0:00:04.074,0:00:08.012 Now we're moving on to books nine through[br]twelve of The Odyssey. 0:00:08.012,0:00:12.099 Some of the best parts of The Odyssey[br]exist in this arc of the story. 0:00:13.197,0:00:18.003 A lot of the things that you'll remember[br]about the cyclops, the sirens, all these 0:00:18.003,0:00:21.098 famous episodes get stuck into Odysseus[br]recounting his own tales. 0:00:22.195,0:00:26.849 Recall what's happened, we've been on this[br]island of Scheria for some books so 0:00:26.849,0:00:30.036 Odysseus has slowly carefully pieced[br]himself together. 0:00:30.227,0:00:34.054 He's got his strength back.[br]He's figured out a way to work himself 0:00:34.054,0:00:38.031 back into human society but his identity[br]is still a riddle. 0:00:38.031,0:00:41.096 His host don't know who he is.[br]And only after they've given him 0:00:41.096,0:00:46.075 overwhelming hospitality do they even[br]bother, or, they, do they even presume to 0:00:46.075,0:00:49.055 ask his name.[br]And now starting off in book nine, 0:00:49.056,0:00:53.080 Odysseus is going to start to fill in what[br]that ident, identity's all about. 0:00:53.080,0:00:58.094 Remember at the close of eight, the direct[br]question for him that came from the king, 0:00:58.094,0:01:00.091 Alcinous.[br]Now, tell us who you are? 0:01:00.091,0:01:06.005 And in trying to figure out that question[br]of identity there were several points 0:01:06.005,0:01:10.035 that, Alcinous made salient.[br]Your name, your lineage and where are you 0:01:10.035,0:01:13.090 from?[br]What is your name or your parents and what 0:01:13.090,0:01:17.070 place are you from?[br]Odysseus goes ahead and answers those 0:01:17.070,0:01:22.350 right at the beginning above nine sets out[br]his own identity straight forwardly for 0:01:22.350,0:01:26.097 his audience.[br]But then he carries on to fill up the last 0:01:26.097,0:01:31.045 piece, this is going to be his past.[br]What great things have you done? 0:01:31.045,0:01:36.043 Oh yes, yes, we need to know those, in[br]order to figure out who it is that you 0:01:36.043,0:01:39.068 are.[br]So a great Greek heroes identity is gonna 0:01:39.068,0:01:44.053 be, yes, name, lineage, whether from, and[br]also, a grand and glorious set of 0:01:44.053,0:01:49.071 adventures in their past, what they've[br]done magnificent things that they've 0:01:49.071,0:01:53.043 engage in.[br]Odysseus now when he identified himself is 0:01:53.043,0:01:56.081 also taking over the role of the bard in[br]the story. 0:01:57.167,0:01:59.616 He's going to become the singer of the[br]tale. 0:01:59.783,0:02:05.165 It's like Homer hands things over to him[br]and says go ahead Odysseus now you can to 0:02:05.165,0:02:09.340 have the reins for a while.[br]And then here's Odysseus basically in you 0:02:09.340,0:02:14.441 know, perfect dactylic hexameter just like[br]a real poet, performing for us his own 0:02:14.441,0:02:17.734 identity.[br]He gets to take over the story now form 0:02:17.734,0:02:20.841 nine through twelve with a short breather[br]in book eleven. 0:02:20.843,0:02:26.259 Now in the parts that we're going to turn[br]to in the coming books keep an eye on 0:02:26.259,0:02:31.163 this, certain overall structure.[br]They're are a lot of episodes that come 0:02:31.163,0:02:36.480 fast and furious, and lots of details,[br]lots of adventure to come up, but there is 0:02:36.480,0:02:41.969 a way that you can organize your reading[br]of it such that you can allocate interest 0:02:42.161,0:02:45.006 to what the episodes that are most[br]important. 