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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)

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Introduction to Epi-zoonotic Diseases.

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In this session, we shall look at key terminologies
and definitions related to zoonotic diseases

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of epidemic potential.

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We shall look at the zoonotic diseases of
epidemic potential in Eastern Africa, the

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significance of epi-zoonotics as emerging
diseases, the factors promoting emergence

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of epi-zoonotic diseases, the consequences
of epi-zoonotic diseases, and general response

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interventions, and then, issues related to
animal welfare.

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A zoonosis is a disease or infection which
is naturally transmitted between animals and

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humans.

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It may occur from an animal to human, or from
human to an animal.

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A simpler definition is a disease that normally
infects animals, but can also infect humans.

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An epizootic disease is an outbreak (epidemic)
of disease in an animal population.

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An enzootic is a disease that is endemic in
animals.

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Exotic diseases are those which are imported
into a country in which they do not otherwise

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occur.

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An example is avian influenza.

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Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses are diseases
caused either by totally new or partially

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new agents, or by micro-organisms previously
known, but now occurring in places or in species

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where the disease was previously unknown.

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Examples of this include influenza, ebola,
and SARS.

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The priority of zoonotic diseases of epidemic
potential in Eastern Africa include rift valley

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fever, influenza A viruses, anthrax, rabies,
ebola and other viral hemorrhaegic fevers,

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plague, and trypanosomiasis.

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What is the significance of epi-zoonotics
as emerging diseases, especially in Eastern

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Africa?

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Globally, there have been over 20 new diseases
in the last 30 years.

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Over 2/3 of new disease causing agents arise
from wild-life.

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Examples include SARS, nipah, H5N1, H1N1.

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Domestic animals account for 20% of new zoonoses.

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The East and Central Africa Region is a 'hot
spot' for new diseases.

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Factors promoting the emergence of epidemic-prone
epi-zoonotic diseases include socio-economic

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factors like intensive farming without bio-security
measures, water-supply projects, urbanization,

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human population movement, animal movement,
famine, free-range farming systems.

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Environmental factors include climate change
(e.g. global warming) and presence of vectors

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and/or reservoirs.

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Human-related factors include co-infection
with other diseases agents (like HIV and tuberculosis or TB),

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lack of knowledge on bio-security measures,
inadequate personal hygiene like sneezing

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without covering mouth or not washing hands.

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Cultural and behavioural risk factors include
lack of knowledge, food habits, changes in

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life-style, human-livestock-wildlife interaction.

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These are some of the characteristics of the
human-animal interface that increases the

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likelihood of transferring diseases that were
previously not known in humans from animals.

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Intense handling of animal products with low
bio-security causing diseases like brucellosis,

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anthrax, avian influenza.

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Pastoralism and free-range systems, hunting, 
gathering, eating game meat and carcasses

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predisposing to ebola and anthrax.

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Contact with bats predisposing to ebola and
marburg.

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Ill cooked products causing salmonellosis
and brucellosis.

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Hygiene and rats predisposing to leptospirosis
and hepatitis E.

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Free-range poultry and migratory birds predisposing
to avion influenza.

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Conservation areas like Ngorongoro and Samburu.
Ill-handling of domestic canines predisposing

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to rabies.

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Socio-cultural factors including sharing accommodation
with animals, and cross-border risk as well

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as gender related risk

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What are the consequences of epidemic-prone
epi-zoonotic diseases?

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They include:

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Socio-economic impacts like reduction in the
level of outputs from animal production, reduction

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in perceived or actual output quality, waste
of inputs to animal production, resource costs

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of disease prevention and control, negative
animal welfare effects, and international

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trade restrictions.

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Human health costs including effects or costs
of treatment, effects on the environment,

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effects on tourism, effects on rural livelihoods,
political and social disruption, and increased

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poverty.

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All the public health consequences of epi-zoonoses
include increased deaths, increased illness,

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social disruption and panic, collapse of regular
heath care systems, health workers are at

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high-risk of contracting the diseases, and
health workers may run away from health units.

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Response interventions include farmers should
report incidents to animal and human health

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workers, provisional quarantine of affected
areas if necessary, confirming the occurrence

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of an outbreak and notifying authorities

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Activating the Rapid Response Team including
vets, health workers, leaders, and police,

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etc), identifying source of infection and
identifying the severity of the infection

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and extent of spread, setting up immediate
control measures

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Disposing of dead animals in safe ways, either
by burning them or burying them, quarantining

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the sick and suspected and observing general
conditions, stopping movement of animals,

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and vaccination where necessary.

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In outbreak situations of epi-zoonotic diseases, animal 
welfare situations should be taken into consideration.

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If they are to be destroyed or killed, animals
should be treated in a humane manner.

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Reduce undue pain.

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Confine them in a considerate manner.

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Thanks for listening.