WEBVTT 00:00:00.657 --> 00:00:03.159 Some years ago, I set out to try to understand 00:00:03.159 --> 00:00:05.887 if there was a possibility to develop biofuels 00:00:05.887 --> 00:00:10.589 on a scale that would actually compete with fossil fuels 00:00:10.589 --> 00:00:14.273 but not compete with agriculture for water, 00:00:14.273 --> 00:00:16.711 fertilizer or land. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:16.711 --> 00:00:18.241 So here's what I came up with. 00:00:18.241 --> 00:00:19.849 Imagine that we build an enclosure where we put it 00:00:19.849 --> 00:00:22.127 just underwater, and we fill it with wastewater 00:00:22.127 --> 00:00:25.255 and some form of microalgae that produces oil, 00:00:25.255 --> 00:00:27.415 and we make it out of some kind of flexible material 00:00:27.415 --> 00:00:29.487 that moves with waves underwater, 00:00:29.487 --> 00:00:31.527 and the system that we're going to build, of course, 00:00:31.527 --> 00:00:33.847 will use solar energy to grow the algae, 00:00:33.847 --> 00:00:36.058 and they use CO2, which is good, 00:00:36.058 --> 00:00:38.423 and they produce oxygen as they grow. 00:00:38.423 --> 00:00:42.087 The algae that grow are in a container that 00:00:42.087 --> 00:00:44.879 distributes the heat to the surrounding water, 00:00:44.879 --> 00:00:47.143 and you can harvest them and make biofuels 00:00:47.143 --> 00:00:49.823 and cosmetics and fertilizer and animal feed, 00:00:49.823 --> 00:00:52.663 and of course you'd have to make a large area of this, 00:00:52.663 --> 00:00:55.215 so you'd have to worry about other stakeholders 00:00:55.215 --> 00:00:59.407 like fishermen and ships and such things, but hey, 00:00:59.407 --> 00:01:01.670 we're talking about biofuels, 00:01:01.670 --> 00:01:03.872 and we know the importance of potentially getting 00:01:03.872 --> 00:01:06.351 an alternative liquid fuel. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:06.351 --> 00:01:09.032 Why are we talking about microalgae? 00:01:09.032 --> 00:01:12.719 Here you see a graph showing you the different types 00:01:12.719 --> 00:01:16.571 of crops that are being considered for making biofuels, 00:01:16.571 --> 00:01:19.134 so you can see some things like soybean, 00:01:19.134 --> 00:01:21.451 which makes 50 gallons per acre per year, 00:01:21.451 --> 00:01:26.508 or sunflower or canola or jatropha or palm, and that 00:01:26.508 --> 00:01:31.002 tall graph there shows what microalgae can contribute. 00:01:31.002 --> 00:01:33.533 That is to say, microalgae contributes between 2,000 00:01:33.533 --> 00:01:36.325 and 5,000 gallons per acre per year, 00:01:36.325 --> 00:01:39.677 compared to the 50 gallons per acre per year from soy. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:39.677 --> 00:01:42.941 So what are microalgae? Microalgae are micro -- 00:01:42.941 --> 00:01:45.389 that is, they're extremely small, as you can see here 00:01:45.389 --> 00:01:48.357 a picture of those single-celled organisms 00:01:48.357 --> 00:01:50.667 compared to a human hair. 00:01:50.667 --> 00:01:53.493 Those small organisms have been around 00:01:53.493 --> 00:01:55.533 for millions of years and there's thousands 00:01:55.533 --> 00:01:57.757 of different species of microalgae in the world, 00:01:57.757 --> 00:02:00.781 some of which are the fastest-growing plants on the planet, 00:02:00.781 --> 00:02:03.973 and produce, as I just showed you, lots and lots of oil. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:03.973 --> 00:02:07.261 Now, why do we want to do this offshore? 00:02:07.261 --> 00:02:10.109 Well, the reason we're doing this offshore is because 00:02:10.109 --> 00:02:14.705 if you look at our coastal cities, there isn't a choice, 00:02:14.705 --> 00:02:17.504 because we're going to use waste water, as I suggested, 00:02:17.504 --> 00:02:19.415 and if you look at where most of the waste water 00:02:19.415 --> 00:02:22.984 treatment plants are, they're embedded in the cities. 