WEBVTT 00:00:08.373 --> 00:00:10.578 Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome 00:00:10.578 --> 00:00:12.711 the chair of Wikimania 2012, 00:00:12.711 --> 00:00:14.996 James Hare. 00:00:14.996 --> 00:00:24.039 [applause] 00:00:24.039 --> 00:00:25.815 Good morning everyone. 00:00:25.815 --> 00:00:28.260 On behalf of Wikimedia District of Columbia 00:00:28.260 --> 00:00:29.808 I would like to welcome all of you 00:00:29.808 --> 00:00:32.256 to Wikimania 2012. 00:00:32.256 --> 00:00:41.793 [applause] 00:00:41.793 --> 00:00:44.920 I would like to thank our partners and collaborators: 00:00:44.920 --> 00:00:47.778 the US Department of State Office of E-Diplomacy, 00:00:47.778 --> 00:00:49.262 the Library of Congress, 00:00:49.262 --> 00:00:50.890 the Wikimedia Foundation, 00:00:50.890 --> 00:00:52.565 Wikimedia Deutschland, 00:00:52.565 --> 00:00:55.077 the National Archives and Records Administration, 00:00:55.077 --> 00:00:58.264 OpenHatch, the Broadcasting Board of Governors, 00:00:58.264 --> 00:00:59.364 for working with us to make 00:00:59.364 --> 00:01:01.136 this conference possible. 00:01:01.136 --> 00:01:09.422 [applause] 00:01:09.422 --> 00:01:11.185 I would also like to thank our sponsors: 00:01:11.185 --> 00:01:15.165 Google, Ask.com, Zoomph, the Encyclopedia of Life, 00:01:15.165 --> 00:01:17.630 the Richard Lounsbery Foundation, Wikia, 00:01:17.630 --> 00:01:19.842 the Saylor Foundation and wikiHow 00:01:19.842 --> 00:01:21.900 for their generous contributions. 00:01:21.900 --> 00:01:27.896 [applause] 00:01:27.896 --> 00:01:29.054 Finally, I would like to thank 00:01:29.054 --> 00:01:31.131 our incredible conference organizing team 00:01:31.131 --> 00:01:33.139 which has been working in one way or another 00:01:33.139 --> 00:01:37.333 since January 22nd 2011 to make 00:01:37.333 --> 00:01:39.130 this conference possible. 00:01:39.130 --> 00:01:41.895 Nicholas Bashour, Katie Filbert, Tiffany Smith, 00:01:41.895 --> 00:01:45.288 Orsolya Virág, Deror Lin, Sage Ross, 00:01:45.288 --> 00:01:47.732 Chad Horohoe, and our legion of volunteers 00:01:47.732 --> 00:01:49.535 all led by Danny B. 00:01:49.535 --> 00:01:58.084 [cheers and applause] 00:01:58.084 --> 00:01:59.165 I would also like to point out 00:01:59.165 --> 00:02:00.367 that during this conference there will be 00:02:00.367 --> 00:02:02.631 many side events taking place during the evening. 00:02:02.631 --> 00:02:04.679 Tonight we have GLAM Night Out at the Newseum 00:02:04.679 --> 00:02:06.367 and the official Wikimania Happy Hour 00:02:06.367 --> 00:02:08.524 sponsored by Zoomph at Tonic. 00:02:08.524 --> 00:02:09.738 Check out the information desk on the 00:02:09.738 --> 00:02:11.205 third floor of the Marvin Center if you'd 00:02:11.205 --> 00:02:16.526 like to learn more about our side events. 00:02:16.526 --> 00:02:17.883 I'm glad you could join us this morning 00:02:17.883 --> 00:02:19.285 with this excellent weather. 00:02:19.285 --> 00:02:21.614 You see, I edited the Wikipedia article 00:02:21.614 --> 00:02:23.026 on DC summers to say that 00:02:23.026 --> 00:02:25.671 we don't have 100 degree heat waves 00:02:25.671 --> 00:02:27.759 and apparently it worked! 00:02:27.759 --> 00:02:32.907 [laughter and applause] 00:02:32.907 --> 00:02:34.855 If you have attended a previous Wikimania 00:02:34.855 --> 00:02:36.103 welcome back! 00:02:36.103 --> 00:02:37.492 If this is your first Wikimania, 00:02:37.492 --> 00:02:38.798 I'd like to introduce you to the 00:02:38.798 --> 00:02:40.508 events of the next few days. 00:02:40.508 --> 00:02:42.521 Wikimania is where you go to meet the people 00:02:42.521 --> 00:02:44.847 who work on Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 00:02:44.847 --> 00:02:47.122 which is maintained by volunteers 00:02:47.122 --> 00:02:49.756 and operated by the Wikimedia Foundation 00:02:49.756 --> 00:02:52.823 That's Wikimedia with an "M". 00:02:52.823 --> 00:02:56.877 The Wikimedia Foundation is a non-profit organization 00:02:56.877 --> 00:02:59.673 that runs Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, 00:02:59.673 --> 00:03:03.637 Wikibooks, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikiversity, 00:03:03.637 --> 00:03:06.096 Wikispecies, the MediaWiki software project, 00:03:06.096 --> 00:03:08.966 Wikimedia Commons, and I'd like to introduce 00:03:08.966 --> 00:03:12.557 our latest project under development, WikiData. 00:03:12.557 --> 00:03:18.602 [applause] 00:03:18.602 --> 00:03:20.743 Volunteers for all these projects and more 00:03:20.743 --> 00:03:23.066 will be here today, discussing their latest findings, 00:03:23.066 --> 00:03:25.933 and pondering the future of the Wikimedia projects. 00:03:25.933 --> 00:03:30.016 It is going to be an exciting four days. 00:03:30.016 --> 00:03:32.446 But first I would like to introduce our first speaker 00:03:32.446 --> 00:03:33.846 Dawn Nunziato. 00:03:33.846 --> 00:03:35.922 Professor Nunziato is an internationally recognized 00:03:35.922 --> 00:03:39.450 expert in the area of free speech and the Internet. 00:03:39.450 --> 00:03:41.646 Her primary teaching and scholarship interests 00:03:41.646 --> 00:03:45.234 are in the areas of Internet law, free speech and digital copyright. 00:03:45.234 --> 00:03:46.599 She recently published her book 00:03:46.599 --> 00:03:49.932 "Virtual Freedom: Net Neutrality and Free Speech in the Internet Age" 00:03:49.932 --> 00:03:51.710 and has lectured and written extensively on 00:03:51.710 --> 00:03:53.880 issues involving free speech and the Internet. 00:03:53.880 --> 00:03:57.107 Ladies and gentlemen, Professor Dawn Nunziato. 00:03:57.107 --> 00:04:01.107 [applause] 00:04:06.724 --> 00:04:09.795 Good morning and thank you for that kind welcome. 00:04:09.795 --> 00:04:12.530 On behalf of GW Law School 00:04:12.530 --> 00:04:16.808 I'd like to welcome you all to our Lisner auditorium. 00:04:16.808 --> 00:04:19.160 It's a great honor for GW Law School 00:04:19.160 --> 00:04:21.737 to partner with the Department of State 00:04:21.737 --> 00:04:25.329 on important and exciting events like this one. 00:04:25.329 --> 00:04:29.118 And GW Law School, under our relatively new dean, 00:04:29.118 --> 00:04:32.481 Paul Berman, is particularly committed to 00:04:32.481 --> 00:04:36.845 bridging the gap between the ivory tower of academia 00:04:36.845 --> 00:04:42.616 and the real world of law and policy and practice. 