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OF THE CORRESPONDING RIGHTS.
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VISIT TO CHINA OF JOĂO BELCHIOR GOULART,
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VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC
OF THE UNITES STATES OF BRAZIL.
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THE CENTRAL STUDIOS OF
NEWS AND DOCUMENTARIES
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OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.
BEIJING, AUGUST 1961 .
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In the afternoon of August 13th,
Joăo GouIart,
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the Vice-President of the Republic of the
United States of BraziI arrives in Beijing.
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I'm the bearer of a
message to the Chinese people,
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a message of friendship from
the Brazilian people,
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I am undoubtedly contributing towards
a closer relationship between our peoples,
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who can and should be good friends.
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Zhou Enlai, Prime Minister
of the State Council,
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talks with
Vice-President Joăo Goulart.
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Liu Shaoqi, President
of the People's Republic of China,
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welcomes Vice-President Joăo Goulart.
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The guests of honor visit the museum
about the history of the Chinese revolution.
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These Chinese characters mean:
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" let's distribute the land,
through the strike of the hatchet,
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we shall unlock a new world;
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with the strike of the scythe,
we shall eliminate the old one."
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On August 23rd,
Vice-President Joăo Goulart
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ends his visit to China and leaves
Canton to return to Brazil.
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Xeng Xeng, the vice-governor
of the Guangzhou province,
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and other officials
of the province of the city,
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together with a well-wishing crowd,
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say goodbye to the guests of honor
at the railway station.
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The friendship, closeness and cooperation
between the peoples of China and Brazil
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are ever increasing.
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Greetings to the Brazilian people.
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May the guests of honor have a safe trip.
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BRASÍLlA, August 25th, 1961
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It was a little past 6 in the morning
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when president
Jânio Quadros, as usual,
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locked himself up in his office.
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That day, however, he drafted
the terms of his resignation,
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which would be sent to the National
Congress a few hours later,
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stirring up a lethargic Friday session.
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With expression and gestures that
did not betray his decision,
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Jânio attended the Soldier Day
Service.
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Defeated by what he called " terrible
forces" in his resignation note,
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Jânio was photographed for the last time as
president alongside the " occuIt forces" .
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Minister of Navy
Sílvio Heck warned:
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if Vice-President Joăo Goulart
were to be inaugurated in office,
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a civiI war would erupt in the country.
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The backdrop for the coup was set.
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I was informed of the resignation
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by a phone call from the chief
of staff of the presidency of the republic,
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minister Macedo Soares.
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And immediately I though of
calling a meeting in Itamaraty
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with those friends I could
talk to immediately,
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in order to pay homage to the
resigning president.
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And I was glad that idea was well-accepted,
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because, not only my personal friends
met in Itamaraty
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but also the diplomats that
were then in Rio de Janeiro -
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Few had moved to Brasília yet, the transfer
of the capital had just happened -
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and many workers.
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From the most humble employees,
door-keepers, office-boys,
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The drivers of the ministry,
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to diplomats
who were then in Rio de Janeiro.
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So we opened a bottle of
Champagne in honor of the president
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And, in a moment of
conservative traditionalism,
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we offered to those present
one last Itamaraty reception.
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He received the news in Singapore,
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at the Raffles hotel,
in the middle of the night.
00:05:16.051 --> 00:05:19.748
An American telegraphic
agency called
00:05:19.822 --> 00:05:23.691
seeking his comments
on the resignation of Jânio Quadros.
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He had not been aware of such resignation
untiI just then.
00:05:27.130 --> 00:05:28.324
He was surprised.
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And I remember, I mean, I was told later,
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that one of the participants
In that mission,
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senator Barros de Carvalho, of PTB,
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Said right away: " Dr. Jango, Let's
open a bottle of champagne
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to celebrate the future president."
00:05:50.153 --> 00:05:51.882
But Jango was a very cautious man,
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very down-to-earth.
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He said: " Look, Barros,
if you want to have champagne
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there's nothing wrong with that.
We'll have the bar send up some.
00:06:01.264 --> 00:06:05.564
Now, we will not be celebrating my
presidency,
00:06:06.169 --> 00:06:08.569
but rather paying homage to
unpredictability."
00:09:02.716 --> 00:09:06.015
Săo Borja, a frontier town,
at the Missions ŕrea,
00:09:06.086 --> 00:09:08.577
is the birth and resting place
of two presidents:
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Getúlio Dornelles Vargas and
Joăo Belchior Marques Goulart.
00:09:15.062 --> 00:09:18.156
Joăo Goulart's bedroom
at Granja Săo Vicente
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displays moments of his public life,
started with president Vargas' help.
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The 1 7 years in between his
swearing in as state congressman in '47
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and his overthrowing from power in '64,
00:09:31.312 --> 00:09:35.749
only deepened his nationalism and
commitment to social justice,
00:09:35.817 --> 00:09:38.786
the tragic reasons behind
the common destiny of both men.
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By putting a gun to his chest
on the morning of August 24th, 1954,
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Getúlio Vargas brought an end
to his own life
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and also to the plans of his opponents
who wanted to achieve power,
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following the trail
torn open by the coup.
00:10:00.008 --> 00:10:03.375
Everything changed in those hours
between Vargas' suicide
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and the resignation that had been demanded
the day before by a military uItimatum.
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When Jango left for Porto Alegre
to bury his friend,
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he took with him the will
and the political heritage of Getúlio.
00:10:48.057 --> 00:10:50.787
Born on March 1st, 1918,
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Jango, the seventh child of
Vicente and Vicentina Goulart,
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affluent landowners,
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spontaneously lived in close
contact with farm workers.
00:11:01.003 --> 00:11:02.868
His youth years in Porto Alegre
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were spent between the bliss of bohemian
life and the rigors of the academy.