00:02:22.984 --> 00:02:26.667 This is the city of San Francisco, which has 900 miles 00:02:26.667 --> 00:02:29.322 of sewer pipes under the city already, 00:02:29.322 --> 00:02:33.298 and it releases its waste water offshore. 00:02:33.298 --> 00:02:37.210 So different cities around the world treat their waste water 00:02:37.210 --> 00:02:39.578 differently. Some cities process it. 00:02:39.578 --> 00:02:41.224 Some cities just release the water. 00:02:41.224 --> 00:02:43.882 But in all cases, the water that's released is 00:02:43.882 --> 00:02:46.842 perfectly adequate for growing microalgae. 00:02:46.842 --> 00:02:48.507 So let's envision what the system might look like. 00:02:48.507 --> 00:02:50.609 We call it OMEGA, which is an acronym for 00:02:50.609 --> 00:02:55.040 Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing Algae. 00:02:55.040 --> 00:02:57.592 At NASA, you have to have good acronyms. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:57.592 --> 00:03:00.435 So how does it work? I sort of showed you how it works already. 00:03:00.435 --> 00:03:04.155 We put waste water and some source of CO2 00:03:04.155 --> 00:03:07.202 into our floating structure, 00:03:07.202 --> 00:03:10.843 and the waste water provides nutrients for the algae to grow, 00:03:10.843 --> 00:03:13.561 and they sequester CO2 that would otherwise go off 00:03:13.561 --> 00:03:16.171 into the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas. 00:03:16.171 --> 00:03:18.499 They of course use solar energy to grow, 00:03:18.499 --> 00:03:21.050 and the wave energy on the surface provides energy 00:03:21.050 --> 00:03:23.354 for mixing the algae, and the temperature 00:03:23.354 --> 00:03:25.914 is controlled by the surrounding water temperature. 00:03:25.914 --> 00:03:29.268 The algae that grow produce oxygen, as I've mentioned, 00:03:29.268 --> 00:03:32.556 and they also produce biofuels and fertilizer and food and 00:03:32.556 --> 00:03:35.997 other bi-algal products of interest. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:35.997 --> 00:03:39.414 And the system is contained. What do I mean by that? 00:03:39.414 --> 00:03:41.540 It's modular. Let's say something happens that's 00:03:41.540 --> 00:03:43.734 totally unexpected to one of the modules. 00:03:43.734 --> 00:03:45.933 It leaks. It's struck by lightning. 00:03:45.933 --> 00:03:48.542 The waste water that leaks out is water that already now 00:03:48.542 --> 00:03:50.930 goes into that coastal environment, and 00:03:50.930 --> 00:03:53.178 the algae that leak out are biodegradable, 00:03:53.178 --> 00:03:54.264 and because they're living in waste water, 00:03:54.264 --> 00:03:57.333 they're fresh water algae, which means they can't 00:03:57.333 --> 00:03:59.130 live in salt water, so they die. 00:03:59.130 --> 00:04:01.290 The plastic we'll build it out of is some kind of 00:04:01.290 --> 00:04:03.922 well-known plastic that we have good experience with, and 00:04:03.922 --> 00:04:08.773 we'll rebuild our modules to be able to reuse them again. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:08.773 --> 00:04:12.345 So we may be able to go beyond that when thinking about 00:04:12.345 --> 00:04:14.822 this system that I'm showing you, and that is to say 00:04:14.822 --> 00:04:17.656 we need to think in terms of the water, the fresh water, 00:04:17.656 --> 00:04:20.022 which is also going to be an issue in the future, 00:04:20.022 --> 00:04:21.859 and we're working on methods now 00:04:21.859 --> 00:04:24.381 for recovering the waste water. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:24.381 --> 00:04:27.173 The other thing to consider is the structure itself. 00:04:27.173 --> 00:04:30.224 It provides a surface for things in the ocean, 00:04:30.224 --> 00:04:33.467 and this surface, which is covered by seaweeds 00:04:33.467 --> 00:04:35.961 and other organisms in the ocean, 00:04:35.961 --> 00:04:39.948 will become enhanced marine habitat 00:04:39.948 --> 00:04:41.611 so it increases biodiversity. 