00:04:42.616 --> 00:04:44.842 We're particularly committed to capitalizing 00:04:44.842 --> 00:04:48.502 on our location in the nation's capital 00:04:48.502 --> 00:04:51.998 and are very honored to sponsor and support 00:04:51.998 --> 00:04:54.021 events like this. 00:04:54.021 --> 00:04:58.154 As we said, at GW Law, professors like myself 00:04:58.154 --> 00:05:01.651 are particularly focused on cyberlaw issues. 00:05:01.651 --> 00:05:06.966 I teach in the area of Internet law, digital copyright 00:05:06.966 --> 00:05:08.719 and free speech. 00:05:08.719 --> 00:05:12.981 And toward that end with Microsoft's generous support 00:05:12.981 --> 00:05:16.456 my colleague Artuno Carrillo and I created 00:05:16.456 --> 00:05:19.179 a program and a speaker series 00:05:19.179 --> 00:05:22.352 on global Internet freedom and human rights. 00:05:22.352 --> 00:05:24.363 We're very excited to be sponsoring 00:05:24.363 --> 00:05:25.742 a number of speakers in connection with 00:05:25.742 --> 00:05:27.110 that speaker series: 00:05:27.110 --> 00:05:29.986 Vint Cerf is going to come and speak to us 00:05:29.986 --> 00:05:31.663 in a couple of months; 00:05:31.663 --> 00:05:35.487 Ai Weiwei, Chinese human rights activist, 00:05:35.487 --> 00:05:38.506 is hopefully going to be let out of China 00:05:38.506 --> 00:05:42.252 to come speak to us on global Internet freedom issues; 00:05:42.252 --> 00:05:44.323 we sponsored Rebecca MacKinnon, 00:05:44.323 --> 00:05:46.941 the author of "Consent of the Networked", 00:05:46.941 --> 00:05:50.272 an Internet free speech activist, 00:05:50.272 --> 00:05:52.639 last year as part of the Distinguished Speaker Series, 00:05:52.639 --> 00:05:54.728 so we're really excited about that. 00:05:54.728 --> 00:05:59.377 GW Law was recently chosen to be the new home 00:05:59.377 --> 00:06:02.688 of the Federal Communications Law Journal, 00:06:02.688 --> 00:06:04.253 we look forward to working with the 00:06:04.253 --> 00:06:06.418 Federal Communications Bar here in DC 00:06:06.418 --> 00:06:09.181 on cutting-edge issues of communications law. 00:06:09.181 --> 00:06:13.865 And in connection with that, FCC Chairman Genachowski 00:06:13.865 --> 00:06:15.328 is going to come to speak to us 00:06:15.328 --> 00:06:18.595 to launch that new journal in a few months. 00:06:18.595 --> 00:06:22.073 So we're very active on these types of issues 00:06:22.073 --> 00:06:25.259 and we're very exciting to be sponsoring 00:06:25.259 --> 00:06:28.061 and supporting events like these. 00:06:28.061 --> 00:06:30.525 I'm also very proud of the work of my colleagues 00:06:30.525 --> 00:06:33.884 Dan Solove and Orin Kerr, 00:06:33.884 --> 00:06:35.315 who you may be familiar with, 00:06:35.315 --> 00:06:37.215 who are leaders in the areas of 00:06:37.215 --> 00:06:40.348 Internet privacy and cybercrime. 00:06:40.348 --> 00:06:41.404 So we've got a lot going on here 00:06:41.404 --> 00:06:44.763 at GW Law, and in particular our new dean, 00:06:44.763 --> 00:06:49.676 Paul Berman, is a world-reknowned expert in Internet law issues 00:06:49.676 --> 00:06:52.249 and the author of a well-regarded casebook 00:06:52.249 --> 00:06:54.473 on the subject. 00:06:54.473 --> 00:06:57.665 So once again welcome to all of you 00:06:57.665 --> 00:07:00.105 and on with the show! 00:07:00.105 --> 00:07:05.320 [applause] 00:07:05.320 --> 00:07:07.438 At Wikimania we have the great privilege 00:07:07.438 --> 00:07:09.550 of working with the US Department of State 00:07:09.550 --> 00:07:11.141 for our Tech@State track. 00:07:11.141 --> 00:07:14.488 Our next speaker Richard Boly is a career US diplomat 00:07:14.488 --> 00:07:17.102 and the current Director of the Office of eDiplomacy 00:07:17.102 --> 00:07:21.037 an applied technology think tank for the US Department of State. 00:07:21.037 --> 00:07:23.138 Previously he was a National Security Affairs Fellow 00:07:23.138 --> 00:07:25.722 at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University 00:07:25.722 --> 00:07:28.259 where he launched a global entrepreneurship program. 00:07:28.259 --> 00:07:30.263 Ladies and gentlemen, Richard Boly. 00:07:30.263 --> 00:07:38.325 [applause] 00:07:38.325 --> 00:07:41.726 Good morning Wikipedians and Wikimedians! 00:07:41.726 --> 00:07:47.010 [applause] 00:07:47.010 --> 00:07:48.169 My name's Richard Boly and 00:07:48.169 --> 00:07:51.063 I am part of the Office of eDiplomacy 00:07:51.063 --> 00:07:53.656 at the State Department, despite the suit, 00:07:53.656 --> 00:07:57.849 we feel that we are kindred spirits with you! 00:07:57.849 --> 00:08:00.195 Uh, actually I would like to ask 00:08:00.195 --> 00:08:03.848 all the people from eDiplomacy here to stand up briefly 00:08:03.848 --> 00:08:07.060 just stand up so you can search them out 00:08:07.060 --> 00:08:08.885 and find out more about what we're doing. 00:08:08.885 --> 00:08:14.285 [applause] 00:08:14.285 --> 00:08:15.963 We're so excited about being able to partner 00:08:15.963 --> 00:08:19.111 with you and with GW Law School 00:08:19.111 --> 00:08:22.892 and we will have as part of our Tech@State track 00:08:22.892 --> 00:08:24.865 some really interesting presentations 00:08:24.865 --> 00:08:27.994 which dovetail perfectly with the conference. 00:08:27.994 --> 00:08:31.979 Actually one of the two best known platforms 00:08:31.979 --> 00:08:34.360 that we have or products that we offer 00:08:34.360 --> 00:08:37.374 in eDiplomacy are Tech@State, 00:08:37.374 --> 00:08:39.256 this quarterly conference on the convergence 00:08:39.256 --> 00:08:42.258 of technology, foreign policy and development; and 00:08:42.258 --> 00:08:45.886 the other is Diplopedia, built on MediaWiki. 00:08:45.886 --> 00:08:47.991 And you'll get a chance tomorrow morning to hear 00:08:47.991 --> 00:08:49.700 from Tiffany Smith and Chris Bronk 00:08:49.700 --> 00:08:51.734 who will be talking about that as part of 00:08:51.734 --> 00:08:55.670 the Tech@State track. 00:08:55.670 --> 00:08:57.420 I also wanted to give a shout out to Tim Hayes 00:08:57.420 --> 00:08:59.509 who has been curating these Tech@States, 00:08:59.509 --> 00:09:01.066 and I think he's still over at the Marvin Center 00:09:01.066 --> 00:09:02.255 checking people in. 00:09:02.255 --> 00:09:04.327 Tim has been a huge driver in making 00:09:04.327 --> 00:09:07.100 this collaboration possible. 