[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.80,0:00:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like you to come back with me for a moment
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.45,0:00:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.48,0:00:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically to June 24, 1833.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.92,0:00:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British Association for the Advancement of Science
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.98,0:00:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is holding its third meeting at the University of Cambridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.77,0:00:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the first night of the meeting,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.98,0:00:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a confrontation is about to take place
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.84,0:00:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will change science forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.45,0:00:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An elderly, white-haired man stands up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.43,0:00:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The members of the Association are shocked to realize
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.89,0:00:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.91,0:00:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who hadn't even left his house in years until that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.87,0:00:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're even more shocked by what he says.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.77,0:00:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You must stop calling yourselves natural philosophers."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.21,0:00:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coleridge felt that true philosophers like himself
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.25,0:00:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pondered the cosmos from their armchairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.30,0:00:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were not mucking around in the fossil pits
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.75,0:01:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or conducting messy experiments with electrical piles
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.12,0:01:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the members of the British Association.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.09,0:01:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The crowd grew angry and began to complain loudly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.68,0:01:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A young Cambridge scholar named William Whewell stood up
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.06,0:01:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quieted the audience.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.27,0:01:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He politely agreed that an appropriate name
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.10,0:01:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the members of the association did not exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.91,0:01:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If 'philosophers' is taken to be too wide and lofty a term,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.46,0:01:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "then, by analogy with 'artist,'
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.27,0:01:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we may form 'scientist.'"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.21,0:01:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the first time the word scientist
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.84,0:01:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was uttered in public,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.70,0:01:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only 179 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.29,0:01:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I first found out about this confrontation when I was in graduate school,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.44,0:01:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it kind of blew me away.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.48,0:01:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, how could the word scientist
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.67,0:01:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not have existed until 1833?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.16,0:01:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What were scientists called before?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.35,0:01:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What had changed to make a new name necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.67,0:02:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely at that moment?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.80,0:02:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prior to this meeting, those who studied the natural world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.90,0:02:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were talented amateurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.07,0:02:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of the country clergyman or squire
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.36,0:02:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collecting his beetles or fossils,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.87,0:02:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Charles Darwin, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.16,0:02:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, the hired help of a nobleman, like Joseph Priestley,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.34,0:02:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was the literary companion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.70,0:02:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Marquis of Lansdowne
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.86,0:02:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he discovered oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.73,0:02:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After this, they were scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.53,0:02:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,professionals with a particular scientific method,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.36,0:02:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goals, societies and funding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.10,0:02:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of this revolution can be traced to four men
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.37,0:02:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who met at Cambridge University in 1812:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.63,0:02:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Babbage, John Herschel, Richard Jones and William Whewell.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.19,0:02:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were brilliant, driven men
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.66,0:02:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who accomplished amazing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.94,0:02:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Babbage, I think known to most TEDsters,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.93,0:02:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invented the first mechanical calculator
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.73,0:03:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the first prototype of a modern computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.75,0:03:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Herschel mapped the stars of the southern hemisphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.81,0:03:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in his spare time, co-invented photography.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.04,0:03:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure we could all be that productive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.19,0:03:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without Facebook or Twitter to take up our time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.07,0:03:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard Jones became an important economist
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.36,0:03:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who later influenced Karl Marx.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.89,0:03:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Whewell not only coined the term scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.41,0:03:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the words anode, cathode and ion,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.45,0:03:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but spearheaded international big science
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.48,0:03:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with his global research on the tides.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.58,0:03:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Cambridge winter of 1812 and 1813,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.29,0:03:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the four met for what they called philosophical breakfasts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.06,0:03:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They talked about science
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.82,0:03:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the need for a new scientific revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.94,0:03:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They felt science had stagnated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.83,0:03:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the days of the scientific revolution that had happened
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.08,0:03:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 17th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.32,0:03:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was time for a new revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.38,0:03:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they pledged to bring about,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.51,0:04:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's so amazing about these guys is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.23,0:04:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only did they have these
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.01,0:04:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grandiose undergraduate dreams,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.60,0:04:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they actually carried them out,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.84,0:04:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even beyond their wildest dreams.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.89,0:04:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to tell you today
