[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.58,0:00:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to share with you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.57,0:00:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the story of one of my patients called Celine.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.41,0:00:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Celine is a housewife and lives in a rural district
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.56,0:00:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Cameroon in west Central Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.64,0:00:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six years ago, at the time of her HIV diagnosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.32,0:00:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was recruited to participate in the clinical trial
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.32,0:00:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was running in her health district at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.39,0:00:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first met Celine, a little over a year ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.10,0:00:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she had gone for 18 months
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.78,0:00:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without any antiretroviral therapy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.07,0:00:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she was very ill.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.81,0:00:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She told me that she stopped coming to the clinic
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.20,0:00:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the trial ended
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.76,0:00:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she had no money for the bus fare
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.47,0:00:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was too ill to walk the 35-kilometer distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.19,0:00:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now during the clinical trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.94,0:00:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she'd been given all her antiretroviral drugs free of charge,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.32,0:00:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her transportation costs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.35,0:00:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been covered by the research funds.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.96,0:00:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these ended once the trial was completed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.32,0:01:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving Celine with no alternatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.31,0:01:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was unable to tell me the names of the drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.98,0:01:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she'd received during the trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.01,0:01:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even what the trial had been about.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.77,0:01:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't bother to ask her what the results of the trial were
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.32,0:01:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it seemed obvious to me that she would have no clue.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.72,0:01:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet what puzzled me most
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.99,0:01:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was Celine had given her informed consent
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.10,0:01:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a part of this trial, yet she clearly did not understand
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.93,0:01:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the implications of being a participant
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.40,0:01:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what would happen to her once the trial had been completed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.81,0:01:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I have shared this story with you as an example
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.20,0:01:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what can happen to participants in the clinical trial
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.13,0:01:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it is poorly conducted.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.59,0:01:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe this particular trial yielded exciting results.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.46,0:01:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it even got published in a high-profile scientific journal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.15,0:01:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it would inform clinicians around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.95,0:01:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how to improve on the clinical management of HIV patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.49,0:02:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it would have done so at a price
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.28,0:02:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hundreds of patients who, like Celine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.22,0:02:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were left to their own devices
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.47,0:02:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once the research had been completed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.54,0:02:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do not stand here today to suggest in any way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.88,0:02:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that conducting HIV clinical trials
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.89,0:02:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in developing countries is bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.10,0:02:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the contrary, clinical trials are extremely useful tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.47,0:02:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are much needed to address the burden
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.77,0:02:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of disease in developing countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.24,0:02:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the inequalities that exist between
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.10,0:02:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,richer countries and developing countries in terms of funding
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.80,0:02:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pose a real risk for exploitation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.96,0:02:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in the context of externally-funded research.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.84,0:02:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sadly enough, the fact remains that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.45,0:02:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of the studies that are conducted in developing countries
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.43,0:02:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could never be authorized in the richer countries
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.01,0:02:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which fund the research.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.26,0:02:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure you must be asking yourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.50,0:02:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what makes developing countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.42,0:02:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially those in sub-Saharan Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.96,0:03:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so attractive for these HIV clinical trials?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.53,0:03:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in order for a clinical trial to generate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.80,0:03:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,valid and widely applicable results,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.92,0:03:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they need to be conducted with large numbers of study participants
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.92,0:03:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and preferably on a population
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.56,0:03:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a high incidence of new HIV infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.34,0:03:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sub-Saharan Africa largely fits this description,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.81,0:03:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 22 million people living with HIV,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.02,0:03:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an estimated 70 percent of the 30 million people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.66,0:03:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are infected worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.14,0:03:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, research within the continent
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.57,0:03:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a lot easier to conduct due to widespread poverty,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.68,0:03:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,endemic diseases and inadequate health care systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.53,0:03:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A clinical trial that is considered to be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.32,0:03:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potentially beneficial to the population
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.07,0:03:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more likely to be authorized,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.38,0:03:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the absence of good health care systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.18,0:03:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost any offer of medical assistance
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.13,0:03:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is accepted as better than nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.05,0:03:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even more problematic reasons include
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.63,0:04:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lower risk of litigation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.92,0:04:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less rigorous ethical reviews,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.39,0:04:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and populations that are willing to participate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.94,0:04:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in almost any study that hints at a cure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.61,0:04:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As funding for HIV research
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.23,0:04:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increases in developing countries
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.49,0:04:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ethical review in richer countries become more strict,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.50,0:04:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see why this context becomes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.58,0:04:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very, very attractive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.14,0:04:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The high prevalence of HIV drives researchers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.82,0:04:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to conduct research that is sometimes scientifically acceptable
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.30,0:04:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but on many levels ethically questionable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.58,0:04:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How then can we ensure that, in our search for the cure,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.02,0:04:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do not take an unfair advantage
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.34,0:04:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of those who are already most affected by the pandemic?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.85,0:04:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I invite you to consider four areas I think we can focus on
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.70,0:04:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to improve the way in which things are done.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.28,0:04:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first of these is informed consent.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.10,0:04:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in order for a clinical trial to be
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.47,0:05:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considered ethically acceptable,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.15,0:05:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,participants must be given the relevant information
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.98,0:05:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way in which they can understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.41,0:05:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and must freely consent to participate in the trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.63,0:05:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is especially important in developing countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.31,0:05:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a lot of participants consent to research
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.21,0:05:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they believe it is the only way in which
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.90,0:05:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can receive medical care or other benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.47,0:05:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consent procedures that are used in richer countries