00:04:41.611 --> 00:04:43.611 And finally, because it's an offshore structure, 00:04:43.611 --> 00:04:46.513 we can think in terms of how it might contribute 00:04:46.513 --> 00:04:50.267 to an aquaculture activity offshore. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:50.267 --> 00:04:51.856 So you're probably thinking, "Gee, this sounds 00:04:51.856 --> 00:04:56.427 like a good idea. What can we do to try to see if it's real?" 00:04:56.427 --> 00:05:00.242 Well, I set up laboratories in Santa Cruz 00:05:00.242 --> 00:05:03.404 at the California Fish and Game facility, 00:05:03.404 --> 00:05:06.453 and that facility allowed us to have big seawater tanks 00:05:06.453 --> 00:05:08.176 to test some of these ideas. 00:05:08.176 --> 00:05:10.798 We also set up experiments in San Francisco 00:05:10.798 --> 00:05:13.629 at one of the three waste water treatment plants, 00:05:13.629 --> 00:05:16.125 again a facility to test ideas. 00:05:16.125 --> 00:05:19.429 And finally, we wanted to see where we could look at 00:05:19.429 --> 00:05:22.133 what the impact of this structure would be 00:05:22.133 --> 00:05:25.790 in the marine environment, and we set up a field site 00:05:25.790 --> 00:05:28.253 at a place called Moss Landing Marine Lab 00:05:28.253 --> 00:05:30.613 in Monterey Bay, where we worked in a harbor 00:05:30.613 --> 00:05:35.459 to see what impact this would have on marine organisms. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:35.459 --> 00:05:38.549 The laboratory that we set up in Santa Cruz was our skunkworks. 00:05:38.549 --> 00:05:41.447 It was a place where we were growing algae 00:05:41.447 --> 00:05:44.112 and welding plastic and building tools 00:05:44.112 --> 00:05:45.635 and making a lot of mistakes, 00:05:45.635 --> 00:05:47.566 or, as Edison said, we were 00:05:47.566 --> 00:05:51.016 finding the 10,000 ways that the system wouldn't work. 00:05:51.016 --> 00:05:55.262 Now, we grew algae in waste water, and we built tools 00:05:55.262 --> 00:05:58.694 that allowed us to get into the lives of algae 00:05:58.694 --> 00:06:00.416 so that we could monitor the way they grow, 00:06:00.416 --> 00:06:03.118 what makes them happy, how do we make sure that 00:06:03.118 --> 00:06:07.020 we're going to have a culture that will survive and thrive. 00:06:07.020 --> 00:06:10.109 So the most important feature that we needed to develop were these 00:06:10.109 --> 00:06:12.837 so-called photobioreactors, or PBRs. 00:06:12.837 --> 00:06:14.180 These were the structures that would be floating at the 00:06:14.180 --> 00:06:17.605 surface made out of some inexpensive plastic material 00:06:17.605 --> 00:06:20.262 that'll allow the algae to grow, and we had built lots and lots 00:06:20.262 --> 00:06:23.391 of designs, most of which were horrible failures, 00:06:23.391 --> 00:06:25.726 and when we finally got to a design that worked, 00:06:25.726 --> 00:06:28.013 at about 30 gallons, we scaled it up 00:06:28.013 --> 00:06:31.629 to 450 gallons in San Francisco. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:31.629 --> 00:06:33.823 So let me show you how the system works. 00:06:33.823 --> 00:06:37.535 We basically take waste water with algae of our choice in it, 00:06:37.535 --> 00:06:40.241 and we circulate it through this floating structure, 00:06:40.241 --> 00:06:42.973 this tubular, flexible plastic structure, 00:06:42.973 --> 00:06:44.466 and it circulates through this thing, 00:06:44.466 --> 00:06:47.178 and there's sunlight of course, it's at the surface, 00:06:47.178 --> 00:06:49.583 and the algae grow on the nutrients. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:49.583 --> 00:06:52.005 But this is a bit like putting your head in a plastic bag. 00:06:52.005 --> 00:06:55.247 The algae are not going to suffocate because of CO2, 00:06:55.262 --> 00:06:56.101 as we would. 00:06:56.101 --> 00:06:58.760 They suffocate because they produce oxygen, and they 00:06:58.760 --> 00:07:00.936 don't really suffocate, but the oxygen that they produce 00:07:00.936 --> 00:07:04.040 is problematic, and they use up all the CO2. 