00:09:07.100 --> 00:09:11.868 But really, my goal here is to bring the words 00:09:11.868 --> 00:09:14.615 of our Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton. 00:09:14.615 --> 00:09:17.167 The Secretary of State would have loved to have been here 00:09:17.167 --> 00:09:18.641 but unfortunately is travelling. 00:09:18.641 --> 00:09:21.792 And she did pen a letter that she asked me 00:09:21.792 --> 00:09:24.762 to share with you and we will scan the signed letter 00:09:24.762 --> 00:09:29.813 and make it available obviously on the wiki website. 00:09:29.813 --> 00:09:32.641 So here goes. 00:09:32.641 --> 00:09:34.003 Dear friends, 00:09:34.003 --> 00:09:36.733 On behalf of the US Department of State, 00:09:36.733 --> 00:09:40.301 I am delighted to extend my heartfelt congratulations 00:09:40.301 --> 00:09:43.652 on the opening of Wikimania 2012 00:09:43.652 --> 00:09:47.042 and the Tech@State Wiki.gov. 00:09:47.042 --> 00:09:49.106 I commend each of you for your dedication 00:09:49.106 --> 00:09:51.441 to enhancing global understanding 00:09:51.441 --> 00:09:53.565 through the many projects and initiatives 00:09:53.565 --> 00:09:57.553 that the Wikimedia Foundation supports. 00:09:57.553 --> 00:10:00.045 Wikimania 2012 highlights the intersection 00:10:00.045 --> 00:10:02.640 of government and community goals. 00:10:02.640 --> 00:10:05.644 It demonstrates how we are breaking down the barriers 00:10:05.644 --> 00:10:08.779 between governments and the citizens they serve 00:10:08.779 --> 00:10:11.831 by making readily available critical information 00:10:11.831 --> 00:10:15.253 that is often difficult to find. 00:10:15.253 --> 00:10:17.049 The US Department of State supports these 00:10:17.049 --> 00:10:20.355 endeavours in technology, knowledge sharing, 00:10:20.355 --> 00:10:22.822 and community building, as they are important 00:10:22.822 --> 00:10:26.927 pillars of our 21st century state-craft agenda. 00:10:26.927 --> 00:10:29.903 I am a staunch advocate of bringing technology 00:10:29.903 --> 00:10:32.850 and knowledge to citizens around the world 00:10:32.850 --> 00:10:35.007 and I believe it is vitally important that 00:10:35.007 --> 00:10:38.270 our diplomats understand the huge potential 00:10:38.270 --> 00:10:40.253 of using connection technologies 00:10:40.253 --> 00:10:43.917 as a way to reach foreign audiences. 00:10:43.917 --> 00:10:45.793 The world is more connected now 00:10:45.793 --> 00:10:47.478 than ever before. 00:10:47.478 --> 00:10:50.260 But there is still much work to be done 00:10:50.260 --> 00:10:52.734 to fully capitalize on the potential of 00:10:52.734 --> 00:10:55.030 this interconnection. 00:10:55.030 --> 00:10:56.077 There are many people who are 00:10:56.077 --> 00:10:59.781 disenfranchised because they lack access to information. 00:10:59.781 --> 00:11:01.424 There are others whose contribution would 00:11:01.424 --> 00:11:04.630 make our collective knowledge richer 00:11:04.630 --> 00:11:08.036 but they face risks and difficulties in doing so. 00:11:08.036 --> 00:11:10.467 Your work in the Wikimedia Foundation 00:11:10.467 --> 00:11:13.071 contributes greatly to achieving our shared goal 00:11:13.071 --> 00:11:17.601 of making information more open and accessible. 00:11:17.601 --> 00:11:19.025 Thank you for your efforts 00:11:19.025 --> 00:11:21.338 and please know you have my best wishes 00:11:21.338 --> 00:11:25.749 for a productive and enjoyable Wikimania 2012. 00:11:25.749 --> 00:11:28.089 With appreciation and best regards, 00:11:28.089 --> 00:11:31.070 I am, sincerely yours, signed, 00:11:31.070 --> 00:11:32.920 Hillary Rodham Clinton. 00:11:32.920 --> 00:11:33.916 Thank you. 00:11:33.916 --> 00:11:45.596 [applause] 00:11:45.596 --> 00:11:47.319 Now I would like to introduce 00:11:47.319 --> 00:11:50.535 our keynote speaker for Wikimania 2012, 00:11:50.535 --> 00:11:52.125 Mary Gardiner. 00:11:52.125 --> 00:11:53.460 She is an open source developer, 00:11:53.460 --> 00:11:55.120 computer science graduate student, 00:11:55.120 --> 00:11:56.823 and women in open source advocate 00:11:56.823 --> 00:11:59.138 with over 10 years of experience. 00:11:59.138 --> 00:12:01.368 Mary's research is in lexical semantics 00:12:01.368 --> 00:12:03.713 and concentrates on how changes in word choice 00:12:03.713 --> 00:12:06.275 can affect meaning and tone. 00:12:06.275 --> 00:12:07.893 Before entering graduate school she worked 00:12:07.893 --> 00:12:09.980 as a senior software engineer for a year 00:12:09.980 --> 00:12:11.866 and contributed code to the Python-based 00:12:11.866 --> 00:12:13.584 Twisted project. 00:12:13.584 --> 00:12:16.343 In 2011, she co-founded the Ada Initiative, 00:12:16.343 --> 00:12:19.068 supporting women in open technology and culture. 00:12:19.068 --> 00:12:21.379 Ladies and gentlemen, Mary Gardiner. 00:12:21.379 --> 00:12:25.379 [applause] 00:12:34.507 --> 00:12:35.885 Good morning Wikimanians, 00:12:35.885 --> 00:12:39.240 good morning Tech@State attendees. 00:12:39.240 --> 00:12:45.570 [laughter] 00:12:45.570 --> 00:12:49.338 So as interesting as computational lexical semantics 00:12:49.338 --> 00:12:52.845 and computational sentiment analysis are 00:12:52.845 --> 00:12:55.059 I am not going to talk about my PhD work today 00:12:55.059 --> 00:12:57.338 I am talking about my new project, 00:12:57.338 --> 00:12:59.287 work with my new project, the Ada Initiative, 00:12:59.287 --> 00:13:01.537 which is a US-based non-profit 00:13:01.537 --> 00:13:03.722 supporting women in open technology and culture, 00:13:03.722 --> 00:13:06.878 which very much includes wiki projects 00:13:06.878 --> 00:13:08.461 and other open knowledge projects, 00:13:08.461 --> 00:13:13.238 also open source, remix culture, open government, 00:13:13.238 --> 00:13:15.458 open data projects and similar. 00:13:15.458 --> 00:13:17.176 And what I'm going to talk about specifically 00:13:17.176 --> 00:13:19.530 is fostering diversity in these kinds of projects. 