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.44,0:05:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are often inappropriate or ineffective
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.24,0:05:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a lot of developing countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.59,0:05:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, it is counterintuitive to have
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.56,0:05:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an illiterate study participant, like Celine,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.56,0:05:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sign a lengthy consent form that they are unable to read,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.89,0:05:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let alone understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.100,0:05:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Local communities need to be more involved
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.08,0:05:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in establishing the criteria for recruiting participants
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.35,0:05:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in clinical trials, as well as the incentives for participation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.05,0:05:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The information in these trials
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.87,0:05:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needs to be given to the potential participants
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.82,0:06:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in linguistically and culturally acceptable formats.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.24,0:06:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second point I would like for you to consider
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.07,0:06:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the standard of care that is provided
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.50,0:06:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to participants within any clinical trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.45,0:06:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is subject to a lot of debate and controversy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.15,0:06:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should the control group in the clinical trial
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.13,0:06:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be given the best current treatment which is available
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.40,0:06:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anywhere in the world?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.48,0:06:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or should they be given an alternative standard of care,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.45,0:06:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the best current treatment available
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.34,0:06:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the country in which the research is being conducted?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.65,0:06:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it fair to evaluate a treatment regimen
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.99,0:06:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which may not be affordable or accessible
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.06,0:06:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the study participants once the research has been completed?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.04,0:06:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in a situation where the best current treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.78,0:06:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is inexpensive and simple to deliver,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.42,0:06:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the answer is straightforward.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.44,0:06:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the best current treatment available
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.59,0:06:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anywhere in the world is often very difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.48,0:07:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to provide in developing countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.17,0:07:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is important to assess the potential risks and benefits
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.72,0:07:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the standard of care which is to be provided
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.50,0:07:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to participants in any clinical trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.98,0:07:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and establish one which is relevant for the context of the study
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.42,0:07:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most beneficial for the participants within the study.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.92,0:07:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That brings us to the third point I want you think about:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.17,0:07:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ethical review of research.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.02,0:07:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An effective system for reviewing the ethical suitability
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.82,0:07:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of clinical trials is primordial to safeguard participants
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.95,0:07:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within any clinical trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.06,0:07:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, this is often lacking
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.98,0:07:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or inefficient in a lot of developing countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.50,0:07:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Local governments need to set up effective systems
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.87,0:07:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for reviewing the ethical issues around the clinical trials
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.74,0:07:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are authorized in different developing countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.66,0:07:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they need to do this by setting up
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.94,0:07:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ethical review committees that are independent
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.44,0:08:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the government and research sponsors.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.83,0:08:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public accountability needs to be promoted
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.24,0:08:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through transparency and independent review
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.47,0:08:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by nongovernmental and international organizations
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.51,0:08:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as appropriate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.08,0:08:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The final point I would like for you to consider tonight
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.59,0:08:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what happens to participants in the clinical trial
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.82,0:08:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once the research has been completed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.59,0:08:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it is absolutely wrong for research to begin
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.06,0:08:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the first place without a clear plan
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.58,0:08:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for what would happen to the participants
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.66,0:08:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once the trial has ended.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.10,0:08:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, researchers need to make every effort to ensure that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.22,0:08:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an intervention that has been shown to be beneficial
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.21,0:08:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during a clinical trial
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.94,0:08:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is accessible to the participants of the trial
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.55,0:08:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once the trial has been completed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.10,0:08:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, they should be able to consider the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.62,0:08:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of introducing and maintaining effective treatments
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.22,0:08:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the wider community once the trial ends.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.07,0:09:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If, for any reason, they feel that this might not be possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.49,0:09:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I think they should have to ethically justify
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.46,0:09:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why the clinical trial should be conducted in the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.48,0:09:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, fortunately for Celine,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.80,0:09:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our meeting did not end in my office.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.47,0:09:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was able to get her enrolled into a free HIV treatment program
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.85,0:09:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,closer to her home,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.24,0:09:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with a support group to help her cope.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.01,0:09:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her story has a positive ending,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.34,0:09:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are thousands of others in similar situations
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.05,0:09:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are much less fortunate.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.34,0:09:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although she may not know this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.77,0:09:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my encounter with Celine has completely changed the way
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.63,0:09:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which I view HIV clinical trials in developing countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.90,0:09:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made me even more determined to be part of the movement
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.62,0:09:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change the way in which things are done.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.48,0:09:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that every single person
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.85,0:09:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening to me tonight can be part of that change.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.22,0:09:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are a researcher, I hold you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.82,0:10:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a higher standard of moral conscience,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.39,0:10:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to remain ethical in your research,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.82,0:10:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not compromise human welfare in your search for answers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.31,0:10:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you work for a funding agency or pharmaceutical company,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.98,0:10:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I challenge you to hold your employers
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.01,0:10:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fund research that is ethically sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.19,0:10:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you come from a developing country like myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.38,0:10:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I urge you to hold your government
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.45,0:10:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a more thorough review of the clinical trials
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.06,0:10:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are authorized in your country.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.98,0:10:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, there is a need for us to find a cure for HIV,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.64,0:10:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find an effective vaccine for malaria,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.30,0:10:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find a diagnostic tool that works for T.B.,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.14,0:10:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I believe that we owe it to those who willingly
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.71,0:10:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and selflessly consent to participate in these clinical trials
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.77,0:10:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do this in a humane way.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.99,0:10:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.