00:07:04.040 --> 00:07:06.472 So the next thing we had to figure out was how we could 00:07:06.472 --> 00:07:09.701 remove the oxygen, which we did by building this column 00:07:09.701 --> 00:07:11.178 which circulated some of the water, 00:07:11.178 --> 00:07:14.548 and put back CO2, which we did by bubbling the system 00:07:14.548 --> 00:07:17.000 before we recirculated the water. 00:07:17.000 --> 00:07:18.704 And what you see here is the prototype, 00:07:18.704 --> 00:07:22.502 which was the first attempt at building this type of column. 00:07:22.502 --> 00:07:24.942 The larger column that we then installed in San Francisco 00:07:24.942 --> 00:07:26.570 in the installed system. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:26.570 --> 00:07:29.968 So the column actually had another very nice feature, 00:07:29.968 --> 00:07:33.085 and that is the algae settle in the column, 00:07:33.085 --> 00:07:36.659 and this allowed us to accumulate the algal biomass 00:07:36.659 --> 00:07:39.626 in a context where we could easily harvest it. 00:07:39.626 --> 00:07:42.401 So we would remove the algaes that concentrated 00:07:42.401 --> 00:07:44.969 in the bottom of this column, and then we could 00:07:44.969 --> 00:07:48.792 harvest that by a procedure where you float the algae 00:07:48.792 --> 00:07:52.688 to the surface and can skim it off with a net. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:52.688 --> 00:07:56.325 So we wanted to also investigate what would be the impact 00:07:56.325 --> 00:07:59.256 of this system in the marine environment, 00:07:59.256 --> 00:08:02.736 and I mentioned we set up this experiment at a field site 00:08:02.736 --> 00:08:04.976 in Moss Landing Marine Lab. 00:08:04.976 --> 00:08:07.816 Well, we found of course that this material became 00:08:07.816 --> 00:08:10.728 overgrown with algae, and we needed then to develop 00:08:10.728 --> 00:08:13.136 a cleaning procedure, and we also looked at how 00:08:13.136 --> 00:08:16.073 seabirds and marine mammals interacted, and in fact you 00:08:16.073 --> 00:08:19.096 see here a sea otter that found this incredibly interesting, 00:08:19.096 --> 00:08:22.200 and would periodically work its way across this little 00:08:22.200 --> 00:08:25.088 floating water bed, and we wanted to hire this guy 00:08:25.088 --> 00:08:27.177 or train him to be able to clean the surface 00:08:27.177 --> 00:08:29.584 of these things, but that's for the future. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:29.584 --> 00:08:30.905 Now really what we were doing, 00:08:30.905 --> 00:08:32.677 we were working in four areas. 00:08:32.677 --> 00:08:35.560 Our research covered the biology of the system, 00:08:35.560 --> 00:08:37.728 which included studying the way algae grew, 00:08:37.728 --> 00:08:41.377 but also what eats the algae, and what kills the algae. 00:08:41.377 --> 00:08:43.556 We did engineering to understand what we would need 00:08:43.556 --> 00:08:45.849 to be able to do to build this structure, 00:08:45.849 --> 00:08:48.552 not only on the small scale, but how we would build it 00:08:48.552 --> 00:08:51.868 on this enormous scale that will ultimately be required. 00:08:51.868 --> 00:08:55.068 I mentioned we looked at birds and marine mammals 00:08:55.068 --> 00:08:57.597 and looked at basically the environmental impact 00:08:57.597 --> 00:09:00.748 of the system, and finally we looked at the economics, 00:09:00.748 --> 00:09:02.395 and what I mean by economics is, 00:09:02.395 --> 00:09:05.500 what is the energy required to run the system? 00:09:05.500 --> 00:09:06.922 Do you get more energy out of the system 00:09:06.922 --> 00:09:08.503 than you have to put into the system 00:09:08.503 --> 00:09:10.516 to be able to make the system run? 00:09:10.516 --> 00:09:12.262 And what about operating costs? 00:09:12.262 --> 00:09:14.320 And what about capital costs? 