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.98,0:04:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about four major changes to science these men made.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.94,0:04:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 200 years before,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.36,0:04:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Francis Bacon and then, later, Isaac Newton,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.09,0:04:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had proposed an inductive scientific method.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.80,0:04:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's a method that starts from
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.34,0:04:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,observations and experiments
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.80,0:04:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and moves to generalizations about nature called natural laws,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.27,0:04:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are always subject to revision or rejection
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.75,0:04:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should new evidence arise.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.30,0:04:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, in 1809, David Ricardo muddied the waters
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.68,0:04:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by arguing that the science of economics
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.63,0:04:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should use a different, deductive method.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.78,0:04:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem was that an influential group at Oxford
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.46,0:04:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began arguing that because it worked so well in economics,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.54,0:05:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this deductive method ought to be applied
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.21,0:05:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the natural sciences too.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.88,0:05:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The members of the philosophical breakfast club disagreed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.54,0:05:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wrote books and articles promoting inductive method
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.82,0:05:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all the sciences
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.45,0:05:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were widely read by natural philosophers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.31,0:05:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,university students and members of the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.73,0:05:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reading one of Herschel's books
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.49,0:05:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was such a watershed moment for Charles Darwin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.28,0:05:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he would later say, "Scarcely anything in my life
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.08,0:05:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made so deep an impression on me.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.66,0:05:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It made me wish to add my might
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.27,0:05:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the accumulated store of natural knowledge."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.80,0:05:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also shaped Darwin's scientific method,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.91,0:05:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as that used by his peers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.77,0:05:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Science for the public good]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.55,0:05:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Previously, it was believed that scientific knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.14,0:05:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ought to be used for the good of the king or queen,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.78,0:05:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or for one's own personal gain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.69,0:05:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, ship captains needed to know
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.39,0:06:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,information about the tides in order to safely dock at ports.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.58,0:06:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Harbormasters would gather this knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.77,0:06:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sell it to the ship captains.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.79,0:06:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The philosophical breakfast club changed that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.40,0:06:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working together.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.74,0:06:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whewell's worldwide study of the tides
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.82,0:06:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resulted in public tide tables and tidal maps
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.96,0:06:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that freely provided the harbormasters' knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.95,0:06:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to all ship captains.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.05,0:06:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herschel helped by making tidal observations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.85,0:06:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off the coast of South Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.82,0:06:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, as he complained to Whewell,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.17,0:06:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was knocked off the docks during a violent high tide for his trouble.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.32,0:06:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The four men really helped each other in every way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.05,0:06:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also relentlessly lobbied the British government
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.36,0:06:40.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the money to build Babbage's engines
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.100,0:06:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they believed these engines
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.99,0:06:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have a huge practical impact on society.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.82,0:06:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the days before pocket calculators,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.44,0:06:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the numbers that most professionals needed --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.78,0:06:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bankers, insurance agents, ship captains, engineers —
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.39,0:06:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were to be found in lookup books like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.47,0:07:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filled with tables of figures.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.87,0:07:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These tables were calculated
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.28,0:07:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a fixed procedure over and over
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.20,0:07:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by part-time workers known as -- and this is amazing -- computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.86,0:07:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these calculations were really difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.74,0:07:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, this nautical almanac
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.99,0:07:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,published the lunar differences for every month of the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.86,0:07:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each month required 1,365 calculations,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.53,0:07:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so these tables were filled with mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.51,0:07:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Babbage's difference engine was the first mechanical calculator
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.68,0:07:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,devised to accurately compute any of these tables.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.66,0:07:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two models of his engine were built in the last 20 years
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.19,0:07:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a team from the Science Museum of London
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.95,0:07:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using his own plans.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.63,0:07:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the one now at the Computer History Museum in California,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.77,0:07:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it calculates accurately. It actually works.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.48,0:07:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later, Babbage's analytical engine
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.09,0:07:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the first mechanical computer in the modern sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.38,0:08:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had a separate memory and central processor.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.33,0:08:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was capable of iteration, conditional branching