00:13:19.530 --> 00:13:23.260 Broadly, uh, not only gender diversity 00:13:23.260 --> 00:13:26.191 but diversity across different economic backgrounds, 00:13:26.191 --> 00:13:28.793 different geographic origins, different ethnic origins, 00:13:28.793 --> 00:13:31.744 and so on. 00:13:31.744 --> 00:13:33.759 Ah, so I subtitled my talk maybe 00:13:33.759 --> 00:13:35.803 in a slightly inflammatory way, 00:13:35.803 --> 00:13:40.293 I wrote "not a boring chore, a criticial opportunity" 00:13:40.293 --> 00:13:42.217 because there can this temptation 00:13:42.217 --> 00:13:45.478 hopefully not succumbed to too much within this room 00:13:45.478 --> 00:13:49.091 to view diversity as essentially a PR exercise 00:13:49.091 --> 00:13:55.326 that a more diverse project looks better. 00:13:55.326 --> 00:13:58.995 It is however of course crucial in a project 00:13:58.995 --> 00:14:03.104 with a mission like that of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects 00:14:03.104 --> 00:14:08.554 to encompass some, in the case of Wikipedia 00:14:08.554 --> 00:14:13.038 an encyclopedia covering the um, the sum of human knowledge 00:14:13.038 --> 00:14:16.883 ultimately, obviously to incorporate the sum of human knowledge 00:14:16.883 --> 00:14:21.174 you need to incorporate the sum of humans in some crucial way. 00:14:21.174 --> 00:14:26.482 So it should be fairly obvious that therefore 00:14:26.482 --> 00:14:35.939 diversity is one of the key goals of Wikimania projects. 00:14:35.939 --> 00:14:39.169 OK, so first of all I just want to talk a little bit about 00:14:39.169 --> 00:14:41.220 wiki projects as social change. 00:14:41.220 --> 00:14:44.878 Uh, it's not what everyone involved in wiki projects 00:14:44.878 --> 00:14:47.941 is aiming for, uh, I mean there are different 00:14:47.941 --> 00:14:49.956 reasons you want to build the sum of human knowledge 00:14:49.956 --> 00:14:53.249 and creating social change is only one of them. 00:14:53.249 --> 00:14:56.379 But it is something that happens as we build these projects 00:14:56.379 --> 00:14:59.378 and make them freely available, that things change 00:14:59.378 --> 00:15:01.452 both because of the project and ah, 00:15:01.452 --> 00:15:06.060 with the momentum of the projects. 00:15:06.060 --> 00:15:08.716 So just ah as a very narrow example, 00:15:08.716 --> 00:15:11.674 this is from Joseph Reagle's keynote last year, 00:15:11.674 --> 00:15:13.109 he mentioned the Aardwolf article 00:15:13.109 --> 00:15:15.693 back in 2001 on Wikipedia, 00:15:15.693 --> 00:15:18.478 back when each Wikipedia title had to 00:15:18.478 --> 00:15:20.140 contain at least two captial letters, 00:15:20.140 --> 00:15:23.939 which is why it's AardwolF with a captial F. 00:15:23.939 --> 00:15:30.565 And South AfricA, yes, so it has a terminal A and so forth. 00:15:30.565 --> 00:15:34.509 Anyway so apparently the article read in total 00:15:34.509 --> 00:15:36.965 "Aardwolf, small animal from South Africa, 00:15:36.965 --> 00:15:38.861 related to the hyena, lives in the ground, 00:15:38.861 --> 00:15:41.027 nocturnal hunter." 00:15:41.027 --> 00:15:46.229 And now you have the typical Wikipedia zoological article 00:15:46.229 --> 00:15:49.848 with zoological classifications, behavior characteristics, 00:15:49.848 --> 00:15:51.413 geographic distribution and so on. 00:15:51.413 --> 00:15:52.814 So, OK, so that's not social change, 00:15:52.814 --> 00:15:56.166 that's Wikipedia changing. 00:15:56.166 --> 00:16:02.325 Stepping out to one particular individual. 00:16:02.325 --> 00:16:08.247 That, that's me when I was fourteen years old. 00:16:08.247 --> 00:16:09.690 The reason this is not the most flattering 00:16:09.690 --> 00:16:11.882 photo of me at fourteen years old is that 00:16:11.882 --> 00:16:13.828 I mean I was pretty sort of awkward and gawky and so on 00:16:13.828 --> 00:16:15.482 but it's not the most flattering photo 00:16:15.482 --> 00:16:17.696 and the reason is that I asked my father to scan these 00:16:17.696 --> 00:16:19.145 and this was the most flattering photo 00:16:19.145 --> 00:16:20.096 of the ones he sent. 00:16:20.096 --> 00:16:24.235 [laughter] 00:16:24.235 --> 00:16:26.868 So the Wikipedia related point here is that 00:16:26.868 --> 00:16:30.755 I was a pretty nerdy teenager, um, I would have been 00:16:30.755 --> 00:16:31.608 about fourteen. 00:16:31.608 --> 00:16:33.048 For my fourteenth birthday I got 00:16:33.048 --> 00:16:34.595 a reference work for my birthday. 00:16:34.595 --> 00:16:36.952 It was "The Penguin Book of Curious Interesting Numbers". 00:16:36.952 --> 00:16:39.264 It goes from minus one up to Graham's number 00:16:39.264 --> 00:16:42.699 skipping some numbers in between. 00:16:42.699 --> 00:16:47.129 Ah, and I read it in numerical order. 00:16:47.129 --> 00:16:49.304 And this is a person who really needed Wikipedia, 00:16:49.304 --> 00:16:53.304 but it didn't exist. 00:16:53.769 --> 00:16:58.434 OK, so now that person, when I wrote these slides 00:16:58.434 --> 00:17:01.326 these were the last fifteen or so Wikipedia pages 00:17:01.326 --> 00:17:02.935 that showed up in my browser history 00:17:02.935 --> 00:17:05.139 skipping all articles I read on individual 00:17:05.139 --> 00:17:06.640 members of the Beatles, because 00:17:06.640 --> 00:17:08.019 that wouldn't be very interesting. 00:17:08.019 --> 00:17:11.469 [laughter] 00:17:11.469 --> 00:17:12.850 So, you know, OK, that's not social — 00:17:12.850 --> 00:17:15.347 I mean that's social change in that it affected me 00:17:15.347 --> 00:17:18.554 but it's important to note that like, 00:17:18.554 --> 00:17:21.719 I am in my early thirties 00:17:21.719 --> 00:17:23.545 I've been taken from this thing of you know 00:17:23.545 --> 00:17:25.810 having my one book, my one precious book 00:17:25.810 --> 00:17:27.291 of numbers that you know 00:17:27.291 --> 00:17:30.643 I read to death, through to be able to 00:17:30.643 --> 00:17:33.633 read about colorectal cancer and T-Mobile USA 00:17:33.633 --> 00:17:40.014 in the same two day period. 00:17:40.014 --> 00:17:43.385 OK. Uh, again social change that Wikipedians 00:17:43.385 --> 00:17:44.684 are very familiar with. 00:17:44.684 --> 00:17:48.524 In 1990 Encyclopedia Britannica sold, had their 00:17:48.524 --> 00:17:50.277 highest sales volume before or since of 00:17:50.277 --> 00:17:53.437 120 000 printed copies of the encyclopedia. 