00:11:07.476 --> 00:11:11.004
In the country of lawyers,
Jango also got a law degree
00:11:11.081 --> 00:11:12.878
and quickly climbed the steps of
a life in politics.
00:11:13.783 --> 00:11:17.310
State congressman in 1947,
Federal congressman in 1950,
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secretary of interior and justice
in Rio Grande do Sul,
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national chairman for PTB.
00:11:22.459 --> 00:11:27.658
In 1954, when Getúlio had to replace
his waves to the people
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for commitments with the working classes,
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Jango stepped out of the shadows,
joining the Ministry of Employment.
00:11:35.438 --> 00:11:39.875
Side-by-side in the ministry
sat people from the old-republic,
00:11:39.943 --> 00:11:43.743
Getúlio's comrades from the 1930 Revolution,
seasoned politicians.
00:11:43.813 --> 00:11:46.441
Joăo Goulart, at age 36,
00:11:46.516 --> 00:11:50.976
personified Vargas' wish to inject
new blood into Brazilian politics.
00:11:52.455 --> 00:11:54.753
Jango became minister when
seamen were carrying out a strike
00:11:54.824 --> 00:11:56.485
for better pay.
00:11:57.795 --> 00:12:00.730
He mediated the conflict
and used his influence to
00:12:00.798 --> 00:12:03.289
grant their claims.
00:12:04.201 --> 00:12:09.036
To celebrate May 1st, he prepared
a fair gift to workers:
00:12:09.540 --> 00:12:12.134
a 100% -increase in minimum wage.
00:12:12.543 --> 00:12:15.603
Getúlio granted the increase
but dismissed Jango,
00:12:15.680 --> 00:12:19.241
because the salary increase reignited
a military crisis,
00:12:19.317 --> 00:12:22.684
that exploded in a manifesto
signed by 42 colonels.
00:12:23.220 --> 00:12:25.518
BraziI and its army
had been closely following
00:12:25.589 --> 00:12:28.683
the ongoing ideological battle
for a long time.
00:12:28.759 --> 00:12:33.753
And this battle was
greatly strengthened
00:12:33.831 --> 00:12:38.768
when Mr. Joăo Goulart
was minister of employment
00:12:39.103 --> 00:12:41.071
in the Getúlio administration.
00:12:41.138 --> 00:12:45.837
Surrounded by leftists
in his ministry,
00:12:45.910 --> 00:12:51.747
Jango started adopting measures
that caused concern among the military.
00:12:52.084 --> 00:12:55.485
And the colonels,
in light of the Brazilian atmosphere,
00:12:55.554 --> 00:12:59.388
decided to warn
their military chiefs, generals,
00:12:59.458 --> 00:13:02.154
and signed a manifesto.
00:13:02.594 --> 00:13:07.691
To communicate their concern
00:13:07.766 --> 00:13:11.725
about the path that BraziI was
following towards the left.
00:13:13.105 --> 00:13:15.573
That was the purpose of the manifesto.
00:13:15.640 --> 00:13:18.939
this manifesto was written
by a group of military officers
00:13:19.011 --> 00:13:21.946
at the Superior War College and at the
General Command of the Military Forces.
00:13:22.014 --> 00:13:24.778
The writer was General Golbery.
00:13:25.550 --> 00:13:31.890
The man doing the lobbying
was then General Ademar de Queiroz.
00:13:31.890 --> 00:13:34.358
The campaign against Getúlio was unrelenting.
00:13:34.993 --> 00:13:38.760
Gregório Fortunato, head of
the president's Personal guard
00:13:38.831 --> 00:13:41.231
tried to silence the opposition
with a gun.
00:13:41.634 --> 00:13:44.762
The attack, wich injured
Journalist Carlos Lacerda
00:13:44.837 --> 00:13:49.171
and killed air force major Rubem Vaz,
in the small hours of August 5th,
00:13:49.242 --> 00:13:51.676
strengthened the conspiracy
against the government.
00:13:51.744 --> 00:13:55.475
The dramatic outcome of the crisis,
with the president's suicide,
00:13:55.548 --> 00:13:58.176
robbed the conspirators
of the thrill of victory
00:14:02.889 --> 00:14:05.551
A defeated candidate
for a senate seat in '54,
00:14:05.625 --> 00:14:09.584
during the '55 elections, Jango received
the votes from the labor class
00:14:09.662 --> 00:14:11.562
which elected him Vice-President
00:14:11.631 --> 00:14:14.600
and gave to Juscelino Kubitschek
the presidency of the republic.
00:14:15.334 --> 00:14:17.962
Before the inauguration, the wedding.
00:14:18.037 --> 00:14:23.031
On May 12nd, 1955, Jango got married
to Maria Teresa Fontela,
00:14:23.109 --> 00:14:25.101
who had also been born
in his hometown of Săo Borja.
00:14:27.314 --> 00:14:29.976
As vice-president, Jango represented
the always smiling JK
00:14:30.050 --> 00:14:31.574
in dealings with the working class.
00:14:32.619 --> 00:14:36.715
Securing the necessary stability
to allow JK to apply his Plan of Goals
00:14:36.790 --> 00:14:38.859
and to increase industrialization,
00:14:38.859 --> 00:14:43.626
PTB's political support protected the
salaries and the freedom of the workers.
00:14:47.134 --> 00:14:49.125
With peace underway,
00:14:49.203 --> 00:14:52.104
the constitutional rules govern Brazil.
00:14:54.041 --> 00:14:57.568
While occupying the office of
President, during JK's absences,
00:14:57.644 --> 00:15:01.580
Jango combined administrative know-how
and political expertise.
00:15:04.651 --> 00:15:08.246
The visit to the Soviet Union
in late 1960
00:15:08.522 --> 00:15:12.481
turned Vice-President Joăo Goulart
into the first Latin-American leader
00:15:12.559 --> 00:15:16.656
to pierce the ideological barrier
buiIt by western countries around Moscow.