00:09:14.320 --> 00:09:18.478 And what about, just, the whole economic structure? NOTE Paragraph 00:09:18.478 --> 00:09:21.196 So let me tell you that it's not going to be easy, 00:09:21.196 --> 00:09:23.756 and there's lots more work to do in all four 00:09:23.756 --> 00:09:27.348 of those areas to be able to really make the system work. 00:09:27.348 --> 00:09:30.268 But we don't have a lot of time, and I'd like to show you 00:09:30.268 --> 00:09:33.770 the artist's conception of how this system might look 00:09:33.770 --> 00:09:36.450 if we find ourselves in a protected bay 00:09:36.450 --> 00:09:39.634 somewhere in the world, and we have in the background 00:09:39.634 --> 00:09:42.402 in this image, the waste water treatment plant 00:09:42.402 --> 00:09:45.275 and a source of flue gas for the CO2, 00:09:45.275 --> 00:09:48.010 but when you do the economics of this system, 00:09:48.010 --> 00:09:51.082 you find that in fact it will be difficult to make it work. 00:09:51.082 --> 00:09:55.652 Unless you look at the system as a way to treat waste water, 00:09:55.652 --> 00:09:59.380 sequester carbon, and potentially for photovoltaic panels 00:09:59.380 --> 00:10:02.860 or wave energy or even wind energy, 00:10:02.860 --> 00:10:04.131 and if you start thinking in terms of 00:10:04.131 --> 00:10:07.172 integrating all of these different activities, 00:10:07.172 --> 00:10:11.819 you could also include in such a facility aquaculture. 00:10:11.819 --> 00:10:14.747 So we would have under this system a shellfish aquaculture 00:10:14.747 --> 00:10:16.841 where we're growing mussels or scallops. 00:10:16.841 --> 00:10:19.833 We'd be growing oysters and things 00:10:19.833 --> 00:10:22.671 that would be producing high value products and food, 00:10:22.671 --> 00:10:25.441 and this would be a market driver as we build the system 00:10:25.441 --> 00:10:28.755 to larger and larger scales so that it becomes, ultimately, 00:10:28.755 --> 00:10:34.556 competitive with the idea of doing it for fuels. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:34.556 --> 00:10:37.253 So there's always a big question that comes up, 00:10:37.253 --> 00:10:40.597 because plastic in the ocean has got a really bad reputation 00:10:40.597 --> 00:10:43.586 right now, and so we've been thinking cradle to cradle. 00:10:43.586 --> 00:10:46.303 What are we going to do with all this plastic that we're 00:10:46.303 --> 00:10:49.044 going to need to use in our marine environment? 00:10:49.044 --> 00:10:50.562 Well, I don't know if you know about this, 00:10:50.562 --> 00:10:53.324 but in California, there's a huge amount of plastic 00:10:53.324 --> 00:10:56.669 that's used in fields right now as plastic mulch, 00:10:56.669 --> 00:10:59.893 and this is plastic that's making these tiny little greenhouses 00:10:59.893 --> 00:11:02.644 right along the surface of the soil, and this provides 00:11:02.644 --> 00:11:05.902 warming the soil to increase the growing season, 00:11:05.902 --> 00:11:08.445 it allows us to control weeds, 00:11:08.445 --> 00:11:12.037 and, of course, it makes the watering much more efficient. 00:11:12.037 --> 00:11:14.350 So the OMEGA system will be part 00:11:14.350 --> 00:11:17.429 of this type of an outcome, and that when we're finished 00:11:17.429 --> 00:11:20.118 using it in the marine environment, we'll be using it, 00:11:20.118 --> 00:11:22.671 hopefully, on fields. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:22.671 --> 00:11:23.991 Where are we going to put this, 00:11:23.991 --> 00:11:26.502 and what will it look like offshore? 00:11:26.502 --> 00:11:29.493 Here's an image of what we could do in San Francisco Bay. 00:11:29.493 --> 00:11:32.173 San Francisco produces 65 million gallons a day 00:11:32.173 --> 00:11:34.933 of waste water. If we imagine a five-day retention time 00:11:34.933 --> 00:11:37.302 for this system, we'd need 325 million gallons 00:11:37.302 --> 00:11:41.328 to accomodate, and that would be about 1,280 acres 00:11:41.328 --> 00:11:44.947 of these OMEGA modules floating in San Francisco Bay. 00:11:44.947 --> 00:11:46.741 Well, that's less than one percent 00:11:46.741 --> 00:11:48.492 of the surface area of the bay. 00:11:48.492 --> 00:11:52.234 It would produce, at 2,000 gallons per acre per year, 00:11:52.234 --> 00:11:55.230 it would produce over 2 million gallons of fuel, 00:11:55.230 --> 00:11:57.430 which is about 20 percent of the biodiesel, 00:11:57.430 --> 00:12:00.438 or of the diesel that would be required in San Francisco, 00:12:00.438 --> 00:12:03.628 and that's without doing anything about efficiency. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:03.628 --> 00:12:06.598 Where else could we potentially put this system? 00:12:06.598 --> 00:12:09.498 There's lots of possibilities. 00:12:09.498 --> 00:12:11.550 There's, of course, San Francisco Bay, as I mentioned. 00:12:11.550 --> 00:12:13.366 San Diego Bay is another example, 00:12:13.366 --> 00:12:16.279 Mobile Bay or Chesapeake Bay, but the reality is, 00:12:16.279 --> 00:12:18.371 as sea level rises, there's going to be lots and lots 00:12:18.371 --> 00:12:22.278 of new opportunities to consider. (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:12:22.278 --> 00:12:25.846 So what I'm telling you about is a system 00:12:25.846 --> 00:12:29.478 of integrated activities. 00:12:29.478 --> 00:12:32.088 Biofuels production is integrated with alternative energy 00:12:32.088 --> 00:12:34.890 is integrated with aquaculture. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:34.890 --> 00:12:38.814 I set out to find a pathway 00:12:38.814 --> 00:12:44.460 to innovative production of sustainable biofuels, 00:12:44.460 --> 00:12:47.708 and en route I discovered that what's really required 00:12:47.708 --> 00:12:54.985 for sustainability is integration more than innovation. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:54.985 --> 00:12:58.415 Long term, I have great faith 00:12:58.415 --> 00:13:03.560 in our collective and connected ingenuity. 00:13:03.560 --> 00:13:07.876 I think there is almost no limit to what we can accomplish 00:13:07.876 --> 00:13:10.078 if we are radically open 00:13:10.078 --> 00:13:13.808 and we don't care who gets the credit. 00:13:13.808 --> 00:13:18.024 Sustainable solutions for our future problems 00:13:18.024 --> 00:13:20.424 are going to be diverse 00:13:20.424 --> 00:13:22.889 and are going to be many. 00:13:22.889 --> 00:13:25.680 I think we need to consider everything, 00:13:25.680 --> 00:13:28.712 everything from alpha to OMEGA. 00:13:28.712 --> 00:13:31.592 Thank you. (Applause) 00:13:31.592 --> 00:13:36.942 (Applause) 00:13:37.347 --> 00:13:40.559 Chris Anderson: Just a quick question for you, Jonathan. 00:13:40.559 --> 00:13:42.767 Can this project continue to move forward within 00:13:42.767 --> 00:13:46.732 NASA or do you need some very ambitious 00:13:46.732 --> 00:13:50.808 green energy fund to come and take it by the throat? 00:13:50.808 --> 00:13:52.111 Jonathan Trent: So it's really gotten to a stage now 00:13:52.111 --> 00:13:55.125 in NASA where they would like to spin it out into something 00:13:55.125 --> 00:13:57.516 which would go offshore, and there are a lot of issues 00:13:57.516 --> 00:13:59.743 with doing it in the United States because of limited 00:13:59.743 --> 00:14:02.237 permitting issues and the time required to get permits 00:14:02.237 --> 00:14:03.751 to do things offshore. 00:14:03.751 --> 00:14:06.549 It really requires, at this point, people on the outside, 00:14:06.549 --> 00:14:08.853 and we're being radically open with this technology 00:14:08.853 --> 00:14:10.565 in which we're going to launch it out there 00:14:10.565 --> 00:14:12.841 for anybody and everybody who's interested 00:14:12.841 --> 00:14:14.681 to take it on and try to make it real. 00:14:14.681 --> 00:14:17.158 CA: So that's interesting. You're not patenting it. 00:14:17.158 --> 00:14:18.833 You're publishing it. 00:14:18.833 --> 00:14:19.596 JT: Absolutely. 00:14:19.596 --> 00:14:21.487 CA: All right. Thank you so much. 00:14:21.487 --> 00:14:25.062 JT: Thank you. (Applause)