00:17:53.437 --> 00:17:56.124 I never had one, I spent most of my— 00:17:56.124 --> 00:17:57.343 maybe not when I was fourteen 00:17:57.343 --> 00:18:01.553 but I spent most of my pre-teen years wishing that I did. 00:18:01.553 --> 00:18:04.730 OK, well, a couple of years ago as you know 00:18:04.730 --> 00:18:07.098 they sold around 8500 copies and they closed 00:18:07.098 --> 00:18:08.561 their printed edition down 00:18:08.561 --> 00:18:09.798 but they did report that they had 00:18:09.798 --> 00:18:12.283 450 million visits to their website. 00:18:12.283 --> 00:18:15.954 That does include the Merriam-Webster dictionary. 00:18:15.954 --> 00:18:21.452 Way back in 2006, practically pre-history, 00:18:21.452 --> 00:18:23.613 18% of the world's population was using the Internet 00:18:23.613 --> 00:18:27.490 only 3% of the, of the two continents listed here 00:18:27.490 --> 00:18:29.843 are the two smallest percentages reported on 00:18:29.843 --> 00:18:32.820 that Wikipedia page that I'm using as a reference. 00:18:32.820 --> 00:18:34.252 And I'm told you're not meant to do that, 00:18:34.252 --> 00:18:35.816 I'm not sure if that's true in this crowd. 00:18:35.816 --> 00:18:37.897 [laughter] 00:18:37.897 --> 00:18:40.947 3% of the African population using the Internet 00:18:40.947 --> 00:18:43.079 and 11% of the Asia-Pacific population 00:18:43.079 --> 00:18:45.209 using the Internet. 00:18:45.209 --> 00:18:48.980 OK, again using Wikipedia as a reference 00:18:48.980 --> 00:18:52.678 35% of the world's population using the Internet, 00:18:52.678 --> 00:18:57.622 13% of the African population, a four times increase. 00:18:57.622 --> 00:19:00.359 27% of the Asia-Pacific population, more than doubled 00:19:00.359 --> 00:19:01.711 using the Internet. 00:19:01.711 --> 00:19:04.393 So here we have real social change. 00:19:04.393 --> 00:19:08.071 And Encyclopedia Britannica has gone away 00:19:08.071 --> 00:19:10.796 and 35% of the world's population is using the Internet. 00:19:10.796 --> 00:19:13.069 So this is the kind of story that as you know 00:19:13.069 --> 00:19:15.605 Wikimedia projects are part of. 00:19:15.605 --> 00:19:18.003 The mooted at least death of print, 00:19:18.003 --> 00:19:22.993 open access, e-books, ultimately the Internet. 00:19:22.993 --> 00:19:29.198 OK, so we get to the topic of diversity 00:19:29.198 --> 00:19:30.577 and how that relates. 00:19:30.577 --> 00:19:37.295 So, the good news with Wikipedia is that 00:19:37.295 --> 00:19:44.809 as Internet projects go it's definitely a very diverse project 00:19:44.809 --> 00:19:46.625 along many dimensions. 00:19:46.625 --> 00:19:49.773 At the end of May there were 285 Wikipedias, 00:19:49.773 --> 00:19:52.102 four of them had over a million articles, 00:19:52.102 --> 00:19:57.375 forty including that four — English, German, French, Dutch — 00:19:57.375 --> 00:19:58.760 I think are the four, 00:19:58.760 --> 00:20:00.838 have a hundred thousand articles, 00:20:00.838 --> 00:20:03.190 112 have at least ten thousand articles. 00:20:03.190 --> 00:20:05.406 So that's 112 different languages 00:20:05.406 --> 00:20:07.229 you can read ten thousand articles 00:20:07.229 --> 00:20:09.834 about human knowledge in. 00:20:09.834 --> 00:20:12.410 That's extremely diverse. 00:20:12.410 --> 00:20:15.045 There are of course somewhere between 00:20:15.045 --> 00:20:16.652 it depends on what you define as a language 00:20:16.652 --> 00:20:22.092 somewhere between 3000 and 8000 languages spoken worldwide 00:20:22.092 --> 00:20:24.478 of which the vast majority have no written form 00:20:24.478 --> 00:20:30.215 but maybe that ultimately that won't stop Wikimedia projects. 00:20:30.215 --> 00:20:32.672 But I'm not here today to argue that 00:20:32.672 --> 00:20:35.893 there's a linguistic diversity problem at least with, 00:20:35.893 --> 00:20:39.804 as compared with your competitors. 00:20:39.804 --> 00:20:43.264 OK, again. some figures from the Wikipedia survey of 2010 00:20:43.264 --> 00:20:45.137 of editors and contributors. 00:20:45.137 --> 00:20:46.364 The pie chart shows every country 00:20:46.364 --> 00:20:49.851 that constituted more than 1% of respondants. 00:20:49.851 --> 00:20:52.604 A great number of diverse countries represented here. 00:20:52.604 --> 00:20:59.356 Poland, the Czech Republic, China, the USA, Russia, and so on, 00:20:59.356 --> 00:21:01.919 India is in there, although as a share of 00:21:01.919 --> 00:21:05.656 its world population it's vastly underrepresented. 00:21:05.656 --> 00:21:09.065 OK, so less good news again as many people here will know 00:21:09.065 --> 00:21:14.100 is that about a third of Wikipedia readers 00:21:14.100 --> 00:21:15.537 who responded to this survey 00:21:15.537 --> 00:21:17.787 reported being women. 00:21:17.787 --> 00:21:19.567 And even less good news is that 00:21:19.567 --> 00:21:22.712 slightly less than a tenth of the editors 00:21:22.712 --> 00:21:24.228 reported being women despite 00:21:24.228 --> 00:21:29.710 women comprising 51% of the world's population. 00:21:29.710 --> 00:21:35.598 Ah, which, one is inclined to suspect that there is a link. 00:21:35.598 --> 00:21:37.798 That if women are not using Wikipedia, 00:21:37.798 --> 00:21:39.308 if they are not finding it useful 00:21:39.308 --> 00:21:40.712 in the same numbers that men do, 00:21:40.712 --> 00:21:46.949 they find it even less interesting to contribute to. 00:21:46.949 --> 00:21:48.961 So in addition to other factors 00:21:48.961 --> 00:21:52.445 the usefulness and representativeness 00:21:52.445 --> 00:21:55.772 of the knowledge contained within Wikimedia projects 00:21:55.772 --> 00:21:58.337 will affect the willingness of diverse people 00:21:58.337 --> 00:22:02.317 to contribute to them. 00:22:02.317 --> 00:22:05.065 Okay. So having made this argument that 00:22:05.065 --> 00:22:11.932 Wikimedia projects are part of social change 00:22:11.932 --> 00:22:15.714 whether or not Wikimedia projects are always 00:22:15.714 --> 00:22:19.631 intending to drive social change, they are in some way part of social change 00:22:19.631 --> 00:22:22.265 and sometimes they are intending to be part of 00:22:22.265 --> 00:22:25.166 driving social change, giving people like my 00:22:25.166 --> 00:22:28.201 fourteen-year-old self more information about 00:22:28.201 --> 00:22:29.755 colo-rectal cancer. 00:22:29.755 --> 00:22:36.164 I want to talk a little bit about the general 00:22:36.164 --> 00:22:38.516 principles of diversity. So if we wish to increase diversity 00:22:38.516 --> 00:22:41.130 in the project, well, why do you want to do that? 00:22:41.130 --> 00:22:44.169 And then I'll say a little something about 'how'. 