0:00:01.160,0:00:04.656
There's a beautiful statement[br]on the screen that says,

0:00:04.680,0:00:10.056
"Light creates ambiance,[br]light makes the feel of a space,

0:00:10.080,0:00:13.136
and light is also[br]the expression of structure."

0:00:13.160,0:00:14.976
Well, that was not by me.

0:00:15.000,0:00:19.336
That was, of course, by Le Corbusier,[br]the famous architect.

0:00:19.360,0:00:23.976
And here you can see what he meant[br]in one of his beautiful buildings --

0:00:24.000,0:00:28.176
the chapel Notre Dame Du Haut[br]De Ronchamp --

0:00:28.200,0:00:33.736
where he creates this light that he could[br]only make because there's also dark.

0:00:33.760,0:00:38.960
And I think that is the quintessence[br]of this 18-minute talk --

0:00:39.680,0:00:44.976
that there is no good lighting[br]that is healthy and for our well-being

0:00:45.000,0:00:47.160
without proper darkness.

0:00:49.240,0:00:52.616
So this is how we normally[br]would light our offices.

0:00:52.640,0:00:57.536
We have codes and standards that tell us[br]that the lights should be so much Lux

0:00:57.560,0:00:59.816
and of great uniformity.

0:00:59.840,0:01:04.855
This is how we create uniform lighting[br]from one wall to the other

0:01:04.879,0:01:07.656
in a regular grid of lamps.

0:01:07.680,0:01:10.936
And that is quite different[br]from what I just showed you

0:01:10.960,0:01:12.640
from Le Corbusier.

0:01:13.680,0:01:15.736
If we would apply[br]these codes and standards

0:01:15.760,0:01:17.296
to the Pantheon in Rome,

0:01:17.320,0:01:19.176
it would never have looked like this,

0:01:19.200,0:01:24.896
because this beautiful light feature[br]that goes around there all by itself

0:01:24.920,0:01:28.816
can only appear because there is[br]also darkness in that same building.

0:01:28.840,0:01:33.536
And the same is more or less[br]what Santiago Calatrava said

0:01:33.560,0:01:38.336
when he said, "Light: I make it[br]in my buildings for comfort."

0:01:38.360,0:01:41.536
And he didn't mean the comfort[br]of a five-course dinner

0:01:41.560,0:01:43.496
as opposed to a one-course meal,

0:01:43.520,0:01:45.216
but he really meant the comfort

0:01:45.240,0:01:47.976
of the quality of the building[br]for the people.

0:01:48.000,0:01:53.004
He meant that you can see the sky[br]and that you can experience the sun.

0:01:53.480,0:01:57.976
And he created these gorgeous buildings[br]where you can see the sky,

0:01:58.000,0:02:00.096
and where you can experience the sun,

0:02:00.120,0:02:03.000
that give us a better life[br]in the built environment,

0:02:04.040,0:02:10.056
just because of the relevance of light[br]in its brightness and also in its shadows.

0:02:10.080,0:02:14.016
And what it all boils down to is,[br]of course, the sun.

0:02:14.040,0:02:16.976
And this image of the Sun may suggest

0:02:17.000,0:02:19.176
that the Sun is something[br]evil and aggressive,

0:02:19.200,0:02:20.376
but we should not forget

0:02:20.400,0:02:23.976
that all energy on this planet[br]actually comes from the Sun,

0:02:24.000,0:02:28.800
and light is only[br]a manifestation of that energy.

0:02:29.720,0:02:33.136
The sun is for dynamics,[br]for color changes.

0:02:33.160,0:02:35.736
The sun is for beauty in our environment,

0:02:35.760,0:02:38.976
like in this building --[br]the High Museum in Atlanta,

0:02:39.000,0:02:41.936
which has been created[br]by Renzo Piano from Italy,

0:02:41.960,0:02:46.536
together with Arup Lighting,[br]a brilliant team of lighting designers,

0:02:46.560,0:02:53.016
who created a very subtle[br]modulation of light across the space,

0:02:53.040,0:02:55.358
responding to what the sun does outside,

0:02:55.382,0:02:58.376
just because of all these[br]beautiful openings in the roof.

0:02:58.400,0:03:02.576
So in an indirect way,[br]you can see the sun.

0:03:02.600,0:03:06.056
And what they did is they created[br]an integral building element

0:03:06.080,0:03:11.856
to improve the quality of the space[br]that surrounds the visitors of the museum.

