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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan)

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In this session, we shall be introduced to[br]disaster risk reduction as a key role in public

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health emergency preparedness.

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Remember, disaster risk is defined by hazard[br]times vulnerability divided by capacity.

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Vulnerability to natural disasters.

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95% of national disaster deaths occur among[br]66% of the poorest countries.

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From 1965-1992 more than 90% of all disaster[br]victims lived in Asia and Africa.

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Completing the disaster management cycle.

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The cycle includes preparedness, response,[br]recovery, and mitigation.

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There is an evolutionary approach from response[br]and relief to risk reduction.

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What is Disaster Risk Reduction then?

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It is the conceptual framework of elements[br]with possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities

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and disaster risks to avoid, (that is prevent)[br]or limit, (mitigate and prepare for) the adverse

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impacts of hazards within the broad context[br]of sustainable development.

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Risk management includes mitigation, preparedness,[br]response, and recovery.

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Risk reduction, on the other hand, includes[br]mitigation and preparedness.

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Risk reduction is more efficient, more cost-effective,[br]and more humane.

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This is the risk reduction cycle.

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From vulnerability analysis, hazard analysis,[br]to risk assessment, to risk reduction, which

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includes hazard mitigation and vulnerability[br]reduction, and this results in sustainable

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development and the cycle repeats.

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The figure presents an approach to risk reduction.

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The integrated emergency management approach[br]includes hazard identification and risk assessment

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plus vulnerability analysis[br]which leads to setting priorities.

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This goes to mitigation prevention strategies[br]which goes to reduce impact of diseases.

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This continues to getting ready to go if the[br]hazard remains.

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This results in preparedness education, contingency[br]planning, effective response, and fast recovery.

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All this is underlied by feedback at all stages.

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Preparedness is actions that result in persons[br]knowing what to do and how to respond after

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disaster has occurred.

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The approach to preparedness programs is that[br]it is long-term, it is part of a larger risk

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reduction program, comprehensive application[br]of sustainable development, all-hazards planned,

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it should be multi-sectoral, it should be[br]user-friendly and culturally sensitive and

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specific.

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Objectives of emergency preparedness include[br]preventing morbidity and mortality, care for

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casualties, managing adverse climatic and[br]environment conditions, ensuring restoration

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of normal health, re-establishment of health[br]services, protecting staff, and protecting

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public health and medicinal assets.

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Mark Keim of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) proposes [br]11 E's of emergency preparedness including economic incentive,

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epidemiology, enforcement of codes, emergency[br]plans, equipment stockpiling, education, exercise

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and drills, early warning, evacuation, evaluation,[br]and the use of electronics (e-health).

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Risk management.

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What is risk?

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It is the probability of suffering damage[br]to life, property, economic disruptions and

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environment from a hazard for a given area[br]and reference period.

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Risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability.

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Risk management is defined as the process[br]of identifying, analyzing and quantifying

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the probability of losses in order to undertake[br]preventive and corrective actions.

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It involves mainly two types of activities;[br]planning actions to reduce vulnerability in

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areas where risk can be controlled, and establishing[br]protective mechanisms against the potential

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economic losses from uncontrollable factors[br]of natural hazards.

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What is disaster risk management about?

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Disaster risk management entails efforts and[br]measures put in place to reduce risk in case

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of a disaster happening.

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It is also about commitments related to disaster[br]and vulnerability reduction and improved early

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warning.

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Since little can be done to prevent occurrence[br]of most natural disasters, actions and activities

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should focus on reducing existing and future[br]vulnerabilities to damage and loss.

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There are three primary and interrelated categories[br]in risk management: risk identification, risk

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reduction, and risk transfer.

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These are mostly related to pre-disaster phases[br]of disaster management.

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The pre-disaster phase of disaster risk management[br]involves four distinct but interrelated components:

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risk identification, risk reduction/mitigation,[br]risk transfer and preparedness.

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Risk identification is a thorough analysis[br]of existing vulnerabilities, location, severity

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& intensity of threat.

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The following activities help to identify[br]and understand natural hazard risk: hazard

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data collection and mapping that is with regard[br]to frequency, magnitude and location, vulnerability

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assessment (population and assets exposed),[br]risk assessment (probability of expected losses).

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Risk reduction or prevention/mitigation are[br]measures taken to eliminate or reduce the

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intensity of a hazardous event.

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These measures address existing vulnerabilities[br]through measures like early warning that include

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actions such as implementation and enforcement[br]of building standards, environmental protection

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measures, resource management practices, and[br]control of population activities that predispose

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to risk.

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Key issues to note with risk management include:[br]even when effective disaster reduction measures

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are in place, there would often be an element[br]of risk that is residual.

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Preparedness is an important component of disaster [br]risk reduction which deals with residual and unmanaged

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risk.

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Risk transfer are mechanisms which aim at[br]reducing actual vulnerability in financial

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risk in order to ensure that funds are available[br]when loss occurs from a disaster happening.

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Risk transfer mechanisms are often inefficient[br]from cost perspective, so it is important

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to take all the necessary measures to reduce[br]the vulnerability of assets to be covered

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before transferring the risk.

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Without getting into the details, the main[br]risk transfer/ risk financing methods include

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market insurance and reinsurance.

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This insurance provides coverage for damage[br]and expenses that are beyond the potential

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for budget self-insurance.[br]It involves paying some premiums to an insurance

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company.

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And premiums are calculated in a way that[br]they spread out the risk.

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This is not yet possible in many developing[br]countries.

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Risk transfer methods also include budget[br]self-insurance where a small proportion of

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the budget is allocated to be spent on improved[br]maintenance.

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This can be done at the local government level,[br]agency level, and even household level.

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It also includes compensation policies, and[br]they should target the most vulnerable populations

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and causes of vulnerability.

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Community insurance includes cooperatives,[br]community savings groups, community granaries,

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community policing, and resource conservation.

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This is a viable mechanism of risk transfer in [br]resource constrained countries and societies.

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There are also household livelihood insurance[br]mechanisms like savings, food security, proper

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settlement, and modern methods of production.

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The Hyogo Framework for Action assists the[br]efforts of nations and communities to become

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more resilient to and cope better with the[br]hazards they face.

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Although the primary responsibility for its[br]implementation rests with governments, collaboration

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and cooperation between all stakeholders in[br]managing the risk is crucial.

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The Hyogo Framework for Action commits governments[br]as well as regional, international and NGOs

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to; ensuring that disaster risk reduction[br]is a national and local priority, identifying,

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assessing, and monitoring disaster risks and[br]enhancing early warning, using knowledge,

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innovation and education to build a culture[br]of safety and resilience at all levels, reducing

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the underlying risk factors, and strengthening[br]disaster preparedness for effective response

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at all levels (community, sub county, district,[br]regional and national levels).