00:15:17.732 --> 00:15:21.361
Welcomed by Alexei Kosygin
and Leonid Brejnev,
00:15:21.436 --> 00:15:23.404
high-ranking soviet officials,
00:15:23.471 --> 00:15:26.269
Jango broadened Brazil's political horizons.
00:15:26.341 --> 00:15:29.310
Breaching the automatic alignment
with the United States,
00:15:29.377 --> 00:15:31.971
he included the country among the
frontline of non-aligned nations.
00:15:34.415 --> 00:15:38.374
Jango could not go to the Soviet Union
and not see the burial place of Lenin,
00:15:38.453 --> 00:15:41.616
the hero of the 191 7 communist revolution.
00:15:42.023 --> 00:15:45.789
The protocoI visit displeased
the military
00:15:45.860 --> 00:15:49.387
which, in 1961 ,
tried to prevent his inauguration.
00:15:51.466 --> 00:15:53.134
When visiting Leningrad,
00:15:53.134 --> 00:15:56.763
the port where Russia's feudal
history began to sink,
00:15:56.838 --> 00:15:58.601
Jango went onboard the Aurora cruiser,
00:15:58.673 --> 00:16:02.336
from which the first shots of the
Bolshevik revolution were fired.
00:16:02.410 --> 00:16:07.644
Jango would be reminded of those images
when granting freedom to Brazilian mariners
00:16:07.716 --> 00:16:10.514
after the 1964 revoIt.
00:16:16.025 --> 00:16:19.085
The trip's joyfuI and informal tone,
00:16:19.161 --> 00:16:20.992
caused a meIting of the " cold war" .
00:16:26.001 --> 00:16:29.801
Robots, mechanical arms, atoms.
00:16:30.506 --> 00:16:34.374
Jango discovered in Russia a world
on the brink of the Sputnik age.
00:16:36.412 --> 00:16:38.642
BraziI was on the brink of the " Broom age."
00:16:39.281 --> 00:16:44.583
Jânio Quadros' victory in
the 1960 presidential elections
00:16:44.653 --> 00:16:48.111
enabled UDN to quench its
thirst for power.
00:16:48.357 --> 00:16:52.054
Carlos Lacerda, Afonso Arinos
and Magalhăes Pinto
00:16:52.127 --> 00:16:56.827
were the hosts of a party that
turned Jânio into a born-again UDN member.
00:16:58.034 --> 00:17:00.696
Banners, waves,
00:17:01.504 --> 00:17:03.233
hugs and applause
00:17:03.306 --> 00:17:05.398
surrounded the conversion ritual.
00:17:05.742 --> 00:17:09.200
BraziI had caught the
"Jânio fever" .
00:17:09.445 --> 00:17:13.246
Jânio Quadros is the hope
Of this abandoned people
00:17:14.517 --> 00:17:16.246
Sweep, sweep, sweep, sweep...
00:17:16.319 --> 00:17:19.185
Sweep, sweep little broom
00:17:19.556 --> 00:17:22.150
Sweep away all this shamefuI behavior
00:17:23.193 --> 00:17:25.923
Because the people is tired
00:17:26.463 --> 00:17:28.863
Of so much suffering
00:17:30.867 --> 00:17:35.429
In the eyes of the PTB and of the leftist groups,
Marshal Henrique Teixeira Lott
00:17:35.505 --> 00:17:38.804
was the ideal presidential candidate.
00:17:44.482 --> 00:17:46.609
Well-respected by the Armed Forces,
00:17:46.684 --> 00:17:51.417
he had conquered the admiration of civilians
on November 1 1st, 1955,
00:17:51.489 --> 00:17:53.957
when, as ministry of defense, he guaranteed
00:17:54.025 --> 00:17:55.890
the inauguration of JK and Jango.
00:18:00.097 --> 00:18:04.056
His candidacy had been launched in 1956,
00:18:04.135 --> 00:18:05.932
when he received the " golden sword " ,
00:18:06.003 --> 00:18:09.268
during a ceremony promoted
by sergeants and officers.
00:18:10.941 --> 00:18:12.909
Jango was a candidate for reelection.
00:18:14.578 --> 00:18:17.877
BraziI needs a strong arm
00:18:17.948 --> 00:18:21.975
I am, you are, we are voting for Lott
00:18:22.887 --> 00:18:25.583
The bond between military nationalism
and the labor party
00:18:25.656 --> 00:18:29.387
included government plans for agricuItural
reform and illiterate vote.
00:18:30.227 --> 00:18:33.994
When its time to vote
I'll "Jang", I'll "Jang"
00:18:34.066 --> 00:18:37.763
Jango, Jango
Jango Goulart
00:18:39.137 --> 00:18:42.903
For Vice-President
Will "Jang" Jorge Freitas
00:18:42.974 --> 00:18:46.740
Jango, Jango
Jango Goulart
00:18:47.612 --> 00:18:51.639
PSB, aiming to maintain its
successfuI alliance with PTB,
00:18:51.717 --> 00:18:54.845
supported the Lott-Joăo Goulart slate.
00:18:55.754 --> 00:18:58.188
Perpetual candidate Ademar de Barros,
00:18:58.256 --> 00:19:01.191
and his same old Social Progressive Party,
00:19:01.259 --> 00:19:03.318
pilfered popular votes.
00:19:03.929 --> 00:19:07.524
First from Juscelino, now from Lott.
00:19:07.899 --> 00:19:12.927
A solemn MiIton Campos was UDN's
bet for Jânio's slate.
00:19:13.004 --> 00:19:16.565
In an attempt to free up his hands,
Jânio connived towards
00:19:16.641 --> 00:19:19.838
a " Jan-Jan" slate,
which ended up being successful.
00:19:26.219 --> 00:19:29.154
The 5 years of the JK
administration rocked Brazil.