0:03:11.880,0:03:15.136
They created this shade[br]that you can see here,

0:03:15.160,0:03:18.816
which actually covers the sun,

0:03:18.840,0:03:21.355
but opens up to the good[br]light from the sky.

0:03:21.880,0:03:25.816
And here you can see how they really[br]crafted a beautiful design process

0:03:25.840,0:03:27.056
with physical models,

0:03:27.080,0:03:30.336
with quantitative[br]as well as qualitative methods,

0:03:30.360,0:03:34.576
to come to a final solution[br]that is truly integrated

0:03:34.600,0:03:37.136
and completely holistic[br]with the architecture.

0:03:37.160,0:03:39.656
They allowed themselves[br]a few mistakes along the way.

0:03:39.680,0:03:42.536
As you can see here,[br]there's some direct light on the floor,

0:03:42.560,0:03:45.176
but they could easily figure out[br]where that comes from.

0:03:45.200,0:03:50.776
And they allow people in that building[br]to really enjoy the sun,

0:03:50.800,0:03:52.896
the good part of the sun.

0:03:52.920,0:03:57.336
And enjoying the sun[br]can be in many different ways, of course.

0:03:57.360,0:03:59.176
It can be just like this,

0:03:59.200,0:04:02.620
or maybe like this,[br]which is rather peculiar,

0:04:02.644,0:04:04.736
but this is in 1963 --

0:04:04.760,0:04:08.776
the viewing of a sun eclipse[br]in the United States.

0:04:08.800,0:04:11.056
And it's just a bit bright up there,

0:04:11.080,0:04:14.240
so these people have found[br]a very intriguing solution.

0:04:14.920,0:04:18.096
This is, I think, a very illustrative[br]image of what I try to say --

0:04:18.120,0:04:23.016
that the beautiful dynamics of sun,[br]bringing these into the building,

0:04:23.040,0:04:27.576
creates a quality of our built environment[br]that truly enhances our lives.

0:04:27.600,0:04:29.896
And this is all about darkness

0:04:29.920,0:04:32.016
as much as it is[br]about lightness, of course,

0:04:32.040,0:04:34.656
because otherwise[br]you don't see these dynamics.

0:04:34.680,0:04:36.136
As opposed to the first office

0:04:36.160,0:04:39.216
that I showed you[br]in the beginning of the talk,

0:04:39.240,0:04:42.296
this is a well-known office,[br]which is the Weidt Group.

0:04:42.320,0:04:45.376
They are in green energy consulting,[br]or something like that.

0:04:45.400,0:04:47.353
And they really practice what they preach

0:04:47.377,0:04:50.296
because this office doesn't have[br]any electric lighting at all.

0:04:50.320,0:04:54.576
It has only, on one side,[br]this big, big glass window

0:04:54.600,0:04:58.176
that helps to let the sunlight[br]enter deep into the space

0:04:58.200,0:05:01.616
and create a beautiful quality there[br]and a great dynamic range.

0:05:01.640,0:05:04.256
So it can be very dim over there,[br]and you do your work,

0:05:04.280,0:05:07.056
and it can be very bright over there,[br]and you do your work.

0:05:07.080,0:05:10.976
But actually, the human eye[br]turns out to be remarkably adaptable

0:05:11.000,0:05:14.896
to all these different light conditions[br]that together create an environment

0:05:14.920,0:05:17.336
that is never boring[br]and that is never dull,

0:05:17.360,0:05:20.000
and therefore helps us[br]to enhance our lives.

0:05:21.400,0:05:24.696
I really owe a short introduction[br]of this man to you.

0:05:24.720,0:05:28.656
This is Richard Kelly[br]who was born 100 years ago,

0:05:28.680,0:05:32.496
which is the reason I bring him up now,[br]because it's kind of an anniversary year.

0:05:32.520,0:05:37.616
In the 1930s, Richard Kelly[br]was the first person to really describe

0:05:37.640,0:05:39.576
a methodology of modern lighting design.

0:05:39.600,0:05:41.416
And he coined three terms,

0:05:41.440,0:05:45.336
which are "focal glow,"[br]"ambient luminescence"

0:05:45.360,0:05:47.016
and "play of the brilliants" --

0:05:47.040,0:05:51.536
three very distinctly different[br]ideas about light in architecture

0:05:51.560,0:05:55.536
that all together[br]make up this beautiful experience.

