[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.21,0:00:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dating back at least \Nto the time of Socrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.97,0:00:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some early societies decided\Nthat certain disputes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.26,0:00:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as whether a person committed\Na particular crime,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.17,0:00:18.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be heard by a group of citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.83,0:00:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Several centuries later, trial by jury\Nwas introduced to England,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.05,0:00:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it became a fundamental feature\Nof the legal system,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.84,0:00:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,checking the government \Nand involving citizens in decision-making.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.95,0:00:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Juries decided whether defendants\Nwould be tried on crimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.16,0:00:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,determined whether the accused\Ndefendants were guilty,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.46,0:00:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and resolved monetary disputes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.45,0:00:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While the American colonies eventually\Ncast off England's rule,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.12,0:00:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its legal tradition of the jury persisted.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.83,0:00:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United States Constitution \Ninstructed a grand jury
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.84,0:00:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to decide whether \Ncriminal cases proceeded,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.59,0:00:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,required a jury to try all crimes,\Nexcept impeachment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.13,0:00:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and provided for juries \Nin civil cases as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.28,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, in the US today,\Ngrand juries often are not convened,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and juries decide less than 4%\Nof criminal cases
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.86,0:01:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and less than 1% of civil cases\Nfiled in court.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.35,0:01:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's at the same time as jury systems\Nin other countries are growing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.42,0:01:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happened in the U.S.?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.88,0:01:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part of the story lies in how the Supreme\NCourt has interpreted the Constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.90,0:01:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's permitted plea bargaining,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.66,0:01:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which now occurs in almost \Nevery criminal case.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.52,0:01:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way it works is the prosecutor\Npresents the accused
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.82,0:01:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a decision of whether \Nto plead guilty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.24,0:01:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they accept the plea, the case won't\Ngo in front of a jury,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.58,0:01:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they'll receive \Na shorter prison sentence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.75,0:01:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than they'd get if \Na jury did convict them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.84,0:01:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The risk of a much greater \Nprison sentence after a trial
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.67,0:01:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can frighten even an innocent defendant\Ninto taking a plea.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.51,0:01:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between the 19th century \Nand the 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.99,0:01:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the proportion of guilty pleas\Nhas increased from around 20% to 90%,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.52,0:01:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the numbers continue to grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.62,0:02:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Supreme Court has permitted\Nthe use of another procedure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.50,0:02:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that interferes with the jury
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.31,0:02:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called summary judgement.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.04,0:02:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using summary judgement, judges can\Ndecide that civil trials are unnecessary
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.14,0:02:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the people who sue \Nhave insufficient evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.96,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is intended only for cases\Nwhere no reasonable jury would disagree.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a difficult thing \Nto determine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.10,0:02:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet usage of summary judgement\Nhas stretched to the point
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.98,0:02:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where some would argue it's being abused.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.01,0:02:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, judges grant fully,\Nor in part,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.72,0:02:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 70% of employers' requests
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.37,0:02:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dismiss employment \Ndiscrimination cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.71,0:02:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other cases, both the person who sues\Nand the person who defends
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.11,0:02:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forgo their right to go to court,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.68,0:02:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead resolving their dispute through\Na professional arbitrator.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.54,0:02:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are generally lawyers, professors,\Nor former judges.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.17,0:02:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arbitration can be a smart decision\Nby both parties
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.04,0:02:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to avoid the requirements \Nof a trial in court,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.98,0:02:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's often agreed to unwittingly\Nwhen people sign contracts
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.19,0:03:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like employment applications\Nand consumer agreements.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.10,0:03:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That can become a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.58,0:03:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, some arbitrators \Nmay be biased
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.14,0:03:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards the companies\Nthat give them cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.56,0:03:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just some of the ways\Nin which juries have disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.72,0:03:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But could the disappearance of juries\Nbe a good thing?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.76,0:03:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, juries aren't perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.68,0:03:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're costly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.78,0:03:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time-consuming,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.76,0:03:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and may make errors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.28,0:03:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're not always necessary,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.26,0:03:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like when people can simply agree\Nto settle their disputes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.68,0:03:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But juries have their advantages.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.76,0:03:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When properly selected,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.14,0:03:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jurors are more representative of\Nthe general population
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.52,0:03:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't have the same incentives\Nas prosecutors,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.37,0:03:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,legislators,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.26,0:03:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or judges
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.26,0:03:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seeking reelection or promotion.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.32,0:03:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The founders of the United States trusted\Nin the wisdom
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.97,0:03:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of impartial groups of citizens
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.84,0:03:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to check the power of all three branches\Nof government.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.80,0:03:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the jury trial itself has given\Nordinary citizens
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.25,0:03:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a central role in upholding\Nthe social fabric.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.14,0:03:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So will the jury system in the U.S.\Nsurvive into the future?