundred years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.30,0:03:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dating to the Middle Kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.72,0:03:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dating to the exact period of time\Nwe think Itjtawy is.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.13,0:03:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also found work stone --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.74,0:03:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carnelian, quartz and agate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.90,0:03:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shows that there was\Na jeweler's workshop here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.36,0:03:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These might not look like much,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.87,0:03:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when you think\Nabout the most common stones
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.54,0:03:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used in jewelry from the Middle Kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.93,0:03:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are the stones that were used.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.74,0:03:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we have a dense layer of occupation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.95,0:03:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dating to the Middle Kingdom at this site.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.98,0:03:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also have evidence\Nof an elite jeweler's workshop,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.80,0:04:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing that whatever was there\Nwas a very important city.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.55,0:04:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No Itjtawy was here yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.50,0:04:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're going to be\Nreturning to the site
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.52,0:04:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the near future to map it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.60,0:04:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even more importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.28,0:04:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have funding to train young Egyptians\Nin the use of satellite technology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.82,0:04:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they can be the ones\Nmaking great discoveries as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.52,0:04:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I wanted to end with my favorite quote\Nfrom the Middle Kingdom --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.39,0:04:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was probably written\Nat the city of Itjtawy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.95,0:04:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four thousand years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.42,0:04:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Sharing knowledge\Nis the greatest of all callings.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.92,0:04:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing like it in the land."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.70,0:04:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as it turns out,\NTED was not founded in 1984 AD.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.21,0:04:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.11,0:04:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Making ideas actually started in 1984 BC
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.89,0:04:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a not-lost-for-long city,\Nfound from above.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.16,0:04:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It certainly puts finding seashells\Nby the seashore in perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.02,0:04:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.20,0:04:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.65,0:04:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.83,0:04:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)