00:19:29.655 --> 00:19:33.591
Modernization trends ran rampant in the country,
as part of a " new" fever:
00:19:33.659 --> 00:19:36.924
Bossa Nova, New Cinema, a new capital city.
00:19:37.630 --> 00:19:41.896
The city's bold architecture
became a futurist frame
00:19:41.968 --> 00:19:44.402
for a country full of
age-old contrasts.
00:19:45.338 --> 00:19:48.000
JK left office feeling
certain he would come back.
00:19:49.308 --> 00:19:53.574
Almost 6 million votes
brought Jânio to power.
00:19:55.715 --> 00:19:59.014
Soon he'd pull a rabbit out of his hat.
00:20:02.355 --> 00:20:05.984
Jânio initiated a program
of moral reforms.
00:20:06.692 --> 00:20:09.388
Prohibited horse racing
during the week,
00:20:10.029 --> 00:20:12.225
adopted slack suits as uniform,
00:20:12.299 --> 00:20:16.497
prohibited cock fighting
and banned bikini-clad women from TV.
00:20:17.371 --> 00:20:21.967
The country, in dire need of a leader,
had, at last, found its vice-policeman.
00:20:23.710 --> 00:20:26.270
The government staggered in ambiguity.
00:20:26.346 --> 00:20:29.975
Moralist internal policies sealed
its commitments
00:20:30.050 --> 00:20:32.018
with middle-class standards.
00:20:32.986 --> 00:20:36.046
Economic measures,
such as instruction 204,
00:20:36.123 --> 00:20:38.318
which created a single tax
assessed on dollar transactions,
00:20:38.392 --> 00:20:42.089
benefited exporters and
foreign investors.
00:20:42.629 --> 00:20:44.563
The end of agricuItural subventions
00:20:44.631 --> 00:20:48.226
caused increased food prices and inflation.
00:20:49.603 --> 00:20:52.538
Foreign policies followed a
different mould,
00:20:52.606 --> 00:20:57.009
The visit of president Sukarno inaugurated
a new possibility of talks
00:20:57.077 --> 00:21:00.844
with the non-aligned block,
that was formed in the early 60s.
00:21:05.453 --> 00:21:08.945
The president had this contradiction
00:21:09.023 --> 00:21:13.687
between the expansion
of the Brazilian personality abroad
00:21:14.062 --> 00:21:18.362
and a limitation on the country's
economic-financial status.
00:21:18.433 --> 00:21:22.392
He had to advance policies that
were not contradictory,
00:21:22.470 --> 00:21:26.531
but that had to abide by
those two contingencies,
00:21:26.608 --> 00:21:28.599
those two requirements.
00:21:28.676 --> 00:21:33.443
BraziI was ready to strengthen its
international identity,
00:21:33.815 --> 00:21:37.808
but the country, at that time, really
depended on the countries
00:21:37.886 --> 00:21:40.480
with which it had
economic-financial relations
00:21:40.555 --> 00:21:43.991
in order to maintain its internal
financial stability.
00:21:44.792 --> 00:21:46.953
The decoration of Ernesto " Che" Guevara
00:21:47.028 --> 00:21:50.897
was too bold a gesture for the
Government's internal allies.
00:21:52.935 --> 00:21:56.598
Carlos Lacerda, a fierce ally
up to then,
00:21:56.672 --> 00:22:00.438
turned his back on Jânio and started
a crisis that would lead to his resignation.
00:22:08.183 --> 00:22:10.617
In August 1961 ,
00:22:10.686 --> 00:22:15.123
a handshake with Mao Tsę-Tung turned
Joăo Goulart into a pioneer again,
00:22:15.791 --> 00:22:18.851
this time bringing
BraziI closer to the 3rd world.
00:22:21.530 --> 00:22:25.125
Jango broke the barriers that separated
the western countries
00:22:25.200 --> 00:22:27.134
from the People's Republic of China.
00:22:28.203 --> 00:22:32.435
In Beijing he repeated the " meIting"
ritual that had taken place in Moscow.
00:22:33.275 --> 00:22:37.302
For Jango, friendship between people
went beyond ideological frontiers
00:22:43.186 --> 00:22:47.623
The visit acknowledged the Chinese people's
right to self-determination.
00:22:50.193 --> 00:22:52.559
My Chinese friends,
00:22:53.196 --> 00:22:58.065
during these last few days
with the Chinese people
00:22:58.134 --> 00:22:59.829
and its officials,
00:22:59.903 --> 00:23:05.967
I was able to see that this is not the
old China, full of legends and superstitions,
00:23:06.876 --> 00:23:12.212
which westerners regard
with a mixture of vague fright
00:23:12.282 --> 00:23:15.683
and reverential admiration
for the unknown.
00:23:16.219 --> 00:23:21.953
Your country exhibits
a renewed youthfuIness
00:23:22.025 --> 00:23:23.652
in and on itself.
00:23:23.727 --> 00:23:25.752
In the first contact with your people,
00:23:25.829 --> 00:23:30.631
in light of the warm welcome
extended to us,
00:23:30.701 --> 00:23:36.867
I feIt like I was being hosted
by an old friend.
00:23:37.875 --> 00:23:41.641
Let friendship grow ever closer,
00:23:41.712 --> 00:23:46.979
between the People's Republic of China
and the United States of Brazil.
00:23:52.857 --> 00:23:56.793
Let the friendship among Asian, African
00:23:56.861 --> 00:23:59.728
and Latin-American people grow.
00:24:10.241 --> 00:24:14.177
On August 25th, 1961 ,
00:24:14.245 --> 00:24:16.806
news of the president's
resignation were everywhere.
00:24:17.883 --> 00:24:21.683
Jânio left Brasília and took refuge
at the Cumbica Airbase in Săo Paulo,
00:24:21.753 --> 00:24:25.018
where he awaited the
outcome of the events.
00:24:25.090 --> 00:24:27.684
In doubt, one of
his assistants
00:24:27.759 --> 00:24:30.489
brought the presidential ribbon.