0:02:45.190,0:02:50.750 They tend to come in threes in book nine,[br]we have a group of three, the adventure 0:02:50.750,0:02:55.084 with the Ciconians, then the Lotus Eaters,[br]then the Cyclops. 0:02:55.084,0:03:00.300 In book ten, we have another three,[br]Ilyste, the Lystrigonians and Cerces, then 0:03:00.300,0:03:03.772 in book eleven a long journey into the[br]underworld. 0:03:03.772,0:03:08.136 And book twelve another group of three.[br]The Sirens, Scylla, and Charybdis, and the 0:03:08.136,0:03:11.575 cattle of the son.[br]You can see our friends the sirens here. 0:03:11.575,0:03:14.482 Careful.[br]Watch out if you start to hear their song. 0:03:14.482,0:03:18.908 It's going to entice you in.[br]So we have in each of these groupings, two 0:03:18.908,0:03:23.322 short ones and a long one, that first[br]group of three in book nine, the Caconians 0:03:23.322,0:03:29.038 and the Lotaseaters are both actually very[br]short then the Cyclops is much longer and 0:03:29.038,0:03:32.903 takes up nearly half the book.[br]In group two we have Ealis the 0:03:32.903,0:03:36.977 Lystergonians, those are the two short[br]episodes, and then Zyrosy, which is the 0:03:36.977,0:03:40.509 much longer episode, the more substantial[br]episode in book ten. 0:03:40.509,0:03:45.496 Book eleven, longer digression in the[br]underworld, same cavings takes over again 0:03:45.496,0:03:49.846 in book twelve, short, short, long Siren,[br]Sillan and Karyptos, and the cattle of the 0:03:49.846,0:03:52.036 sun.[br]Watch for several important themes. 0:03:52.036,0:03:56.397 I'm just going to point out to a couple,[br]there are more that you're going to 0:03:56.397,0:04:00.588 identify yourself in your own reading look[br]for the idea of temptation. 0:04:00.588,0:04:05.039 There are pleasures awaiting you, but[br]those pleasures sometimes have a price 0:04:05.039,0:04:08.059 associated with them.[br]Also, curiosity goes together with 0:04:08.059,0:04:12.606 temptation to be tempted to grab something[br]also is married in this set of stories 0:04:12.606,0:04:15.082 with the idea of curiosity and gaining[br]knowledge. 0:04:15.082,0:04:20.067 Odysseus push and drive is always a sense[br]of my goodness, what is that over there? 0:04:20.067,0:04:25.003 It could be something amazing, and I've[br]got to spend some time trying to get to 0:04:25.003,0:04:27.082 know it.[br]Also, look out for Xanea, this idea of 0:04:27.082,0:04:33.010 treating a guest in a proper way shows up[br]in our stories, oftentimes in a perverted 0:04:33.010,0:04:37.054 sense, we get examples of how not do[br]Xanea, how not to treat your guest. 0:04:37.054,0:04:42.087 Watch out for food crimes of all kinds.[br]There are things floating around in these 0:04:42.087,0:04:48.002 stories, that are being treated like their[br]food, but really shouldn't be eaten and 0:04:48.021,0:04:51.096 when you see those keep an eye out keep an[br]eye out for them. 0:04:51.096,0:04:56.091 Lots of shape shifting going to be going[br]on, humans are going to be taking the 0:04:56.091,0:05:01.493 shapes of animals and strange creatures[br]are going to show up that are kind of 0:05:01.493,0:05:05.029 human but not quite.[br]Now, throughout this journey Odysseus is 0:05:05.029,0:05:10.066 constantly trying to find out new things.[br]Most of what happens in his exploration is 0:05:10.066,0:05:14.000 actually specifically keyed as a search[br]for knowledge. 0:05:14.000,0:05:19.012 He gets down to the underworld oh sorry,[br]he gets, when he gets over to Searcy, its, 0:05:19.012,0:05:24.019 its clue, he's, he's clued into the idea[br]that says that actually what you should be 0:05:24.019,0:05:28.731 doing is finding out an important secret.