0:05:55.560,0:05:56.976
So to begin with, focal glow.

0:05:57.000,0:05:58.576
He meant something like this --

0:05:58.600,0:06:00.976
where the light[br]gives direction to the space

0:06:01.000,0:06:02.976
and helps you to get around.

0:06:03.000,0:06:04.216
Or something like this,

0:06:04.240,0:06:06.856
which is the lighting design[br]he did for General Motors,

0:06:06.880,0:06:08.096
for the car showroom.

0:06:08.120,0:06:09.336
And you enter that space,

0:06:09.360,0:06:12.656
and you feel like,[br]"Wow! This is so impressive,"

0:06:12.680,0:06:16.736
just because of this focal point,[br]this huge light source in the middle.

0:06:16.760,0:06:18.475
To me, it is something from theater,

0:06:18.499,0:06:20.696
and I will get back to that[br]a little bit later.

0:06:20.720,0:06:24.376
It's the spotlight on the artist[br]that helps you to focus.

0:06:24.400,0:06:27.216
It could also be the sunlight[br]that breaks through the clouds

0:06:27.240,0:06:30.656
and lights up a patch of the land,

0:06:30.680,0:06:34.240
highlighting it[br]compared to the dim environment.

0:06:35.120,0:06:38.896
Or it can be in today's retail,[br]in the shopping environment --

0:06:38.920,0:06:42.936
lighting the merchandise and creating[br]accents that help you to get around.

0:06:42.960,0:06:45.976
Ambient luminescence[br]is something very different.

0:06:46.000,0:06:49.096
Richard Kelly saw it[br]as something infinite,

0:06:49.120,0:06:51.416
something without any focus,

0:06:51.440,0:06:56.256
something where all details[br]actually dissolve in infinity.

0:06:56.280,0:07:02.176
And I see it as a very comfortable kind[br]of light that really helps us to relax

0:07:02.200,0:07:03.616
and to contemplate.

0:07:03.640,0:07:05.456
It could also be something like this:

0:07:05.480,0:07:07.576
the National Museum of Science in London,

0:07:07.600,0:07:12.696
where this blue is embracing[br]all the exhibitions and galleries

0:07:12.720,0:07:15.216
in one large gesture.

0:07:15.240,0:07:16.456
And then finally,

0:07:16.480,0:07:18.936
Kelly's play of brilliants added to that

0:07:18.960,0:07:22.296
really some play, I think,[br]of the skyline of Hong Kong,

0:07:22.320,0:07:24.656
or perhaps the chandelier[br]in the opera house,

0:07:24.680,0:07:26.296
or in the theater here,

0:07:26.320,0:07:30.496
which is the decoration,[br]the icing on the cake, something playful,

0:07:30.520,0:07:34.056
something that is just an addition[br]to the architectural environment,

0:07:34.080,0:07:35.296
I would say.

0:07:35.320,0:07:37.896
These three distinct elements, together,

0:07:37.920,0:07:41.080
make a lighting environment[br]that helps us to feel better.

0:07:41.680,0:07:43.816
And we can only[br]create these out of darkness.

0:07:43.840,0:07:45.416
And I will explain that further.

0:07:45.440,0:07:48.616
And I guess that is something[br]that Richard Kelly, here on the left,

0:07:48.640,0:07:50.976
was explaining[br]to Ludwig Mies van Der Rohe.

0:07:51.000,0:07:53.736
And behind them,[br]you see that Seagram Building

0:07:53.760,0:07:58.200
that later turned into an icon[br]of modern lighting design.

0:07:59.000,0:08:01.785
Those times, there were[br]some early attempts

0:08:01.809,0:08:03.296
also for light therapy already.

0:08:03.320,0:08:04.496
You can see here a photo

0:08:04.520,0:08:06.656
from the United States[br]Library of Medicine,

0:08:06.680,0:08:09.776
where people are put[br]in the sun to get better.

0:08:09.800,0:08:12.991
It's a little bit of a different story,[br]this health aspect of light,

0:08:13.015,0:08:14.575
than what I'm telling you today.

0:08:15.360,0:08:17.736
In today's modern medicine,

0:08:17.760,0:08:23.256
there is a real understanding of light[br]in an almost biochemical way.