00:22:44.169 --> 00:22:47.750 Okay. So the term used a little bit in some of 00:22:47.750 --> 00:22:50.731 the literature about instrumental diversity 00:22:50.731 --> 00:22:53.681 in particular: so, instrumental diversity is essentially 00:22:53.681 --> 00:22:58.548 the question of how diverse participation make 00:22:58.548 --> 00:23:02.031 Wikimedia projects better. 00:23:02.031 --> 00:23:06.207 So, the argument would be: we have people 00:23:06.207 --> 00:23:07.864 with different perspectives and different knowledges 00:23:07.864 --> 00:23:10.948 coming in - their knowledge might make Wikipedia 00:23:10.948 --> 00:23:13.683 more comprehensive, more representative 00:23:13.683 --> 00:23:15.297 Okay, that's instrumental 00:23:15.297 --> 00:23:17.298 because you are primarily arguing for diversity 00:23:17.298 --> 00:23:20.831 in order to help Wikipedia rather than the other way around 00:23:20.831 --> 00:23:23.580 You can argue the other way around: 00:23:23.580 --> 00:23:26.964 that a more representative Wikimedia project 00:23:26.964 --> 00:23:31.581 with knowledge to more people will benefit those people 00:23:31.581 --> 00:23:34.814 At the extreme end, the instrumental argument 00:23:34.814 --> 00:23:39.337 is sort of the PR argument - that is one of the instrumental arguments. 00:23:39.337 --> 00:23:41.914 It makes us look better to have diversity 00:23:41.914 --> 00:23:46.175 so that helps us. It also makes the actual product better. 00:23:46.175 --> 00:23:48.063 So you have to balance these arguments. 00:23:48.063 --> 00:23:50.406 You can't think entirely in terms of instrumental diversity 00:23:50.406 --> 00:23:52.697 because it's not fair to the people you are asking 00:23:52.697 --> 00:23:54.664 to give to you. 00:23:54.664 --> 00:23:57.477 It has to be an exchange where 00:23:57.477 --> 00:24:01.098 in order to ask people to make the Wikimedia 00:24:01.098 --> 00:24:04.199 projects better, there has to be some 00:24:04.199 --> 00:24:09.684 way the Wikimedia projects plan to serve those people. 00:24:09.684 --> 00:24:18.219 We have here one of the more difficult things 00:24:18.219 --> 00:24:19.752 to accept about diversity: 00:24:19.752 --> 00:24:21.998 this slogan, "nothing about us without us" 00:24:21.998 --> 00:24:24.593 comes out of the disability activist community 00:24:24.593 --> 00:24:29.869 which in turn adopted it from the foreign affairs community 00:24:29.869 --> 00:24:39.664 What this is is essentially you cannot dictate 00:24:39.664 --> 00:24:42.497 to people with a particular interest: 00:24:42.497 --> 00:24:43.738 you cannot tell women, you cannot tell people 00:24:43.738 --> 00:24:45.631 with different ethnic backgrounds and so on 00:24:45.631 --> 00:24:47.730 "this is how we are making things better for you" 00:24:47.730 --> 00:24:52.099 "This is good, we have done this" 00:24:52.099 --> 00:24:55.094 If you choose not to accept this, you are 00:24:55.094 --> 00:24:57.677 being ungrateful and diversity is no longer our problem 00:24:57.677 --> 00:24:59.878 it is yours. 00:24:59.878 --> 00:25:02.343 This is difficult, right, because you have a vicious 00:25:02.343 --> 00:25:04.582 cycle. Well, you don't have any people from 00:25:04.582 --> 00:25:07.012 a certain background participating 00:25:07.012 --> 00:25:11.993 but then there's nobody to ask to participate 00:25:11.993 --> 00:25:15.759 so you end up spinning your wheels. 00:25:15.759 --> 00:25:17.744 So the question then is outreach. 00:25:17.744 --> 00:25:20.485 You simply have to identify your failings 00:25:20.485 --> 00:25:23.018 and reach out to people. 00:25:23.018 --> 00:25:27.977 Essentially, keep the project, keep the discussions 00:25:27.977 --> 00:25:30.627 open to criticism which says 00:25:30.627 --> 00:25:34.280 this would make it easier for you to participate, 00:25:34.280 --> 00:25:38.400 this would make it beneficial for me to participate. 00:25:38.400 --> 00:25:40.834 Constantly asking, constantly listening to their 00:25:40.834 --> 00:25:42.628 responses and believing them. 00:25:42.628 --> 00:25:49.781 Talking just quickly about the rationale for diversity: 00:25:49.781 --> 00:25:55.378 in the Western liberal philosophical tradition, 00:25:55.378 --> 00:25:57.112 the traditional argument is it promotes oneness 00:25:57.112 --> 00:25:59.213 and harmony, essentially. 00:25:59.213 --> 00:26:02.883 That as people talk more, we will converge 00:26:02.883 --> 00:26:07.221 on one point of view, converge on one culture 00:26:07.221 --> 00:26:09.944 and one way of thinking. 00:26:09.944 --> 00:26:12.761 As I expect you know, that's not a very popular 00:26:12.761 --> 00:26:14.394 view at present. 00:26:14.394 --> 00:26:20.077 A more contemporary argument is that it 00:26:20.077 --> 00:26:22.393 enables all people to change and grow. 00:26:22.393 --> 00:26:26.232 To integrate contact between diverse peoples 00:26:26.232 --> 00:26:29.750 allows them to borrow from each other while 00:26:29.750 --> 00:26:31.893 continuing to maintain some of their differences 00:26:31.893 --> 00:26:33.918 both in points of view and cultural traditions 00:26:33.918 --> 00:26:35.378 and so on. 00:26:35.378 --> 00:26:38.080 So, very quickly, an example of this discussed 00:26:38.080 --> 00:26:41.465 by Peter Emberley in a 2011 book chapter 00:26:41.465 --> 00:26:45.228 is two Indian art cultures that are both affiliated 00:26:45.228 --> 00:26:47.598 with religious practice. 00:26:47.598 --> 00:26:57.733 The Docra(?) of India are sculptors traditionally 00:26:57.733 --> 00:27:01.549 sculpting the divine forms. 