[br]There's a reason why all these terrible 0:05:28.731,0:05:34.358 things are happening to you while these[br]wonderful adventures, that you're having 0:05:34.358,0:05:38.282 and explorations that you're having, are[br]being forced upon you because of 0:05:38.282,0:05:41.069 something.[br]Go to the Underworld to find out. 0:05:41.069,0:05:46.044 There's a specific search for knowledge,[br]that's anchored from Circe forward. 0:05:46.062,0:05:51.558 But really all of the episodes have built[br]into them this kind of temptation toward 0:05:51.762,0:05:55.034 some unknown thing curiosity pulling the[br]way. 0:05:55.052,0:06:00.318 Not least behind us we see are sirens.[br]They have this amazing, marvelous song 0:06:00.318,0:06:04.621 that's going to bring Odysseus to new[br]depths of understanding as we'll see. 0:06:04.782,0:06:09.652 In order to get yourself a fuller sense of[br]what these episodes are all about take 0:06:09.652,0:06:14.706 some time to link them into your memory.[br]Get the groups of three straight. 0:06:14.860,0:06:20.300 There's going to be a quiz that pops up on[br]the next slide run through that quickly to 0:06:20.300,0:06:25.344 make sure you've got each of the episodes[br]straight in, in your own mind and then 0:06:25.344,0:06:27.795 we'll carry on with the rest of this[br]lecture. 0:06:27.795,0:06:32.058 During Odysseus's ventures the further out[br]we go the stranger things get. 0:06:32.254,0:06:37.694 Near the beginning we have some adventures[br]that seemed pretty much like standard hero 0:06:37.694,0:06:40.484 stuff.[br]He lands on the, the shores meets the 0:06:40.484,0:06:43.254 Kikonians.[br]They clobbered them, grabbed their 0:06:43.254,0:06:47.161 treasure and leave standard kind of a hero[br]pillaging behavior. 0:06:47.161,0:06:51.304 Then we get to Lotus eaters, they seem[br]roughly like normal people, we can 0:06:51.304,0:06:56.570 converse with them there's some social[br]interactions back and forth but they do 0:06:56.570,0:07:01.581 have the strange fixation on a certain[br]kind of food they like to eat the lowes 0:07:01.581,0:07:04.751 leaves.[br]Strange not sure what's so wonderful about 0:07:04.751,0:07:07.097 them.[br]They make them feel marvelous. 0:07:07.097,0:07:10.555 There must be some kind of pharmacological[br]effect. 0:07:10.555,0:07:15.540 Odysseus as man quite loved this.[br]And Odysseus realizes uh-uh, we've got to 0:07:15.540,0:07:20.461 go no sense in anchoring ourselves here.[br]For a hero you don't want to hang around 0:07:20.461,0:07:23.803 and relax.[br]You know, early retirement so you can play 0:07:23.803,0:07:27.006 golf is not the kind of thing a hero wants[br]to do. 0:07:27.183,0:07:31.080 Then we get to the cyclops.[br]With the cyclops, things get very strange. 0:07:31.080,0:07:36.027 We are definitely in the world of[br]strangeness when we arrive there. 0:07:36.187,0:07:40.751 The approach that Odysseus makes to the[br]cyclops is typical of a kind of approaches 0:07:40.751,0:07:44.843 we're going to see in these episodes.[br]The shore the, the ship will land on 0:07:44.843,0:07:49.081 shore, a party of men gets out.[br]They scout the horizon, look for places to 0:07:49.081,0:07:51.002 go.[br]See signs of life. 0:07:51.002,0:07:56.147 There might be smoke off in the off in the[br]far reaches, there might be a spring that 0:07:56.147,0:08:00.010 they want to go to, a food source[br]somewhere and they start to explore. 0:08:00.010,0:08:03.074 When they do, they make their way up a[br]path, maybe up a hillside. 0:08:03.074,0:08:06.052 A rocky place, a wooded place.