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.79,0:08:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and parallel processing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.26,0:08:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was programmable using punched cards,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.23,0:08:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an idea Babbage took from Jacquard's loom.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.70,0:08:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tragically, Babbage's engines never were built in his day
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.94,0:08:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because most people thought that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.12,0:08:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,non-human computers would have no usefulness
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.02,0:08:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.60,0:08:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[New scientific institutions]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.61,0:08:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Founded in Bacon's time, the Royal Society of London
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.12,0:08:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the foremost scientific society in England
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.12,0:08:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even in the rest of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.36,0:08:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the 19th century, it had become
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.82,0:08:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kind of gentleman's club
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.66,0:08:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,populated mainly by antiquarians, literary men and the nobility.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.66,0:08:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The members of the philosophical breakfast club
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.82,0:08:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helped form a number of new scientific societies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.83,0:08:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the British Association.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.23,0:08:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These new societies required
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.61,0:08:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that members be active researchers publishing their results.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.10,0:09:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They reinstated the tradition of the Q&A
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.94,0:09:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after scientific papers were read,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.21,0:09:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had been discontinued by the Royal Society
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.53,0:09:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as being ungentlemanly.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.44,0:09:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the first time, they gave women a foot in the door of science.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.33,0:09:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Members were encouraged to bring their wives,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.99,0:09:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,daughters and sisters to the meetings of the British Association,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.92,0:09:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and while the women were expected to attend
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.69,0:09:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only the public lectures and the social events like this one,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.53,0:09:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they began to infiltrate the scientific sessions as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.64,0:09:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British Association would later be the first
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.52,0:09:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the major national science organizations in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.17,0:09:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to admit women as full members.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.87,0:09:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[External funding for science]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.31,0:09:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up to the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.71,0:09:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural philosophers were expected to pay
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.02,0:09:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their own equipment and supplies.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.33,0:09:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Occasionally, there were prizes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.80,0:09:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as that given to John Harrison in the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.12,0:09:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for solving the so-called longitude problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.21,0:09:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but prizes were only given after the fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.05,0:10:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were given at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.84,0:10:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the advice of the philosophical breakfast club,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.74,0:10:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the British Association began to use the extra money
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.05,0:10:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generated by its meetings to give grants
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.73,0:10:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for research in astronomy, the tides, fossil fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.95,0:10:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shipbuilding, and many other areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.78,0:10:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These grants not only allowed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.55,0:10:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less wealthy men to conduct research,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.89,0:10:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they also encouraged thinking outside the box,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.83,0:10:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than just trying to solve one pre-set question.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.90,0:10:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, the Royal Society
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.30,0:10:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the scientific societies of other countries followed suit,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.71,0:10:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this has become -- fortunately it's become --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.57,0:10:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a major part of the scientific landscape today.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.32,0:10:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the philosophical breakfast club
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.34,0:10:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helped invent the modern scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.48,0:10:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the heroic part of their story.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.71,0:10:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a flip side as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.65,0:10:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They did not foresee at least one consequence
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.64,0:10:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.17,0:11:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would have been deeply dismayed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.55,0:11:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by today's disjunction between science and the rest of culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.03,0:11:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's shocking to realize
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.69,0:11:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only 28 percent of American adults
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.03,0:11:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have even a very basic level of science literacy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.58,0:11:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was tested by asking simple questions like,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.65,0:11:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Did humans and dinosaurs inhabit the Earth at the same time?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.46,0:11:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and "What proportion of the Earth is covered in water?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.22,0:11:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once scientists became members of a professional group,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.22,0:11:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were slowly walled off from the rest of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.58,0:11:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the unintended consequence of the revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.51,0:11:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that started with our four friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.54,0:11:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Darwin said,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.34,0:11:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I sometimes think that general and popular treatises
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.42,0:11:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are almost as important for the progress of science
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.19,0:11:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as original work."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.78,0:11:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, "Origin of Species" was written
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.89,0:11:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a general and popular audience,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.100,0:11:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was widely read when it first appeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.89,0:12:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin knew what we seem to have forgotten,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.90,0:12:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that science is not only for scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.32,0:12:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.94,0:12:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)