00:27:01.549 --> 00:27:04.577 And Emberley argues that as they have had more 00:27:04.577 --> 00:27:07.543 contact with Western culture in particular, 00:27:07.543 --> 00:27:11.366 that their art forms, especially in the younger artists, 00:27:11.366 --> 00:27:16.195 while continuing to maintain artist-driven, 00:27:16.195 --> 00:27:19.844 culture-driven integrity to themselves 00:27:19.844 --> 00:27:23.888 are moving away from divine forms to secular forms 00:27:23.888 --> 00:27:28.866 and moving into 2D rather than 3D representations, 00:27:28.866 --> 00:27:30.692 but at the same time, not moving to actually 00:27:30.692 --> 00:27:33.093 produce Western art. 00:27:33.093 --> 00:27:40.362 Likewise, the Baul people who are Bengali musicians, 00:27:40.362 --> 00:27:46.710 Emberley argues in the music produced by the 00:27:46.710 --> 00:27:52.361 younger people now, they are starting to move 00:27:52.361 --> 00:27:55.552 again towards some representation of less 00:27:55.552 --> 00:28:00.804 eternal, more ephemeral aspects of human nature 00:28:00.804 --> 00:28:03.478 and they are utilising things like musical notation, 00:28:03.478 --> 00:28:08.094 musical recording, anthropological recordings of their own culture 00:28:08.094 --> 00:28:10.934 in order to maintain it. But at the same time, 00:28:10.934 --> 00:28:13.911 viewing themselves as continuing in their own 00:28:13.911 --> 00:28:16.310 traditions, integrating the aspects of Western 00:28:16.310 --> 00:28:20.149 modernity that they can use but without moving 00:28:20.149 --> 00:28:23.993 their music towards a more mainstream Indian 00:28:23.993 --> 00:28:29.049 or Anglo style of music, but allowing them to 00:28:29.049 --> 00:28:32.828 access the audience through modern means. 00:28:32.828 --> 00:28:35.718 So in terms of Wikimedia projects, you may have 00:28:35.718 --> 00:28:39.469 the same effect, part of the contribution of 00:28:39.469 --> 00:28:41.393 Wikimedia projects in documenting the sum of 00:28:41.393 --> 00:28:43.478 human knowledge is allowing people to preserve 00:28:43.478 --> 00:28:46.493 their own traditions and ways of thinking 00:28:46.493 --> 00:28:51.932 for themselves rather than necessarily only 00:28:51.932 --> 00:28:54.549 benefiting me as a person who wants to learn 00:28:54.549 --> 00:28:56.432 more about Indian art. 00:28:56.432 --> 00:29:00.631 Okay, I wanted to talk about, well, this has been 00:29:00.631 --> 00:29:01.931 very abstract. What do we do 00:29:01.931 --> 00:29:04.953 if we want to recruit diverse peoples? 00:29:04.953 --> 00:29:07.012 And I just wanted to talk about some 00:29:07.012 --> 00:29:08.478 general principles there. 00:29:08.478 --> 00:29:11.561 The first is, so Sue Gardner has mentioned this 00:29:11.561 --> 00:29:13.760 in conversations about various things, is the 00:29:13.760 --> 00:29:17.355 power of invitation is one way of talking about this. 00:29:17.355 --> 00:29:20.899 So there's a story about this that I know fairly well. 00:29:20.899 --> 00:29:24.943 In 2006, the GNOME free desktop project, 00:29:24.943 --> 00:29:28.176 they ran Google Summer of Code. 00:29:28.176 --> 00:29:30.815 It's a programming project - Google 00:29:30.815 --> 00:29:34.103 Summer of Code invites university students 00:29:34.103 --> 00:29:39.713 working on the project with a stipend. 00:29:39.713 --> 00:29:43.516 They got 200 applications and there were zero from women. 00:29:43.516 --> 00:29:45.779 You know, zero with an '0'. 00:29:45.779 --> 00:29:54.870 Two GNOME developers - Chris Ball and Hannah Wallach - created what 00:29:54.870 --> 00:29:57.127 they called the GNOME Women's Outreach Project, 00:29:57.127 --> 00:30:00.046 which was almost - they were paid slightly less money 00:30:00.046 --> 00:30:04.598 - almost identical to the Google Summer of Code 00:30:04.598 --> 00:30:08.461 except it was the GNOME Women's Outreach Project. 00:30:08.461 --> 00:30:10.997 They received 186 applications, I believe, 00:30:10.997 --> 00:30:13.576 all of them from women. 00:30:13.576 --> 00:30:15.801 There was some question: why didn't they apply 00:30:15.801 --> 00:30:18.414 for the other one, which was the same except 00:30:18.414 --> 00:30:20.726 paying slightly more money and slightly more 00:30:20.726 --> 00:30:22.685 prestigious in that you were selected from 00:30:22.685 --> 00:30:24.677 a wider field. 00:30:24.677 --> 00:30:26.917 The answer seems to be somewhere between 00:30:26.917 --> 00:30:30.143 two things: 00:30:30.143 --> 00:30:31.535 you have a picture of a woman computing student 00:30:31.535 --> 00:30:33.978 and you read a thing saying "spend your summer 00:30:33.978 --> 00:30:36.102 working on a coding project", you have a picture 00:30:36.102 --> 00:30:38.628 in your head of someone who's not necessarily 00:30:38.628 --> 00:30:42.900 you working on a summer coding project. 00:30:42.900 --> 00:30:45.394 It's usually that guy, you know, "that guy". 00:30:45.394 --> 00:30:50.213 The one you think of as spending all his time 00:30:50.213 --> 00:30:52.077 in front of a computer. 00:30:52.077 --> 00:30:54.293 So by saying "for women", the picture automatically 00:30:54.293 --> 00:30:58.681 changes: "well, I'm the woman in my classes 00:30:58.681 --> 00:31:01.727 who spends all her time in front of a computer." 00:31:01.727 --> 00:31:04.831 The other thing is that other women were really 00:31:04.831 --> 00:31:07.845 keen: other computer science professors in this case 00:31:07.845 --> 00:31:11.418 were really keen to do outreach for them 00:31:11.418 --> 00:31:13.444 once they had explicitly said that this is for 00:31:13.444 --> 00:31:16.344 women, it welcomed women, it was in order 00:31:16.344 --> 00:31:17.811 to promote women. 00:31:17.811 --> 00:31:20.843 Women computer scientists were forwarding it 00:31:20.843 --> 00:31:24.362 to each other, some were encouraging 10 or 15 00:31:24.362 --> 00:31:26.766 of their students to apply, so you had this 00:31:26.766 --> 00:31:31.348 double effect of encouraging people, tapping 00:31:31.348 --> 00:31:33.854 into networks of people who specifically want to 00:31:33.854 --> 00:31:35.644 mentor women. 00:31:35.644 --> 00:31:38.236 Saying "oh, this is for us, I've set up a network 00:31:38.236 --> 00:31:40.993 waiting to give women opportunities, here's 00:31:40.993 --> 00:31:43.310 a woman opportunity coming along". 00:31:43.310 --> 00:31:45.344 So you have this double invitation. 00:31:45.344 --> 00:31:47.470 The second one is simply reaching out to groups. 00:31:47.470 --> 00:31:55.242 What that means is you find more than one: 00:31:55.242 --> 00:31:58.430 to use women as an example, if you invite one 00:31:58.430 --> 00:32:02.765 woman into your editathon or hackfest, and 00:32:02.765 --> 00:32:06.292 suddenly she is THE woman. 00:32:06.292 --> 00:32:09.446 There's some statistical figure, it is around 20% or 30% 00:32:09.446 --> 00:32:13.476 where women stop feeling like "the woman". 