00:24:31.763 --> 00:24:33.799
With the Vice-President abroad,
00:24:33.799 --> 00:24:36.267
Congress chairman Ranieri Mazzilli
00:24:36.334 --> 00:24:38.962
became interim head of state.
00:24:39.037 --> 00:24:43.337
The military ministers tried to avoid
Jango's return and inauguration.
00:24:43.575 --> 00:24:48.342
And those that were involved
with the problem of the ongoing
00:24:48.413 --> 00:24:49.903
battle in Brazil,
00:24:51.249 --> 00:24:55.208
were against Jango's ascension,
00:24:56.254 --> 00:25:01.214
even though we were not
00:25:02.928 --> 00:25:06.865
against Jango himself,
00:25:06.933 --> 00:25:10.232
but against the men that surrounded him
00:25:10.303 --> 00:25:14.399
and that were leading him
into adopting a leftist standing
00:25:14.474 --> 00:25:17.034
that was not what we wanted.
00:25:17.777 --> 00:25:20.041
And it is important to note:
00:25:20.113 --> 00:25:24.413
at that point, a revolutionary war
was underway in Brazil
00:25:24.951 --> 00:25:29.820
urging a peaceful
take over of power.
00:25:30.356 --> 00:25:33.848
And that was what we wanted
to avoid in Brazil.
00:25:34.360 --> 00:25:38.160
We did not want BraziI to follow
in the steps of the Czech-Slovak republic.
00:25:39.031 --> 00:25:44.230
My first gesture was to offer
guarantees to president Jânio Quadros,
00:25:45.037 --> 00:25:48.268
because we believed, at first,
00:25:48.341 --> 00:25:50.673
that he had been the victim of a coup.
00:25:51.978 --> 00:25:54.640
Finally, we were able to get in contact,
00:25:55.215 --> 00:25:57.945
via the journalist Castello Branco,
00:25:58.018 --> 00:26:00.213
with the Cumbica airbase, in Săo Paulo.
00:26:00.287 --> 00:26:04.155
And president Quadros told me
that he had actually resigned.
00:26:04.491 --> 00:26:09.724
From then on, we protested
incessantly.
00:26:09.997 --> 00:26:12.693
for the inauguration of the Vice-President.
00:26:13.734 --> 00:26:16.635
I took all actions that
were incumbent on the state
00:26:16.703 --> 00:26:20.264
in terms of mobilization
00:26:21.608 --> 00:26:23.735
so as to ensure public order.
00:26:24.678 --> 00:26:27.738
I got in touch with the
3rd Army Commander
00:26:27.815 --> 00:26:31.945
and said that, in view of the situation,
which I was also aware of,
00:26:32.753 --> 00:26:35.984
the State had to take all actions
00:26:36.056 --> 00:26:38.684
to ensure pubic order.
00:26:38.759 --> 00:26:40.249
And that, according to the Constitution,
00:26:40.327 --> 00:26:43.387
only if we were unable to
ensure public order,
00:26:43.463 --> 00:26:49.164
would we request help and protection
from the federal forces.
00:26:49.771 --> 00:26:53.070
He agreed and I took all actions.
00:26:53.741 --> 00:26:55.902
We mobilized all available
weapons
00:26:55.977 --> 00:26:58.138
and got ready for resistance.
00:26:58.213 --> 00:27:00.545
And we feIt that the entire country was closed.
00:27:00.615 --> 00:27:05.052
All other states
accepted the military counciI rule,
00:27:05.119 --> 00:27:07.679
except for governor Mauro Borges.
00:27:07.755 --> 00:27:11.816
Here in Rio de Janeiro, governor
Lacerda gave repression a free rein.
00:27:11.893 --> 00:27:16.853
In Săo Paulo, governor
Carvalho Pinto was also absent
00:27:16.931 --> 00:27:19.798
and repression ensued.
The same happened in Minas.
00:27:19.868 --> 00:27:23.429
And I sought to contact all
Generals and military chiefs
00:27:23.504 --> 00:27:26.940
that I could, directly or indirectly.
00:27:27.475 --> 00:27:31.935
It was, in fact, at that time that I had a
very harsh conversation
00:27:32.013 --> 00:27:35.973
with General Costa e Silva,
the commander of the 4th Army in Recife.
00:27:36.285 --> 00:27:40.415
I'll tell you, in summary, that it
was a very spontaneous movement,
00:27:40.489 --> 00:27:42.889
a very natural movement, that got stronger;
00:27:42.958 --> 00:27:45.950
we attempted to use
all available means,
00:27:46.028 --> 00:27:48.553
especially the media,
00:27:48.631 --> 00:27:51.896
which was our salvation.
We were able to bring information
00:27:51.967 --> 00:27:55.596
not only to the public opinion
of the state and country,
00:27:55.671 --> 00:27:58.265
I mean, we essentially
won that fight
00:27:58.340 --> 00:28:00.638
via a public-opinion battle,
00:28:00.709 --> 00:28:04.475
but also we managed
to inform the military themselves,
00:28:04.546 --> 00:28:10.576
to a point when the military council
that took over the government
00:28:11.153 --> 00:28:15.954
sent an order to a
military unit to go against the south
00:28:16.025 --> 00:28:20.758
and it was the officers themselves
who met and refused to follow the order.
00:28:21.196 --> 00:28:25.258
When I was its president, the National Union
of Students (UNE) called a national strike
00:28:25.335 --> 00:28:29.135
and students were widely mobilized.
00:28:29.205 --> 00:28:33.301
The Union's board decided
to relocate its headquarters
00:28:33.376 --> 00:28:35.173
to Rio Grande do Sul, where,
00:28:35.245 --> 00:28:38.078
together with the people
of Rio Grande do SuI and of Brazil,
00:28:38.148 --> 00:28:41.743
they could take part
in the campaign for legality.