0:08:23.280,0:08:27.976
And there is the idea[br]that, when we look at things,

0:08:28.000,0:08:30.176
it is the yellow light[br]that helps us the most,

0:08:30.200,0:08:32.176
that we are the most sensitive for.

0:08:32.200,0:08:34.816
But our circadian rhythms,

0:08:34.840,0:08:37.296
which are the rhythms[br]that help us to wake and sleep

0:08:37.320,0:08:39.696
and be alert and relaxed[br]and so forth and so on,

0:08:39.720,0:08:42.456
they are much more triggered[br]by blue light.

0:08:42.480,0:08:46.376
And by modulating the amount[br]of blue in our environment,

0:08:46.400,0:08:49.776
we can help people[br]to relax, or to be alert,

0:08:49.800,0:08:52.096
to fall asleep, or to stay awake.

0:08:52.120,0:08:58.136
And that is how, maybe in the near future,[br]light can help hospitals

0:08:58.160,0:09:03.576
to make people better sooner,[br]recover them quicker.

0:09:03.600,0:09:06.976
Maybe in the airplane,[br]we can overcome jet lag like that.

0:09:07.000,0:09:10.782
Perhaps in school,[br]we can help children to learn better

0:09:10.806,0:09:12.854
because they concentrate more[br]on their work.

0:09:12.878,0:09:15.376
And you can imagine[br]a lot more applications.

0:09:15.400,0:09:16.976
But I would like to talk further

0:09:17.000,0:09:22.776
about the combination[br]of light and darkness

0:09:22.800,0:09:24.720
as a quality in our life.

0:09:26.000,0:09:29.896
So light is, of course,[br]for social interaction also --

0:09:29.920,0:09:33.576
to create relationships[br]with all the features around us.

0:09:33.600,0:09:35.976
It is the place where we gather around

0:09:36.000,0:09:38.256
when we have to say something[br]to each other.

0:09:38.280,0:09:40.456
And it is all about this planet.

0:09:40.480,0:09:42.736
But when you look at this planet at night,

0:09:42.760,0:09:44.096
it looks like this.

0:09:44.120,0:09:47.656
And I think this is the most shocking[br]image in my talk today.

0:09:47.680,0:09:51.296
Because all this light here[br]goes up to the sky.

0:09:51.320,0:09:55.216
It never reaches the ground[br]where it was meant for.

0:09:55.240,0:09:57.376
It never is to the benefit of people.

0:09:57.400,0:09:59.216
It only spoils the darkness.

0:09:59.240,0:10:02.456
So at a global scale, it looks like this.

0:10:02.480,0:10:05.216
And, I mean, that is quite amazing,[br]what you see here --

0:10:05.240,0:10:10.576
how much light goes up into the sky[br]and never reaches the ground.

0:10:10.600,0:10:13.336
Because if we look at the Earth[br]the way it should be,

0:10:13.360,0:10:16.376
it would be something[br]like this very inspiring image

0:10:16.400,0:10:20.696
where darkness is for our imagination[br]and for contemplation

0:10:20.720,0:10:23.400
and to help us to relate to everything.

0:10:24.280,0:10:25.696
The world is changing though,

0:10:25.720,0:10:27.936
and urbanization[br]is a big driver of everything.

0:10:27.960,0:10:30.378
I took this photo[br]two weeks ago in Guangzhou,

0:10:30.402,0:10:32.057
and I realized that 10 years ago,

0:10:32.081,0:10:35.841
there was nothing like this,[br]of these buildings.

0:10:36.720,0:10:38.816
It was just a much smaller city,

0:10:38.840,0:10:42.296
and the pace of urbanization[br]is incredible and enormous.

0:10:42.320,0:10:45.336
And we have to understand[br]these main questions:

0:10:45.360,0:10:48.976
How do people move[br]through these new urban spaces?

0:10:49.000,0:10:50.576
How do they share their culture?

0:10:50.600,0:10:52.440
How do we tackle things like mobility?

0:10:53.000,0:10:54.896
And how can light help there?

0:10:54.920,0:10:56.376
Because the new technologies,

0:10:56.400,0:10:58.856
they seem to be[br]in a really interesting position

0:10:58.880,0:11:02.736
to contribute to the solutions[br]of urbanization

0:11:02.760,0:11:06.096
and to provide us[br]with better environments.

0:11:06.120,0:11:07.496
It's not that long ago

0:11:07.520,0:11:11.256
that our lighting was just done[br]with these kinds of lamps.

