[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.67,0:00:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, well, I do applied math,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.77,0:00:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a peculiar problem
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.29,0:00:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for anyone who does applied math, is that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.47,0:00:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are like management consultants.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.40,0:00:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one knows what the hell we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.35,0:00:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I am going to give you some -- attempt today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.62,0:00:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and explain to you what I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.91,0:00:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, dancing is one of the most human of activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.23,0:00:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We delight at ballet virtuosos and tap dancers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.92,0:00:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will see later on.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.06,0:00:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, ballet requires an extraordinary level of expertise
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.75,0:00:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a high level of skill,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.67,0:00:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably a level of initial suitability
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.20,0:00:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may well have a genetic component to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.05,0:00:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, sadly, neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.44,0:00:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gradually destroy this extraordinary ability,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.53,0:00:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it is doing to my friend Jan Stripling, who was
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.85,0:00:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a virtuoso ballet dancer in his time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.82,0:00:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So great progress and treatment has been made over the years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.87,0:00:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, there are 6.3 million people worldwide
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.81,0:00:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have the disease, and they have to live with
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.26,0:00:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,incurable weakness, tremor, rigidity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.83,0:00:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other symptoms that go along with the disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.69,0:01:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what we need are objective tools
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.07,0:01:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect the disease before it's too late.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.13,0:01:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to be able to measure progression objectively,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.68,0:01:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ultimately, the only way we're going to know
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.85,0:01:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we actually have a cure is when we have
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.05,0:01:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an objective measure that can answer that for sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.44,0:01:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But frustratingly, with Parkinson's disease
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.29,0:01:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other movement disorders, there are no biomarkers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.65,0:01:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's no simple blood test that you can do,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.88,0:01:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the best that we have is like
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.68,0:01:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this 20-minute neurologist test.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.92,0:01:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to go to the clinic to do it. It's very, very costly,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.38,0:01:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that means that, outside the clinical trials,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.13,0:01:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just never done. It's never done.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.86,0:01:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if patients could do this test at home?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.94,0:01:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that would actually save on a difficult trip to the clinic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.04,0:01:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what if patients could do that test themselves, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.29,0:01:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No expensive staff time required.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.21,0:01:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Takes about $300, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.63,0:01:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the neurologist's clinic to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.62,0:01:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I want to propose to you as an unconventional way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.30,0:01:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which we can try to achieve this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.82,0:01:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, you see, in one sense, at least,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.62,0:01:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are all virtuosos like my friend Jan Stripling.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.88,0:02:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here we have a video of the vibrating vocal folds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.64,0:02:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is healthy and this is somebody making speech sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.86,0:02:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can think of ourselves as vocal ballet dancers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.33,0:02:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have to coordinate all of these vocal organs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.54,0:02:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we make sounds, and we all actually
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.84,0:02:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the genes for it. FoxP2, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.13,0:02:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And like ballet, it takes an extraordinary level of training.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.85,0:02:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, just think how long it takes a child to learn to speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.43,0:02:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the sound, we can actually track
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.81,0:02:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vocal fold position as it vibrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.10,0:02:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just as the limbs are affected in Parkinson's,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.64,0:02:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so too are the vocal organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.42,0:02:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So on the bottom trace, you can see an example of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.30,0:02:33.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,irregular vocal fold tremor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.100,0:02:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see all the same symptoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.16,0:02:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see vocal tremor, weakness and rigidity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.10,0:02:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The speech actually becomes quieter and more breathy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.20,0:02:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after a while, and that's one of the example symptoms of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.43,0:02:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these vocal effects can actually be quite subtle,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.28,0:02:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some cases, but with any digital microphone,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.50,0:02:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and using precision voice analysis software
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.04,0:02:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in combination with the latest in machine learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.45,0:02:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is very advanced by now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.03,0:02:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can now quantify exactly where somebody lies
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.91,0:03:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a continuum between health and disease
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.79,0:03:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using voice signals alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.39,0:03:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these voice-based tests, how do they stack up against
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.70,0:03:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expert clinical tests? We'll, they're both non-invasive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.85,0:03:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The neurologist's test is non-invasive. They both use existing infrastructure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.84,0:03:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to design a whole new set of hospitals to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.84,0:03:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're both accurate. Okay, but in addition,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.14,0:03:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,voice-based tests are non-expert.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.47,0:03:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means they can be self-administered.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.46,0:03:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're high-speed, take about 30 seconds at most.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.04,0:03:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're ultra-low cost, and we all know what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.34,0:03:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When something becomes ultra-low cost,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.78,0:03:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it becomes massively scalable.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.07,0:03:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here are some amazing goals that I think we can deal with now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.75,0:03:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can reduce logistical difficulties with patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.17,0:03:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No need to go to the clinic for a routine checkup.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.48,0:03:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do high-frequency monitoring to get objective data.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.80,0:03:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can perform low-cost mass recruitment for clinical trials,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.91,0:03:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can make population-scale screening
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.02,0:03:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feasible for the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.62,0:03:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the opportunity to start to search
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.82,0:03:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the early biomarkers of the disease before it's too late.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.36,0:03:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, taking the first steps towards this today,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.12,0:04:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're launching the Parkinson's Voice Initiative.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.25,0:04:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With Aculab and PatientsLikeMe, we're aiming
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.48,0:04:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to record a very large number of voices worldwide
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.41,0:04:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to collect enough data to start to tackle these four goals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.55,0:04:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have local numbers accessible to three quarters
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.25,0:04:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a billion people on the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.86,0:04:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyone healthy or with Parkinson's can call in, cheaply,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.93,0:04:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and leave recordings, a few cents each,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.07,0:04:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm really happy to announce that we've already hit
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.26,0:04:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,six percent of our target just in eight hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.81,0:04:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.56,0:04:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.88,0:04:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tom Rielly: So Max, by taking all these samples of,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.45,0:04:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say, 10,000 people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.23,0:04:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll be able to tell who's healthy and who's not?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.08,0:04:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are you going to get out of those samples?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.77,0:04:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Max Little: Yeah. Yeah. So what will happen is that,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.60,0:04:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the call you have to indicate whether or not
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.25,0:04:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the disease or not, you see. TR: Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.52,0:04:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ML: You see, some people may not do it. They may not get through it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.03,0:04:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we'll get a very large sample of data that is collected
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.74,0:04:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from all different circumstances, and it's getting it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.15,0:04:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in different circumstances that matter because then
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.06,0:05:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are looking at ironing out the confounding factors,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.44,0:05:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and looking for the actual markers of the disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.60,0:05:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TR: So you're 86 percent accurate right now?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.10,0:05:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ML: It's much better than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.29,0:05:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, my student Thanasis, I have to plug him,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.01,0:05:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he's done some fantastic work,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.88,0:05:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now he has proved that it works over the mobile telephone network as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.65,0:05:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which enables this project, and we're getting 99 percent accuracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.04,0:05:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TR: Ninety-nine. Well, that's an improvement.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.62,0:05:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what that means is that people will be able to —
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.82,0:05:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ML: (Laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.67,0:05:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TR: People will be able to call in from their mobile phones
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.58,0:05:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do this test, and people with Parkinson's could call in,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.65,0:05:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,record their voice, and then their doctor can check up
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.52,0:05:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their progress, see where they're doing in this course of the disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.20,0:05:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ML: Absolutely.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.17,0:05:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TR: Thanks so much. Max Little, everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.92,0:05:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ML: Thanks, Tom. (Applause)