[br]And they get to. 0:08:06.052,0:08:09.081 Something that's wondrous, and something[br]that's marvelous. 0:08:09.081,0:08:14.130 In this case, something that's[br]marvelously, marvelously strange and 0:08:14.130,0:08:19.017 frightening.[br]They arrive at the area of the Cyclops. 0:08:19.221,0:08:25.615 Looking around to see what they might find[br]and what they mostly find on their way in 0:08:25.615,0:08:32.207 to this strange clumping of, of, of[br]animals, a clumping of creatures is that 0:08:32.207,0:08:35.462 there's a lot of things that they're just[br]missing. 0:08:35.462,0:08:38.837 They're not quite like you and I, these[br]Cyclopses. 0:08:38.837,0:08:43.506 They're lacking cultivation.[br]They're, they don't know anything about 0:08:43.506,0:08:46.849 farming.[br]So they don't have the tools and resources 0:08:46.849,0:08:51.219 to subsist on a grain-based diet.[br]They don't have that settled farming 0:08:51.397,0:08:55.104 technology.[br]They don't have then also the kind of 0:08:55.104,0:08:58.534 supplement in their diet that grain would[br]give them. 0:08:58.534,0:09:03.417 A stable bread that they might have to,[br]to, to eat and to provide them with 0:09:03.417,0:09:06.234 nutrition.[br]They're going to have to get their 0:09:06.234,0:09:08.698 nutrition from somewhere else.[br]Watch out. 0:09:08.883,0:09:13.032 They don't have councils.[br]The Cyclopses don't get together to solve 0:09:13.032,0:09:17.078 problems, they don't work together to get[br]things done, they don't form alliances. 0:09:17.078,0:09:21.097 They also don't have homes, they just live[br]in these caves, completely rustic. 0:09:22.014,0:09:26.182 They're lacking each marker of[br]civilization most prominent among these or 0:09:26.182,0:09:30.504 at least something that we could really[br]remark on, is the fact that they don't 0:09:30.504,0:09:34.026 have ships.[br]These Cyclopses don't know how to build 0:09:34.026,0:09:38.655 ships, and since they don't, they're not[br]going to have contact with the outside 0:09:38.655,0:09:43.383 world, they're not going to meet lots of[br]people that are different from them which 0:09:43.383,0:09:48.238 for us, great Greek heroes that we are the[br]traders across the Mediterranean sea. 0:09:48.395,0:09:50.817 This is a sign of great lack of[br]civilization. 0:09:50.817,0:09:55.268 Not to be in contact with, network with,[br]people that are not like you. 0:09:55.268,0:09:59.354 That's very strange, that the Cyclopses[br]don't have that. 0:09:59.354,0:10:05.117 In their in their cultural purview, they[br]also lack and this importantly comes out 0:10:05.117,0:10:08.820 with Polyphemus, they entirely lack the[br]idea of Xenia. 0:10:08.820,0:10:13.762 Remember our statement about hospitality[br]and how important it is we see it coursing 0:10:13.762,0:10:18.729 through really most of the books of the[br]Odyssey it surely shows up in a negative 0:10:18.729,0:10:23.076 way in these episodes we see people not[br]performing the proper kind of Xenia or 0:10:23.076,0:10:26.070 hospitality.[br]The Cyclopses are really most prominent 0:10:26.070,0:10:30.021 example of this.[br]They don't understand the basic guest host 0:10:30.021,0:10:33.048 relationship.[br]Cyclops, the Polyphemus doesn't realize 0:10:33.048,0:10:38.006 that he's supposed to be providing a gift[br]to the people that arrive in his house. 0:10:38.183,0:10:41.023 He doesn't know how to do it.[br]He, he's not generous. 0:10:41.023,0:10:45.087 He doesn't provide Odysseus and his men[br]with the kind of overwhelming hospitality 0:10:45.087,0:10:50.067 that a real good host is supposed to do.