0:11:11.280,0:11:13.376
And of course,[br]we had the metal-halide lamps

0:11:13.400,0:11:15.496
and fluorescent lamps[br]and things like that.

0:11:15.520,0:11:17.016
Now we have LED,

0:11:17.040,0:11:21.096
but here you see the latest one,[br]and you see how incredibly small it is.

0:11:21.120,0:11:24.736
And this is exactly[br]what offers us a unique opportunity,

0:11:24.760,0:11:27.976
because this tiny, tiny size allows us

0:11:28.000,0:11:30.336
to put the light[br]wherever we really need it.

0:11:30.360,0:11:33.256
And we can actually leave it out[br]where it's not needed at all

0:11:33.280,0:11:34.976
and where we can preserve darkness.

0:11:35.000,0:11:37.496
So that is a really interesting[br]proposition, I think,

0:11:37.520,0:11:41.096
and a new way of lighting[br]the architectural environment

0:11:41.120,0:11:43.000
with our well-being in mind.

0:11:43.600,0:11:47.376
The problem is, though, that I wanted[br]to explain to you how this really works --

0:11:47.400,0:11:49.816
but I can have four of these on my finger,

0:11:49.840,0:11:51.936
so you would not be able[br]to really see them.

0:11:51.960,0:11:55.016
So I asked our laboratory[br]to do something about it,

0:11:55.040,0:11:57.056
and they said,[br]"Well, we can do something."

0:11:57.080,0:11:59.616
They created for me[br]the biggest LED in the world

0:11:59.640,0:12:01.656
especially for TEDx in Amsterdam.

0:12:01.680,0:12:03.016
So here it is.

0:12:03.040,0:12:05.456
It's the same thing[br]as you can see over there --

0:12:05.480,0:12:07.096
just 200 times bigger.

0:12:07.120,0:12:09.456
And I will very quickly[br]show you how it works.

0:12:09.480,0:12:12.336
So just to explain.

0:12:12.360,0:12:18.560
Now, every LED that is made[br]these days gives blue light.

0:12:19.560,0:12:22.776
Now, this is not very pleasant[br]and comfortable.

0:12:22.800,0:12:29.696
And for that reason,[br]we cover the LED with a phosphor cap.

0:12:29.720,0:12:32.416
And the phosphor is excited by the blue

0:12:32.440,0:12:35.536
and makes the light white[br]and warm and pleasant.

0:12:35.560,0:12:37.896
And then when you add the lens to that,

0:12:37.920,0:12:41.616
you can bundle the light[br]and send it wherever you need it

0:12:41.640,0:12:44.976
without any need to spill any light[br]to the sky or anywhere else.

0:12:45.000,0:12:48.296
So you can preserve the darkness[br]and make the light.

0:12:48.320,0:12:53.416
I just wanted to show that to you[br]so you understand how this works.

0:12:53.440,0:12:54.456
(Applause)

0:12:54.480,0:12:55.668
Thank you.

0:12:55.692,0:12:56.756
(Applause)

0:12:56.780,0:12:57.976
We can go further.

0:12:58.000,0:13:01.216
So we have to rethink[br]the way we light our cities.

0:13:01.240,0:13:05.976
We have to think again[br]about light as a default solution.

0:13:06.000,0:13:08.416
Why are all these motorways[br]permanently lit?

0:13:08.440,0:13:09.656
Is it really needed?

0:13:09.680,0:13:11.376
Can we maybe be much more selective

0:13:11.400,0:13:14.736
and create better environments[br]that also benefit from darkness?

0:13:14.760,0:13:16.976
Can we be much more gentle with light?

0:13:17.000,0:13:19.816
Like here -- this is[br]a very low light level actually.

0:13:19.840,0:13:23.456
Can we engage people more[br]in the lighting projects that we create,

0:13:23.480,0:13:26.056
so they really want[br]to connect with it, like here?

0:13:26.080,0:13:27.940
Or can we create simply sculptures

0:13:27.964,0:13:30.576
that are very inspiring[br]to be in and to be around?

0:13:30.600,0:13:32.576
And can we preserve the darkness?

0:13:32.600,0:13:34.839
Because to find a place[br]like this today on Earth

0:13:34.863,0:13:37.503
is really very, very challenging.

0:13:38.440,0:13:41.736
And to find a starry sky like this[br]is even more difficult.