00:28:41.818 --> 00:28:45.777
I had the opportunity to
talk to Brazilian university students
00:28:46.156 --> 00:28:47.987
throught the chain of legality
00:28:48.491 --> 00:28:52.621
and to take part in the entire
mobilization process of the population
00:28:52.696 --> 00:28:56.462
to oppose the military coup
against president Joăo Goulart.
00:28:57.600 --> 00:29:00.592
The people in the streets,
the resistance in the South,
00:29:00.670 --> 00:29:02.695
the split in the armed forces,
00:29:03.073 --> 00:29:07.100
gave back to the national congress
the controI over the political process.
00:29:07.177 --> 00:29:10.635
this time politicians were
not discussing Jango's unseating,
00:29:10.714 --> 00:29:11.942
but rather his inauguration.
00:29:12.516 --> 00:29:16.543
Legality was reestablished
with a compromise.
00:29:17.288 --> 00:29:20.086
The congress approved the
parliamentary amendment.
00:29:20.524 --> 00:29:25.018
In the course of the voting
process, some were still undecided.
00:29:31.035 --> 00:29:35.131
In his journey back, Joăo
Goulart exhibited aptitude and patience.
00:29:35.206 --> 00:29:38.300
Upon hearing of the resignation,
he returned immediately to Brazil
00:29:38.376 --> 00:29:39.638
through the longest route:
00:29:39.710 --> 00:29:42.907
Paris, New York,
Buenos Aires and Montevideo.
00:29:43.881 --> 00:29:45.041
The Pacific Route.
00:29:45.950 --> 00:29:48.043
From the balcony of Piratini palace
00:29:48.119 --> 00:29:50.212
he saluted the crowd calling his name.
00:30:09.975 --> 00:30:13.570
Upon arriving in Brasília, politicians
and military officers celebrated
00:30:13.645 --> 00:30:16.170
the peacefuI solution to the crisis.
00:30:16.248 --> 00:30:19.240
Even those who had
sided with a military veto
00:30:19.317 --> 00:30:21.478
welcomed the new president.
00:30:31.863 --> 00:30:34.923
The Colonels of '54 were split.
00:30:35.267 --> 00:30:39.067
ColoneI Antônio Carlos Muricy
was forced to leave his position
00:30:39.137 --> 00:30:41.833
in Rio Grande do Sul
due to his opposition to Brizola.
00:30:41.907 --> 00:30:45.104
General Golbery, frustrated
with Jânio's resignation,
00:30:45.177 --> 00:30:47.702
left the army to set up lPES.
00:30:48.146 --> 00:30:51.742
General Ernesto Geisel,
the military commander of Planalto,
00:30:51.818 --> 00:30:55.686
aborted the " Mosquito Operation" , that
had been devised by the FAB officers,
00:30:55.755 --> 00:30:58.952
to bring down the plane that
was flying Jango back to Brasília.
00:31:04.030 --> 00:31:07.261
On September 7th, 1961 ,
00:31:07.333 --> 00:31:11.463
Jango was inaugurated as president
and announced that his administration
00:31:11.537 --> 00:31:14.199
intended to be the marker
of a new independence of Brazil.
00:31:15.308 --> 00:31:20.109
Political parties, congressmen,
00:31:20.980 --> 00:31:24.939
everybody knows that,
due to my very nature,
00:31:25.651 --> 00:31:29.815
I tend to bring together
and not to set apart,
00:31:30.356 --> 00:31:33.814
I'm a peacemaker, not an instigator,
00:31:34.360 --> 00:31:38.319
I prefer to harmonize
rather than stimulate resentment.
00:31:38.731 --> 00:31:43.294
We shall promote internal peace,
peace with dignity,
00:31:44.004 --> 00:31:48.168
peace leading to the safety
of our institutions,
00:31:49.009 --> 00:31:51.910
ensuring our democratic rights,
00:31:52.346 --> 00:31:55.838
the permanent observance of the
will of the people
00:31:55.916 --> 00:31:58.817
and the inviolability
of the national sovereignty.
00:32:04.625 --> 00:32:07.116
Congressman Ranieri Mazzilli of PSB
00:32:07.361 --> 00:32:10.296
returned the presidential ribbon
to Joăo Goulart.
00:32:11.632 --> 00:32:15.295
However, the president would still
be under the rule of PSB
00:32:15.369 --> 00:32:16.768
during the new regime.
00:32:22.142 --> 00:32:23.905
The first parliamentary cabinet
00:32:23.977 --> 00:32:27.743
was moderate and followed the style
of Prime Minister Tancredo Neves.
00:32:28.115 --> 00:32:33.053
UDN and the Christian Democratic Party
made up the conciliation cabinet.
00:32:33.788 --> 00:32:37.884
President Goulart's PTB
was in the minority.
00:32:37.959 --> 00:32:39.893
Pressure from the population
would be used
00:32:39.961 --> 00:32:42.759
to change the cadence
of ministerial decision-making.
00:32:43.798 --> 00:32:46.358
The government met old
nationalist claims.
00:32:46.801 --> 00:32:49.292
Cancelled the agreement
with Hanna Mining Corporation,
00:32:49.370 --> 00:32:52.498
a muItinational mining company,
and signed the rural act.
00:32:53.808 --> 00:32:59.678
When Mr. Joăo Goulart
became president of the republic,
00:32:59.747 --> 00:33:01.874
we worked the fields
00:33:01.950 --> 00:33:05.716
organizing peasant leagues,
peasant associations
00:33:05.787 --> 00:33:07.379
and other associations,
00:33:07.822 --> 00:33:09.585
to fight for agricuItural reform,
00:33:09.657 --> 00:33:15.061
rallying for the most important claims
of poor countrymen in Brazil.