[br]You might think that Odysseus and his men 0:10:50.067,0:10:54.091 are a bit rude cuz they just keep you[br]know, rummaging around on their own, 0:10:54.091,0:10:59.008 looking for it and asking for it.[br]Right in the Cyclops' face they ask for a 0:10:59.008,0:11:03.091 gift that might seem a little bit forward[br]or a little bit presumptuousness but 0:11:03.091,0:11:08.075 actually Homer doesn't seem to bat an eye[br]about it and the reason that he doesn't is 0:11:08.075,0:11:13.208 because he thinks presumably that oh, this[br]is a great hero, of course, he should be 0:11:13.208,0:11:16.066 getting some gift giving, but of course he[br]gets none. 0:11:16.227,0:11:19.085 The gifts in the episode show up in[br]interesting ways. 0:11:19.257,0:11:24.091 Odysseus is repeatedly asking for one when[br]he arrives there, hey where's my gift, I'm 0:11:24.091,0:11:29.049 a guest in your house, where is my gift?[br]Cyclops doesn't provide it, then also 0:11:29.049,0:11:33.856 there's that wine that Odysseus brings[br]from this ship as their making their way 0:11:33.856,0:11:38.025 into the center of the island to look for[br]this civilization. 0:11:38.025,0:11:41.340 And they grab that and take that with[br]them. 0:11:41.340,0:11:46.534 Odysseus recalls it as a gift that he got[br]himself, a guest gift that he got himself 0:11:46.534,0:11:50.718 from a hero called Maron.[br]Odysseus had saved his family as heroes 0:11:50.718,0:11:55.052 might do sometimes Maron then gave him the[br]gift of the wine. 0:11:55.052,0:12:00.011 Odysseus is now going to use this.[br]Later on in the episode it becomes his 0:12:00.011,0:12:04.026 perverted gift to Cyclops.[br]He says, here, why don't you have some of 0:12:04.026,0:12:07.028 this wine?[br]What it's going to do is not make the 0:12:07.028,0:12:13.003 Cyclops enjoy wine, such as people do[br]under normal circumstances, is going to 0:12:13.003,0:12:19.021 utterly debilitate him so that Odysseus[br]and his mates can do some awful things and 0:12:19.021,0:12:25.031 poke out the one eye the poor cyclops has.[br]I keep saying poor cyclops, I'm not sure 0:12:25.031,0:12:29.003 why I feel sorry for him.[br]I do, a little bit anyway. 0:12:29.188,0:12:34.024 But so, they just drill this awful heated[br]opposed into the Cyclops's eye. 0:12:34.024,0:12:40.680 The thing is now blinded and utterly named[br]having failed to give gifts to Odysseys 0:12:40.680,0:12:46.785 men he gets the nasty one in return.[br]Now, the gift giving and the laws of Xenia 0:12:46.785,0:12:53.186 are consistently violently in the scene[br]were they violated at their worst, is when 0:12:53.186,0:12:58.581 the Cyclops decides not to serve food to[br]Odysseus's men but instead to use 0:12:58.581,0:13:03.499 Odysseus's men as his own food.[br]He grabs two of Odysseus's compatriots 0:13:03.499,0:13:07.823 right, when he sees them.[br]Smashes their head against the ground and 0:13:07.823,0:13:10.578 eats their brains.[br]This is very bad manners. 0:13:10.578,0:13:15.054 You're not supposed to do this kind of[br]thing, instead a good host is supposed to 0:13:15.054,0:13:20.025 feed his guest not feed on his guests.[br]The cyclops goes ahead and does that. 0:13:20.025,0:13:25.066 The worst perversion of all that one can[br]imagine for the rules of Xenia. 0:13:25.066,0:13:31.098 It's not only that the cyclops is ignoring[br]the rules of Xenia, it's that the cyclops 0:13:31.098,0:13:37.002 is actually perverting them.[br]Turning them inside out in awful, awful 0:13:37.002,0:13:40.033 ways.