0:13:41.760,0:13:44.736
Even in the oceans,[br]we are creating a lot of light

0:13:44.760,0:13:46.216
that we could actually ban

0:13:46.240,0:13:49.896
also for animal life[br]to have a much greater well-being.

0:13:49.920,0:13:53.216
And it's known that migrating birds,[br]for example, get very disoriented

0:13:53.240,0:13:55.296
because of these offshore platforms.

0:13:55.320,0:13:58.096
And we discovered that[br]when we make those lights green,

0:13:58.120,0:14:00.136
the birds, they actually go the right way.

0:14:00.160,0:14:02.176
They are not disturbed anymore.

0:14:02.200,0:14:04.018
And it turns out once again

0:14:04.042,0:14:08.200
that spectral sensitivity[br]is very important here.

0:14:08.920,0:14:11.376
In all of these examples, I think,

0:14:11.400,0:14:14.296
we should start making[br]the light out of darkness,

0:14:14.320,0:14:18.216
and use the darkness as a canvas --[br]like the visual artists do,

0:14:18.240,0:14:20.496
like Edward Hopper in this painting.

0:14:20.520,0:14:23.216
I think that there is[br]a lot of suspense in this painting.

0:14:23.240,0:14:27.456
I think, when I see it,[br]I start to think, who are those people?

0:14:27.480,0:14:29.736
Where have they come from?[br]Where are they going?

0:14:29.760,0:14:30.976
What just happened?

0:14:31.000,0:14:33.256
What will be happening[br]in the next five minutes?

0:14:33.280,0:14:36.136
And it only embodies[br]all these stories and all this suspense

0:14:36.160,0:14:38.016
because of the darkness and the light.

0:14:38.040,0:14:39.816
Edward Hopper was a real master

0:14:39.840,0:14:43.456
in creating the narration[br]by working with light and dark.

0:14:43.480,0:14:44.776
And we can learn from that

0:14:44.800,0:14:48.576
and create more interesting[br]and inspiring architectural environments.

0:14:48.600,0:14:51.056
We can do that in commercial[br]spaces like this.

0:14:51.080,0:14:53.936
And you can still also go outside

0:14:53.960,0:14:58.776
and enjoy the greatest show[br]in the universe,

0:14:58.800,0:15:01.240
which is, of course, the universe itself.

0:15:02.000,0:15:08.416
So I give you this wonderful,[br]informative image of the sky,

0:15:08.440,0:15:10.096
ranging from the inner city,

0:15:10.120,0:15:13.816
where you may see one or two stars[br]and nothing else,

0:15:13.840,0:15:16.176
all the way to the rural environments,

0:15:16.200,0:15:20.456
where you can enjoy this great[br]and gorgeous and beautiful performance

0:15:20.480,0:15:22.856
of the constellations and the stars.

0:15:22.880,0:15:24.960
In architecture, it works just the same.

0:15:25.640,0:15:29.016
By appreciating the darkness[br]when you design the light,

0:15:29.040,0:15:31.616
you create much more[br]interesting environments

0:15:31.640,0:15:33.960
that truly enhance our lives.

0:15:34.560,0:15:38.576
This is the most well-known example,[br]Tadao Ando's Church of the Light.

0:15:38.600,0:15:44.216
But I also think[br]of Peter Zumthor's spa in Vals,

0:15:44.240,0:15:47.056
where light and dark,[br]in very gentle combinations,

0:15:47.080,0:15:49.616
alter each other to define the space.

0:15:49.640,0:15:52.936
Or Richard MacCormac's[br]Southwark tube station in London,

0:15:52.960,0:15:56.531
where you can really see the sky,[br]even though you are under the ground.

0:15:57.160,0:15:58.856
And finally, I want to point out

0:15:58.880,0:16:01.376
that a lot of this inspiration[br]comes from theater.

0:16:01.400,0:16:05.536
And I think it's fantastic[br]that we are today experiencing TEDx

0:16:05.560,0:16:08.056
in a theater for the first time

0:16:08.080,0:16:12.456
because I think we really owe[br]to the theater a big thanks.

0:16:12.480,0:16:14.736
It wouldn't be[br]such an inspiring scenography

0:16:14.760,0:16:15.960
without this theater.

0:16:16.560,0:16:22.776
And I think the theater is a place[br]where we truly enhance life with light.

0:16:22.800,0:16:24.016
Thank you very much.

0:16:24.040,0:16:30.000
(Applause)