00:33:17.498 --> 00:33:21.333
During his administration
we had more freedom
00:33:21.770 --> 00:33:24.705
because we strengthened our organizations,
00:33:25.074 --> 00:33:27.565
especially our unions.
00:33:28.077 --> 00:33:33.276
The first National AgricuItural
Workers' Meeting was held,
00:33:33.349 --> 00:33:35.943
which included all classes of
poor countrymen,
00:33:36.018 --> 00:33:37.349
in Belo Horizonte.
00:33:37.720 --> 00:33:42.248
In attendance during the meeting
were Mr. Magalhăes Pinto
00:33:42.791 --> 00:33:43.985
and Mr. Joăo Goulart
00:33:44.393 --> 00:33:47.726
as well as numerous senators
and federal congressmen
00:33:47.796 --> 00:33:52.134
and other administrative
and political authorities
00:33:52.134 --> 00:33:53.761
of the country.
00:33:53.836 --> 00:33:56.100
Goulart was a supporter of base reforms.
00:33:56.171 --> 00:33:58.969
AgricuItural reform, urban reform,
tax reform
00:34:00.142 --> 00:34:02.235
So we joined this fight.
00:34:02.811 --> 00:34:05.780
What we wanted was the participation
of rural workers
00:34:05.848 --> 00:34:09.376
in the great mobilization process
that was going on in Brazil
00:34:09.452 --> 00:34:11.976
beginning in 1960.
00:34:14.324 --> 00:34:17.157
In May 1962
00:34:17.226 --> 00:34:21.527
the government announced the intention
to amend article 1 41 of the Constitution
00:34:21.598 --> 00:34:25.090
that determined the payment of
previous cash indemnification
00:34:25.168 --> 00:34:26.658
for expropriation.
00:34:27.237 --> 00:34:29.431
Without that change, agricuItural reform
00:34:29.505 --> 00:34:33.306
would become merely a good
deal for speculators.
00:34:36.913 --> 00:34:39.473
The ideological fight took to the streets.
00:34:39.916 --> 00:34:42.077
Right-wing propaganda used Cuba
00:34:42.152 --> 00:34:45.518
as a pretext to wear
its old costumes in public.
00:34:49.626 --> 00:34:52.493
Leftists believed
in the success of the Cuban model.
00:34:55.931 --> 00:34:59.369
Political mobilization to support
FideI Castro
00:34:59.437 --> 00:35:01.428
extended all over Brazil.
00:35:03.240 --> 00:35:05.299
Chief of police, Sir,
00:35:08.646 --> 00:35:12.343
we are in a
democratic country...
00:35:13.617 --> 00:35:15.050
We are in a country...
00:35:16.620 --> 00:35:18.713
Chief of police, Sir,
00:35:21.292 --> 00:35:23.055
It will be OK.
00:35:23.894 --> 00:35:26.124
It will be OK because from now...
00:35:29.633 --> 00:35:31.999
In Pernambuco, in the city of Caruaru,
00:35:32.636 --> 00:35:34.763
communist leader David Capistrano,
00:35:34.839 --> 00:35:38.206
who would suffer state-sponsored
violence come the 70s,
00:35:38.275 --> 00:35:41.039
was facing the intolerant 60s.
00:35:47.919 --> 00:35:51.582
Workers of Caruaru!
00:35:55.193 --> 00:36:01.530
I call to all communist
leaders of Caruaru!
00:36:06.671 --> 00:36:09.162
The escalating terrorist violence
00:36:09.241 --> 00:36:12.005
would leave its mark
on the soviet expo,
00:36:12.077 --> 00:36:15.240
that exhibited in Brazil
the new trends of the socialist world
00:36:15.313 --> 00:36:17.304
and the new technology
of Eastern Europe.
00:36:19.718 --> 00:36:23.313
The inquiry that looked into the attack
revealed that part of those actions
00:36:23.388 --> 00:36:26.221
had been planned in the backrooms of
the government of Guanabara.
00:36:26.658 --> 00:36:29.650
The list of those involved,
included the chief of the state police.
00:36:30.695 --> 00:36:34.461
The National Union of Students
was a target of the terrorist actions
00:36:34.533 --> 00:36:36.434
of extreme-right groups.
00:36:36.502 --> 00:36:40.666
The anti-communist movement
gave rise to an action against
00:36:40.740 --> 00:36:44.107
the National Union of Students with machine
guns being shot at the headquarters of UNE.
00:36:44.177 --> 00:36:48.113
In fact, what was going on
was that in Brazil,
00:36:48.181 --> 00:36:52.550
a fascist group was getting organized,
forming paramilitary organizations,
00:36:52.618 --> 00:36:58.056
the right-wing was getting organized, its
activities funded by foreign organizations;
00:36:58.124 --> 00:37:01.321
later, all that
was revealed.
00:37:01.394 --> 00:37:04.329
All of that had a very clear purpose:
00:37:04.397 --> 00:37:07.230
to prevent the people from
taking part in politics.
00:37:07.300 --> 00:37:11.361
to curtaiI the participation of workers,
of the working class,
00:37:11.771 --> 00:37:14.501
to curtaiI the participation
of rural workers,
00:37:14.574 --> 00:37:16.838
to curtaiI the participation
of students.
00:37:16.909 --> 00:37:19.434
Because we were actually advancing
00:37:19.512 --> 00:37:21.673
towards increased democratization.
00:37:21.747 --> 00:37:25.775
Economic democratization,
democratization of the land,
00:37:25.853 --> 00:37:29.687
democratization of political power,
democratization of knowledge.
00:37:29.756 --> 00:37:32.953
And the Brazilian upper class,
from the heights of its reactionary nature,
00:37:33.026 --> 00:37:36.689
the large foreign groups,
large muItinational companies,
00:37:36.763 --> 00:37:39.732
the great landowners,
the large bourgeoisie of Brazil,
00:37:39.800 --> 00:37:43.668
could not accept
even the basic reforms
00:37:43.737 --> 00:37:46.968
that president Jango Goulart
wanted to implement in Brazil.