[br]This brings us to universal law number 0:13:40.033,0:13:44.545 three, universal law number three, pretty[br]much held true across all of human 0:13:44.545,0:13:46.805 society.[br]All my universal law are like that. 0:13:46.805,0:13:50.520 Universal law number three is, it's not[br]good to be food. 0:13:50.520,0:13:56.155 It is not good to be food.[br]Human beings do not like the idea of 0:13:56.155,0:14:03.028 becoming food for other creatures.[br]It is a source of revulsion to us. 0:14:03.028,0:14:09.023 It's so awful that it causes us to have an[br]awful kind of disgust response. 0:14:09.023,0:14:12.023 Ugh.[br]It's not just terrifying or frightening, 0:14:12.023,0:14:17.034 it's actually utterly disgusting.[br]The violence that's involved in killing 0:14:17.034,0:14:23.039 someone is here gone a further step as a[br]ripped up human being is now chewed on, 0:14:23.039,0:14:28.199 swallowed and metabolized.[br]The full annihilation that comes through 0:14:28.199,0:14:34.013 metabolism seems to be worth at the core[br]of just how awful it is to image a human 0:14:34.013,0:14:38.079 being becoming food.[br]Then there's also the problem that reminds 0:14:38.079,0:14:44.000 us that whatever living things that are[br]out there in the world survive. 0:14:44.000,0:14:47.016 It's true.[br]By eating other living things. 0:14:47.221,0:14:52.031 That's a sad thing about organic, the[br]organic world but is indeed nearly 0:14:52.031,0:14:57.038 universally true that living things[br]survive by eating other living things. 0:14:57.246,0:15:03.007 When you and I start to think of ourselves[br]as food we place ourselves in this very 0:15:03.007,0:15:08.042 broad spectrum of all of living things out[br]there who are part of a food chain. 0:15:08.224,0:15:13.091 I think that there's a part of us that[br]likes to think of ourselves as much more 0:15:13.091,0:15:17.096 special than that and not just as a member[br]in a food chain. 0:15:17.295,0:15:23.086 It makes us it's awful for us to think of[br]ourselves as belonging to that part of 0:15:24.007,0:15:28.045 what it is to be inside, of, to be a[br]living organism as well. 0:15:28.045,0:15:33.461 Now, to make his way out of this[br]particular problem, Odysseus has this 0:15:33.461,0:15:39.148 amazingly clever idea of debilitating the[br]Cyclops rather than killing him. 0:15:39.148,0:15:44.974 Killing the Cyclops they'd be stuck in the[br]cave in the cave so he debilitates and 0:15:44.974,0:15:49.234 this then gives Odysseus a means to get[br]out of the cave. 0:15:49.429,0:15:55.052 Straps himself to the bottom of the ram[br]and has his mates strapped to the bottom 0:15:55.052,0:16:01.591 of the other animals in the flock and they[br]escape out the open door underneath these 0:16:01.591,0:16:07.366 animals when Cyclops tries to check the[br]animals to make sure nothing funny's going 0:16:07.366,0:16:10.762 on about Odysseus and his men get through[br]and get out. 0:16:10.762,0:16:15.914 Not before Odysseus in a further sense of[br]cleverness introduces another of the 0:16:15.914,0:16:20.581 famous tricks in this episode when he is[br]tormenting the Cyclops. 0:16:20.796,0:16:25.264 The cyclops is asking his name.[br]Odysseus says my name is No Man. 0:16:25.264,0:16:32.071 Now this the Polyphemus being sure that[br]the person that is having all this doing 0:16:32.071,0:16:36.008 all this mischief in his own cave is[br]named, No Man. 0:16:36.008,0:16:41.631 When his neighbors come over to ask him[br]what's wrong, Polyphemus he says to his 0:16:41.631,0:16:47.031 fellows Cyclopses, "Well I'm, No Man is[br]harming me, No Man is harming me," at 0:16:47.031,0:16:49.616 which point.