9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So this is Ana Hazareh. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Ana Hazareh may well be the[br]most cutting-edge 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 digital activist in the world today. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you wouldn't know it by looking at him. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Hazareh is a 77-year-old Indian anti-corruption[br]and social justice activist. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And in 2011, he was running a big campaign 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to address everyday corruption in India, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a topic that Indian elites love to ignore. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So as part of this campaign, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 he was using all of the traditional tactics 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that a good Ghandian organizer would use. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So he was on a hunger strike, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and Hazareh realized through his hunger 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that actually maybe this time, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the 21st-century, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a hunger strike wouldn't be enough. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So he started playing around [br]with mobile-activism. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So the first thing he did, he said to people, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "okay, why don't you send me 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a text message if you support 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 my campaign against corruption?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So he does this, he [br]gives people a short code, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and about 80,000 people do it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Okay, that's pretty respectable. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But then he decides, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "let me tweak my tactics a little bit."[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He says, "why don't you leave[br]me a missed call?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, for those of you who have[br]lived in the global south, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you'll know that missed calls 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 are a really critical part[br]of global mobile culture. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I see people nodding. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 People leave missed calls all the time: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If you're running late for a meeting 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and you want to let them know [br]that you're on the way, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you leave them a missed call. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If you're dating someone and [br]you just want to say "I miss you" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you leave them a missed call. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So a note for a dating tip here, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in some cultures, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 if you want to please your lover, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you call them and hang up. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So why do people leave missed calls? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, the reason of course is that 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they're trying to avoid charges 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 associated with making calls[br]and sending texts. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So when Hazareh asked people [br]to leave him a missed call, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Let's have a little guess how [br]many people actually do this? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 35 million. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So this is one of the largest coordinated[br]actions in human history. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's remarkable. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And this reflects the extraordinary strength [br]of the emerging Indian middle class, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the power that their[br]mobile phones bring. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But he used that, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Hazareh needed up with this massive [br]v-file of mobile phone numbers, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and he used that to deploy 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 real people-power on the ground 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to get hundreds of thousands of[br]people on the streets in Dehli 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to make a national point on [br]everyday corruption in India. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's a really striking story. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So this is me when I was 12-years-old, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I hope you see the resemblance, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I was also an activist, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I've been an activist all my life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I had this really funny childhood 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 where I [tropsed?] around the world 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 meeting world leaders and [br]Noble Prize winners 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 talking about third-world debt, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as it was then called, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and demilitarization, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I was a very, very serious child. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And back then, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the early 90s, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I had very cutting-edge[br]tech-tool of my own: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the fax. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the fax was the [br]tool of my activism. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And at that time, it was the best way 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to get a message to a lot of people 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 all at once. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'll give you one example of a fax[br]campaign that I ran. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was the eve of the Gulf War 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I organized a global campaign [br]to flood the hotel, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the Intercontinental in Geneva, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 where James Vacar and [name] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 were meeting on the eve of the war, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I thought that if I could [br]flood them with faxes, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we'll stop the war. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, unsurprisingly, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that campaign was wholly unsuccessful. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There are lots of reasons for that, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but there's no doubt that [br]one sputtering fax machine 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in Geneva was a little bit[br]of a bandwidth constraint.