00:32:13.476 --> 00:32:15.679 They stop feeling like everything they do will 00:32:15.679 --> 00:32:17.459 be read as "well she only says that because 00:32:17.459 --> 00:32:20.448 she's a woman", or "she only does that because 00:32:20.448 --> 00:32:22.002 she's a woman" or "we'll ask her opinion about 00:32:22.002 --> 00:32:24.542 women". 00:32:24.542 --> 00:32:26.800 If you can bring in more than person at a time 00:32:26.800 --> 00:32:28.931 by identifying existing groups of diverse people 00:32:28.931 --> 00:32:32.176 that reduces that effect. 00:32:32.176 --> 00:32:39.117 The final thing is: once you've recruited diverse 00:32:39.117 --> 00:32:40.686 people, there's a tendency to say... 00:32:40.686 --> 00:32:44.131 Say I identify as a woman Wikipedia editor 00:32:44.131 --> 00:32:47.367 (actually, I do, I do edit Wikipedia) 00:32:47.367 --> 00:32:49.429 there's a tendency to believe the two identities are 00:32:49.429 --> 00:32:51.727 in conflict: the more I identify as a woman 00:32:51.727 --> 00:32:53.881 Wikipedia editor, it becomes more like: 00:32:53.881 --> 00:32:57.677 WOMAN (Wikipedia editor). 00:32:57.677 --> 00:32:59.431 And that the only way to get me to identify 00:32:59.431 --> 00:33:02.285 as a Wikipedia editor is to discourage my 00:33:02.285 --> 00:33:06.344 woman identification. 00:33:06.344 --> 00:33:11.954 Now that's not actually true. Identity is 00:33:11.954 --> 00:33:13.726 not a zero-sum game like that. 00:33:13.726 --> 00:33:16.510 It turns out the more you encourage people to 00:33:16.510 --> 00:33:19.511 retain parts of their identity that are important 00:33:19.511 --> 00:33:20.795 to them: in my case, being a woman is important 00:33:20.795 --> 00:33:24.084 to me in that way. 00:33:24.084 --> 00:33:30.060 To retain and enhance my ability to continue 00:33:30.060 --> 00:33:32.793 as a woman, that also increases my identification 00:33:32.793 --> 00:33:36.312 as a Wikipedia editor. 00:33:36.312 --> 00:33:38.202 So you get this false problem sometimes, 00:33:38.202 --> 00:33:45.424 people will argue that having the groups for 00:33:45.424 --> 00:33:47.695 women or the groups for diverse participants 00:33:47.695 --> 00:33:51.843 discourages them, an isolationist kind of thing. 00:33:51.843 --> 00:33:54.060 It actually encourages both identities. 00:33:54.060 --> 00:33:56.440 That's a very important principle of diversity 00:33:56.440 --> 00:34:00.463 too, that you allow people to acknowledge 00:34:00.463 --> 00:34:03.774 that they are part of a minority within a larger culture 00:34:03.774 --> 00:34:09.901 and to embrace being part of a minority within a larger culture. 00:34:09.901 --> 00:34:13.694 To conclude my talk, I want to give a couple of 00:34:13.694 --> 00:34:18.478 specific examples of possible outreach avenues 00:34:18.478 --> 00:34:20.116 for diversity. 00:34:20.116 --> 00:34:26.629 I have had the pleasure of meeting people over 00:34:26.629 --> 00:34:29.300 the last week who work with Wikimedia on diversity 00:34:29.300 --> 00:34:32.649 and outreach, and outreach to different groups 00:34:32.649 --> 00:34:36.870 and educational projects, so not to say that 00:34:36.870 --> 00:34:40.288 none of this has occurred to people in the room 00:34:40.288 --> 00:34:44.650 so a couple examples of how outreach might happen: 00:34:44.650 --> 00:34:48.830 first, let's use an example of primarily technological 00:34:48.830 --> 00:34:51.311 outreach which I didn't really expect. 00:34:51.311 --> 00:34:55.545 I talked a little bit to Andy Gunn at the Open Technology Institute 00:34:55.545 --> 00:35:06.578 which is in turn part of the Detroit Digital Justice Coalition here in the United States 00:35:06.578 --> 00:35:09.451 working with people in Detroit in particular. 00:35:09.451 --> 00:35:15.367 Non-white people who are young, building up 00:35:15.367 --> 00:35:22.311 communication and access to media and technology. 00:35:22.311 --> 00:35:27.044 Their overall mission statement is that people and 00:35:27.044 --> 00:35:29.243 organisations in Detroit who believe that communication 00:35:29.243 --> 00:35:35.441 is a fundamental human right. 00:35:35.441 --> 00:35:41.677 This is an excerpt: they have the principles of digital justice on their website. 00:35:41.677 --> 00:35:46.098 The webpage is quite long, there are 20 principles; 00:35:46.098 --> 00:35:48.560 I recommend having a look at the web page 00:35:48.560 --> 00:35:49.844 for all of them. 00:35:49.844 --> 00:35:51.822 You'll notice, I have an excerpt here: equal access 00:35:51.822 --> 00:35:56.345 to media and technology as producers as well as consumers. 00:35:56.345 --> 00:35:59.810 Prioritising participation of people who have traditionally been excluded. 00:35:59.810 --> 00:36:03.160 Advancing our ability to tell our own stories: 00:36:03.160 --> 00:36:06.887 again referring to people who have traditionally been excluded. 00:36:06.887 --> 00:36:10.503 The creation of tools and technologies that are freely shared. 00:36:10.503 --> 00:36:13.444 Now, points 1 and 4 are very compatible with 00:36:13.444 --> 00:36:16.561 the broader open movement, open access, 00:36:16.561 --> 00:36:22.027 open knowledge, wiki culture and so on. 00:36:22.027 --> 00:36:25.695 Points 2 and 3 relate more to diversity concerns. 00:36:25.695 --> 00:36:29.653 So I emailed them and Andy, what immediately 00:36:29.653 --> 00:36:33.312 leapt to mind, was technological outreach. 00:36:33.312 --> 00:36:37.531 He sees the problem with getting his community 00:36:37.531 --> 00:36:40.061 to participate in Wikimedia projects is technological. 00:36:40.061 --> 00:36:43.635 They are very focussed on mesh networking, 00:36:43.635 --> 00:36:44.926 community, neighbourhood mesh networking 00:36:44.926 --> 00:36:48.060 setting up ad-hoc wifi networks that have a 00:36:48.060 --> 00:36:52.144 flaky, not-always-on uplink to the Internet 00:36:52.144 --> 00:36:55.361 so you primarily exchange information within 00:36:55.361 --> 00:36:57.810 your mesh network. 00:36:57.810 --> 00:37:00.646 So what he said was "well, in order for 00:37:00.646 --> 00:37:03.093 Wikipedia to be useful, we would have to 00:37:03.093 --> 00:37:06.360 cater for those uses", which is of course 00:37:06.360 --> 00:37:08.284 possible under the license but it wasn't 00:37:08.284 --> 00:37:14.677 in fact immediately obvious to him 00:37:14.677 --> 00:37:18.835 that there was something now that could be