[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.05,0:00:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine you're asked\Nto invent something new.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.02,0:00:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could be whatever you want
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.69,0:00:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made from anything you choose
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.63,0:00:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in any shape or size.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.46,0:00:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That kind of creative freedom\Nsounds so liberating, doesn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.32,0:00:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or does it?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.01,0:00:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're like most people,\Nyou'd probably be paralyzed by this task.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.11,0:00:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without more guidance,\Nwhere would you even begin?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.40,0:00:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it turns out, boundless freedom\Nisn't always helpful.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.62,0:00:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In reality, any project is restricted\Nby many factors,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.64,0:00:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the cost,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.78,0:00:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what materials you have at your disposal,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.04,0:00:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unbreakable laws of physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.94,0:00:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These factors are called \Ncreative constraints,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.62,0:00:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're the requirements \Nand limitations
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.84,0:00:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to address \Nin order to accomplish a goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.24,0:00:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Creative constraints apply \Nacross professions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.07,0:00:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to architects and artists,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.88,0:00:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,writers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.77,0:01:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.71,0:01:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.74,0:01:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many fields, constraints play\Na special role
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.59,0:01:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as drivers of discovery and invention.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.06,0:01:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the scientific process \Nin particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.66,0:01:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constraints are an essential part\Nof experimental design.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.65,0:01:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, a scientist studying\Na new virus would consider,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.77,0:01:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How can I use the tools \Nand techniques at hand
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.29,0:01:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create an experiment that tells me\Nhow this virus infects the body's cells?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.07,0:01:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what are the limits of my knowledge\Nthat prevent me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.77,0:01:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from understanding \Nthis new viral pathway?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.08,0:01:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In engineering, constraints have us\Napply our scientific discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.75,0:01:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to invent something new and useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.12,0:01:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take, for example, \Nthe landers Viking 1 and 2,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.71,0:01:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which relied on thrusters to arrive\Nsafely on the surface of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.34,0:01:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.80,0:01:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those thrusters left foreign chemicals\Non the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.12,0:01:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contaminating soil samples.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.78,0:02:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a new constraint was introduced.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.70,0:02:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we land a probe on Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.15,0:02:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without introducing chemicals\Nfrom Earth?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.46,0:02:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next Pathfinder mission used\Nan airbag system
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.77,0:02:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow the rover to bounce\Nand roll to a halt
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.16,0:02:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without burning contaminating fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.40,0:02:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Years later, we wanted to send\Na much larger rover: Curiosity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.15,0:02:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, it was too large \Nfor the airbag design,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.39,0:02:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so another constraint was defined.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.02,0:02:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we land a large rover\Nwhile still keeping rocket fuel
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.69,0:02:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from the Martian soil?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.44,0:02:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In response, engineers had a wild idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.46,0:02:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They designed a skycrane.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.49,0:02:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similar to the claw machine at toy stores,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.43,0:02:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would lower the rover \Nfrom high above the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.15,0:02:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With each invention, the engineers\Ndemonstrated an essential habit
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.05,0:02:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of scientific thinking -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.71,0:02:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that solutions must recognize\Nthe limitations of current technology
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.94,0:03:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to advance it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.39,0:03:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes this progress is iterative,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.82,0:03:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in, "How can I make a better\Nparachute to land my rover?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.87,0:03:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sometimes, it's innovative,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.51,0:03:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like how to reach our goal
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.47,0:03:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the best possible \Nparachute isn't going to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.24,0:03:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In both cases, the constraints \Nguide decision-making
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.69,0:03:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ensure we reach each objective.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.35,0:03:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another Mars \Nproblem yet to be solved.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.49,0:03:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say we want to send astronauts\Nwho will need water.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.83,0:03:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'd rely on a filtration system\Nthat keeps the water very clean
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.43,0:03:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enables 100% recovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.77,0:03:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are some pretty tough constraints,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.97,0:03:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we may not have \Nthe technology for it now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.99,0:03:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the process of trying \Nto meet these objectives,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.83,0:03:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might discover other applications\Nof any inventions that result.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.80,0:03:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Building an innovative \Nwater filtration system
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.71,0:03:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could provide a solution for farmers\Nworking in drought-stricken regions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.20,0:04:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a way to clean municipal water\Nin polluted cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.69,0:04:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, many scientific advances
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.16,0:04:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have occurred when serendipitous failures\Nin one field
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.49,0:04:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,address the constraints of another.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.48,0:04:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When scientist Alexander Fleming\Nmistakenly contaminated
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.68,0:04:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Petri dish in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.70,0:04:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it led to the discovery \Nof the first antibiotic, penicillin.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.63,0:04:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same is true of synthetic dye,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.58,0:04:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.62,0:04:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gunpowder.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.06,0:04:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All were created mistakenly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.05,0:04:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but went on to address the constraints\Nof other problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.80,0:04:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understanding constraints guides\Nscientific progress,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.02,0:04:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's true in science\Nis also true in many other fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.85,0:04:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Constraints aren't the boundaries\Nof creativity, but the foundation of it.