[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.25,0:00:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Penguins have long captured
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.50,0:00:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the imagination and the hearts
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.45,0:00:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people the world over.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.41,0:00:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But while popular culture
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.83,0:00:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depicts them as clumsy, adorable birds
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.40,0:00:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with endlessly abundant populations,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.91,0:00:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the truth is that penguins are exceedingly graceful,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.75,0:00:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often ornery,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.08,0:00:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their populations are in rapid free fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.28,0:00:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their real life situation is far more precarious
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.88,0:00:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than people think.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.26,0:00:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if current trends do not change,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.42,0:00:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it may not be long
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.58,0:00:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before penguins can only be found in movies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.27,0:00:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many things about penguins
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.84,0:00:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make them odd birds, so to speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.34,0:00:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.19,0:00:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are one of the few bird species that cannot fly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.98,0:00:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having evolved from flight-capable birds
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.66,0:00:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 60 million years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.13,0:00:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surprisingly, their closest living relative
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.47,0:00:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the albatross,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.96,0:01:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bird known for its enormous wingspan
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.27,0:01:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and extraordinary soaring abilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.49,0:01:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may seem strange
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.49,0:01:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that losing the ability to fly
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.24,0:01:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be an evolutionary advantage,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.28,0:01:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the penguin's short, flipper-like wings
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.88,0:01:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and solid bones
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.15,0:01:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allow them to swim faster and dive deeper
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.76,0:01:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any other bird on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.80,0:01:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filling an ecological niche that no other bird can.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.60,0:01:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Penguins inhabit the southern hemisphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.84,0:01:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being one of the few bird species
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.69,0:01:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to breed in the coldest environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.26,0:01:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But contrary to popular belief,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.55,0:01:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are not restricted to cold regions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.97,0:01:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor are there any at the North Pole.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.68,0:01:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, only 4 of the 18 penguin species
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.86,0:01:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regularly live and breed in Antarctica.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.33,0:01:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most penguins live in subtemperate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.03,0:01:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to temperate regions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.48,0:01:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Galapagos penguin even lives and breeds
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.89,0:01:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right near the equator
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.32,0:01:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off the coast of South America.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.46,0:01:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are also found in South Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.84,0:01:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Namibia,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.56,0:01:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Australia,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.34,0:01:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and New Zealand,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.46,0:01:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as on a number of islands
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.97,0:01:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the southern Atlantic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.44,0:01:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pacific,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.14,0:01:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indian,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.73,0:02:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Antarctic Oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.77,0:02:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although penguins spend 75% of their lives at sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.56,0:02:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they must come to shore every year
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.61,0:02:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reproduce and to molt their feathers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.02,0:02:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do this in a variety of places,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.56,0:02:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the temporary ice sheets of the Antarctic
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.22,0:02:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the beaches of South Africa and Namibia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.78,0:02:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the rocky shores of subantarctic islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.91,0:02:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the craggy lava surfaces in the Galapagos.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.36,0:02:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different penguin species
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.46,0:02:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have different nesting practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.63,0:02:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some dig burrows into dirt, sand, or dried guano;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.80,0:02:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some nest in tussock grasses;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.89,0:02:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some build nests out of small rocks, sticks, and bones;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.86,0:02:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while others don't build any nests at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.51,0:02:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although most penguins lay a clutch of two eggs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.40,0:02:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two largest species,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.98,0:02:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the King and the Emperor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.40,0:02:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lay a single egg
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.74,0:02:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they incubate on top of their feet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.80,0:02:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for approximately two months.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.19,0:02:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, 15 of the 18 penguin species
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.94,0:02:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are currently listed as threatened,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.49,0:02:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,near-threatened,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.40,0:02:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or endangered
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.27,0:03:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.75,0:03:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last several decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.19,0:03:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have seen the world populations
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.76,0:03:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of most penguin species decline
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.91,0:03:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by up to 90%,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.42,0:03:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with two of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.45,0:03:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Yellow-eyed and Galapagos penguins,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.31,0:03:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to just a few thousand birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.75,0:03:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Penguins are an indicator species,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.92,0:03:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the proverbial "canary in the coal mine."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.10,0:03:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply put, if penguins are dying,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.51,0:03:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means our oceans are dying.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.64,0:03:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sadly, most of this decline is attributable
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.88,0:03:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to human activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.61,0:03:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Historically, penguins have had to deal
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.49,0:03:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with multiple disturbances.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.57,0:03:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mass collection of penguin eggs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.37,0:03:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the harvesting
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.15,0:03:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the seabird guano they nested in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.95,0:03:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused the dramatic decline
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.74,0:03:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of several penguin species.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.74,0:03:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're wondering
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.54,0:03:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what humans would want with seabird poop,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.44,0:03:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was used as an ingredient
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.53,0:03:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fertilizer and in gunpowder,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.68,0:03:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being so valuable
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.40,0:03:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.59,0:03:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was known as white gold.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.22,0:03:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Current threats to penguins include the destruction
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.67,0:04:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of both marine and terrestrial habitats,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.18,0:04:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,introduced predators,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.77,0:04:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entrapment in fishing nets,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.68,0:04:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pollution from plastics and chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.47,0:04:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There have also been several large-scale oil spills
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.07,0:04:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the past 50 years
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.04,0:04:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have killed or impacted
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.46,0:04:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tens of thousands of penguins around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.80,0:04:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the two major threats to penguins today
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.98,0:04:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are global warming
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.47,0:04:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and overfishing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.75,0:04:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Global warming impacts penguins in multiple ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.99,0:04:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from interrupting the production of krill
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.87,0:04:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to decreased sea ice formation in the Antarctic,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.58,0:04:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to increasing the frequency
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.01,0:04:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and severity of storms
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.31,0:04:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that destroy nests,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.81,0:04:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to shifting the cold water currents
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.44,0:04:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carrying the penguins' prey too far away
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.72,0:04:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from penguin breeding and foraging grounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.40,0:04:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though humans
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.41,0:04:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may be the greatest threat to penguins,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.67,0:04:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are also their greatest hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.18,0:04:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many research and conservation projects
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.26,0:04:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are underway to protect penguin habitats
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.88,0:04:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and restore vulnerable populations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.52,0:04:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a little help from us
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.35,0:04:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some changes in the practices
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.95,0:05:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that impact our planet and oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.29,0:05:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is hope that our tuxedo-clad friends
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.60,0:05:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will still be around in the next century.