[br]The fellow's not to bright. 0:16:49.616,0:16:53.459 So yah, okay well one's harming you we'll[br]just go back to our business. 0:16:53.459,0:16:58.396 So they just depart and go away.[br]Odysseus then adopts this pure anonymity, 0:16:58.396,0:17:03.409 the name of no name.[br]He, in some ways loses his name in the 0:17:03.409,0:17:09.685 Cyclops episode not though quite well[br]enough in Marx's entrance into a certain 0:17:09.685,0:17:14.435 kind of anonymity, in a strange world[br]modern about Odysseus is on his way out, 0:17:14.435,0:17:19.862 like great heroes who can't stand the idea[br]that the Cyclops might go through the rest 0:17:19.862,0:17:23.005 of his life not knowing who it is that[br]beat him. 0:17:23.005,0:17:28.343 So as he and his men are escaping,[br]Odysseus shouts back, oh, and by the way 0:17:28.343,0:17:34.318 in case anyone wants to know, the one who[br]blinded you and beat you at this 0:17:34.318,0:17:38.537 competition is Odysseus.[br]Now, when he does that Odysseus can't help 0:17:38.537,0:17:44.396 but give his name so that his fame can[br]spread and his glory can spread for having 0:17:44.628,0:17:48.648 bested Polyphemus.[br]But what he does is give Polyphemus now a 0:17:48.648,0:17:54.461 means to draw down a curse on Odysseus.[br]Odysseus would have been completely at 0:17:54.461,0:17:58.197 anonymous.[br]Had he not told Polyphemus' name, shouting 0:17:58.197,0:18:03.583 out his name at the end gives him the[br]glory of having bested Polyphemus but it 0:18:03.583,0:18:08.348 now gives Polyphemus the means to call[br]down a terrible curse on Odysseus. 0:18:08.348,0:18:12.407 Without the name, Polyphemus would have[br]been powerless to do it. 0:18:12.582,0:18:16.806 The name gives him a way in, it's like his[br]address, his special identity. 0:18:16.806,0:18:21.865 Now that Polyphemus knows Odysseus's[br]identity, he can say to his father, who 0:18:21.865,0:18:25.569 just happened to be Poseidon.[br]Sorry Odysseus, bad mistake. 0:18:25.569,0:18:30.422 Just happens to be beside.[br]Dad, take care of that awful man Odysseus, 0:18:30.422,0:18:35.489 who took care of me.[br]And when he does that Polyphemus will 0:18:35.489,0:18:40.708 surely answer him and nasty things are[br]going to come Odysseus' way. 0:18:40.708,0:18:45.409 Now if we wanted to half step back and[br]tried to think about this episode as a 0:18:45.409,0:18:51.800 whole, Cyclops represents according to one[br]of the tools we've already seen in our 0:18:51.800,0:18:57.051 curse, a wonderful example of a kind of[br]social lesson on the importance of Zenia. 0:18:57.051,0:19:03.062 In the case of Polyphemus, this is the[br]kind of reading I've been developing for 0:19:03.062,0:19:09.049 you, in the case of Polyphemus, this[br]example of Xenia is actually a perverted 0:19:09.049,0:19:13.043 example.[br]He stands as a perfect negative example of 0:19:13.043,0:19:16.807 what not to do.[br]And with this story, all the Greeks that 0:19:16.807,0:19:23.070 are reading can sit back and listen to a[br]myth that underlines and underscores the 0:19:23.070,0:19:27.658 importance of proper guest treatment.[br]The importance of properly treating a 0:19:27.658,0:19:30.422 guest.[br]Without doing that, a person is running 0:19:30.422,0:19:35.468 the risk of being compared to one of these[br]awful criminals the cyclops himself. 0:19:35.653,0:19:41.098 So make sure that you uphold Xenia, you[br]Greeks, otherwise some people might start 0:19:41.098,0:19:46.418 thinking you're acting like a cyclops and,[br]boy, that would be a horrible thing for 0:19:46.418,0:19:48.029 people to think about you.