9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So this is Ana Hazareh. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Ana Hazareh may well be the[br]most cutting-edge 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 digital activist in the world today. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you wouldn't know it by looking at him. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Hazareh is a 77-year-old Indian anti-corruption[br]and social justice activist. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And in 2011, he was running a big campaign 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to address everyday corruption in India, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a topic that Indian elites love to ignore. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So as part of this campaign, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 he was using all of the traditional tactics 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that a good Ghandian organizer would use. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So he was on a hunger strike, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and Hazareh realized through his hunger 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that actually maybe this time, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the 21st-century, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a hunger strike wouldn't be enough. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So he started playing around [br]with mobile-activism. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So the first thing he did, he said to people, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "okay, why don't you send me 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a text message if you support 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 my campaign against corruption?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So he does this, he [br]gives people a short code, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and about 80,000 people do it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Okay, that's pretty respectable. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But then he decides, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "let me tweak my tactics a little bit."[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He says, "why don't you leave[br]me a missed call?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, for those of you who have[br]lived in the global south, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you'll know that missed calls 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 are a really critical part[br]of global mobile culture. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I see people nodding. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 People leave missed calls all the time: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If you're running late for a meeting 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and you want to let them know [br]that you're on the way, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you leave them a missed call. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If you're dating someone and [br]you just want to say "I miss you" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you leave them a missed call. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So a note for a dating tip here, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in some cultures, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 if you want to please your lover, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you call them and hang up. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So why do people leave missed calls? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, the reason of course is that 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they're trying to avoid charges 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 associated with making calls[br]and sending texts. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So when Hazareh asked people [br]to leave him a missed call, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Let's have a little guess how [br]many people actually do this? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 35 million. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So this is one of the largest coordinated[br]actions in human history. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's remarkable. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And this reflects the extraordinary strength [br]of the emerging Indian middle class, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the power that their[br]mobile phones bring. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But he used that, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Hazareh needed up with this massive [br]v-file of mobile phone numbers, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and he used that to deploy 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 real people-power on the ground 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to get hundreds of thousands of[br]people on the streets in Dehli 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to make a national point on [br]everyday corruption in India. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's a really striking story. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So this is me when I was 12-years-old, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I hope you see the resemblance, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I was also an activist, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I've been an activist all my life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I had this really funny childhood 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 where I [tropsed?] around the world 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 meeting world leaders and [br]Noble Prize winners 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 talking about third-world debt, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as it was then called, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and demilitarization, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I was a very, very serious child. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And back then, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the early 90s, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I had very cutting-edge[br]tech-tool of my own: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the fax. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the fax was the [br]tool of my activism. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And at that time, it was the best way 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to get a message to a lot of people 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 all at once. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'll give you one example of a fax[br]campaign that I ran. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was the eve of the Gulf War 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I organized a global campaign [br]to flood the hotel, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the Intercontinental in Geneva, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 where James Vacar and [name] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 were meeting on the eve of the war, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I thought that if I could [br]flood them with faxes, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we'll stop the war. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, unsurprisingly, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that campaign was wholly unsuccessful. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There are lots of reasons for that, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but there's no doubt that [br]one sputtering fax machine 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in Geneva was a little bit[br]of a bandwidth constraint 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in terms of the ability to [br]get a message to lots of people. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so, I went on to [br]discover some better tools. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I co-founded Avaz that uses the [br]internet to mobilize people 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and now has almost [br]40 million members, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I now run Purpose, which [br]is a home for these kind of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 technology-powered movements. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So what's the moral of this story? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Is the moral of this story,[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "you know what, the fax is kind of[br]eclipsed by the mobile phone?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is another story of [br]tech-determinism? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, I would argue that there's [br]actually more to it than that. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'd argue that in the last 20 years, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 something more fundamental has changed[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 than just new tech. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I would argue that there has[br]been a fundamental shift 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the balance of power 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You ask any activist how to understand the world, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they'll say, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "look at where the power is,[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who has it, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 how it's shifting?"[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I think we all sense that something[br]big is happening. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So Henry Tims and I, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Henry's a fellow movement builder, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 got talking one day and [br]we started to think, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "how can we make sense of this new world? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 how can we describe it and give 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it a framework that makes it more useful?"[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Because we realize that many 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of the lessons that we were[br]discovering in movements 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 actually applied all over the world 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in many sectors of our society. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So I want to introduce you to[br]this framework: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Old power, meet new power. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I want to talk to you about[br]what new power is today. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 New power is the deployment 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of mass participation and peer coordination, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 these are the two key elements, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to create change and shift outcomes. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And we see new power all around us. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is bile grio 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 he was a populist Italian blogger 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who with a minimal apparatus[br]and only some online tools, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 won more than 25 percent of the vote 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in recent Italian elections. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is air b&b, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 which, in just a few years, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 radically disrupted the hotel industry 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 without owning a single[br]square-foot of real estate. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is Kickstarter, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 which we know has raised over a billion dollars 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from more than 5 million people. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, we're familiar with all of these models. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But what's striking is the commonalities, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the structural features of [br]these new models 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and how they differ from old power. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Let's look a little bit at this. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Old power is held like a currency. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 New power works like a current. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Old power is held by a few. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 New power isn't held by a few,[br]it's made by many. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Old power is all about download, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and new power uploads. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you see a whole set of characteristics 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that you can trace, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 whether it's in media or politics, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or in education. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So we've talked a little bit about 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what new power is, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 let's talk for a second about what[br]new power isn't. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 New power is not your Facebook page. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I assure you that having a [br]social media strategy 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 can enable you to do 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 just as much download 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as you used to do when you had the radio. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Just as Syrian dictator Bashar Al-Asad, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I assure you that his Facebook page 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 has not embraced the power[br]of participation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 New power is not inherently positive. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In fact, this isn't an normative[br]argument that we're making, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 there are many good things [br]about new power, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but it can produce bad outcomes. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 More participation, more peer coordination 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 sometimes distorts outcomes 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and there are some things, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 like things, for example, in the medical profession 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that we want new power to get [br]no where near. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And thirdly, new power is not[br]the inevitable victor. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In fact, unsurprisingly, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as many of these new power[br]models get to scale, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what you see is this massive push-back 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from the forces of old power. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Let's look at this really [br]interesting epic struggle 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 going on right now between [br]Edward Snowden and the NSA. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You'll note that only that[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 only one of the two people on this slide 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is currently in exile. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so, it's not at all clear 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that new power will be [br]the inevitable victor. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That said, keep one thing in mind:[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We're at the beginning of a[br]very steep curve. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So you think about some of [br]these new power models, right? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 These were just like someone's 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 garage idea a few years ago, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 now they're disrupting [br]entire industries. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so, what's interesting[br]about new power, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is the way it feeds[br]on itself. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Once you have an experience of new power, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you tend to expect and [br]want more of it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So let's say you've used a[br]peer-to-peer lending platform 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 like Lending Tree or Prosper, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 then you've figured out that[br]you don't need the bank, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and who wants the bank, right? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so, that experience tends [br]to embolden you 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it tends to make you want[br]more participation 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 across more aspects of your life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And what this gives rise to is 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a set of values. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We talked about the models 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that new power has engendered, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the air b&bs, the kick starters, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what about the values?[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And this is an early sketch 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of what new power values look like. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 New power values prize[br]transparency above all else. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's almost a religious belief[br]in transparency 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that if you shine a light on something, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it will be better. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And remember that in the 20th-century, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 this was not at all true. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 People thought that gentlemen[br]should sit behind closed doors 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and make comfortable agreements. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 New power values informal,[br]networked governance. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 New power folks would have[br]invented the UN today, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for better or worse. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 New power values participation, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and new power is all about 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "do it yourself." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In fact, what's interesting [br]about new power 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is that it eschews some of [br]the professionalization 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and specialization that was 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 all the rage in the 20th-century. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So what's interesting about these 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 new power values and these[br]new power models 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is what they mean for organizations. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So we've spent a bit of time thinking 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "how can we plot organizations 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on a 2x2 where, essentially 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we look at new power values 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and new power models 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and see where different people sit?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We started with a U.S. analysis, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and let me show you some 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 interesting findings. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So the first is Apple. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In this framework, we actually[br]described Apple 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as an old power company. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That's because the ideology, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the governing ideology of Apple 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is the ideology of the perfectionist, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 product designer in Cupertino.