00:37:50.911 --> 00:37:54.904
The most audacious part of the
Brazilian government was its foreign policy.
00:37:54.982 --> 00:37:58.349
Itamaraty established a
non-aligned diplomacy,
00:37:58.418 --> 00:38:01.353
unfastening the knots that
bound the interests of the country
00:38:01.421 --> 00:38:04.049
to the decisions that came from Washington.
00:38:04.124 --> 00:38:07.093
The government resumed
relations with the Soviet Union,
00:38:07.160 --> 00:38:10.095
voted against the
colonialist policy in Africa,
00:38:10.163 --> 00:38:13.394
and supported Cuba's
right to self-determination.
00:38:14.802 --> 00:38:18.431
The foreign policy
got stuck in the frontiers of economic dependency.
00:38:18.840 --> 00:38:22.936
Pressure from the U.S. caused
minister Santiago Dantas to go to Washington,
00:38:23.011 --> 00:38:25.079
where, in a cold weather,
00:38:25.079 --> 00:38:27.912
he was to negotiate the limits of the
Brazilian foreign debt.
00:38:29.817 --> 00:38:34.277
I believe that those days
00:38:34.355 --> 00:38:39.987
spent with American and international
authorities in Washington
00:38:40.495 --> 00:38:45.728
are part of the situation
I had the opportunity to announce
00:38:45.800 --> 00:38:48.598
to the Brazilian people
before leaving Brazil
00:38:48.670 --> 00:38:54.233
and that the resuIts of this visit will
meet the expectations of the Brazilian people.
00:38:54.509 --> 00:39:00.778
Those are: that BraziI has no intention
of increasing its debt immoderately
00:39:00.848 --> 00:39:05.252
instead,
we seek to establish
00:39:05.354 --> 00:39:09.058
conditions that will allow the
country to face its commitments
00:39:09.058 --> 00:39:11.549
according to its paying capabilities.
00:39:13.896 --> 00:39:17.957
Joăo Goulart's trip
to the U.S. in ApriI 1962
00:39:18.033 --> 00:39:21.662
suspended temporarily the increase
in the gap between both countries.
00:39:33.248 --> 00:39:37.480
A priority in Jango's agenda
was to renegotiate the foreign debt.
00:39:38.187 --> 00:39:42.749
For Kennedy, the important thing
was to redefine the political rules in Brazil.
00:39:44.026 --> 00:39:47.928
Nationalization of U.S. companies
and the program of reforms
00:39:47.997 --> 00:39:50.864
sounded like communism.
00:39:50.933 --> 00:39:52.127
One week before,
00:39:52.201 --> 00:39:55.660
governor LeoneI Brizola
expropriated in Rio Grande do Sul
00:39:55.739 --> 00:39:58.173
the assets of Companhia Telefônica Nacional,
00:39:58.241 --> 00:40:00.732
the Brazilian arm of lTT.
00:40:00.810 --> 00:40:03.438
The U.S. welcomed Jango with open arms,
00:40:03.513 --> 00:40:06.914
fearing that Brazil
could move away from the western block.
00:40:08.251 --> 00:40:12.244
In UN, Jango explained, in person
to the international press
00:40:12.322 --> 00:40:14.483
the meaning of the nationalizations.
00:40:14.791 --> 00:40:16.918
The need we feIt
00:40:18.061 --> 00:40:23.795
to talk about
the expropriation of companies,
00:40:23.867 --> 00:40:28.167
as part of the discussions,
was caused exactly by the difficuIties
00:40:28.238 --> 00:40:30.331
that they were creating,
at the time, in my country.
00:40:30.407 --> 00:40:33.501
We can encourage
foreign-capital investments
00:40:33.576 --> 00:40:36.602
if we pay fair
remuneration on their capital.
00:40:36.980 --> 00:40:40.643
When I say " fair" ,
I wish to express
00:40:40.717 --> 00:40:43.654
the country's ideal of justice.
00:40:43.654 --> 00:40:47.920
It cannot yield excessive
profits either.
00:40:48.959 --> 00:40:51.757
Profits that would lead
to very fast enrichment
00:40:51.829 --> 00:40:54.764
in detriment of the national interest
00:40:54.832 --> 00:40:57.426
or at the expense of
the country's economic stability.
00:40:57.968 --> 00:41:00.630
So we wish to find a fair balance,
00:41:00.705 --> 00:41:05.108
in which reasonable remuneration
is paid on the capital,
00:41:05.176 --> 00:41:07.076
yielding profits,
00:41:07.144 --> 00:41:11.205
but as a resuIt of activities that
are in the best interest of the nation,
00:41:11.949 --> 00:41:15.783
so that the profits can also bring
about benefits for the country.
00:41:19.990 --> 00:41:23.187
The department of state sent
two stars to Brazil.
00:41:23.260 --> 00:41:25.785
The pale glamour of John Gavin
00:41:25.863 --> 00:41:28.957
and the rehearsed faith
of father Patrick Peyton,
00:41:29.033 --> 00:41:33.494
Hollywood vicar, a favorite of
9 out of 10 movie stars.
00:41:35.707 --> 00:41:38.437
To mobilize the
middle classes,
00:41:38.510 --> 00:41:42.814
father Peyton organized
a religious crusade under the motto:
00:41:42.814 --> 00:41:45.874
" The family that prays together
stays together."
00:41:46.618 --> 00:41:50.110
The purpose was to have Catholics
unite against communists.
00:41:51.089 --> 00:41:54.581
And, at the personal request of Jango,
as press secretary,
00:41:55.327 --> 00:41:58.626
I extended father Peyton
all kinds of courtesies,
00:41:58.964 --> 00:42:06.996
and even gave him
television tapes
00:42:08.039 --> 00:42:10.337
so that he could record his campaign.
00:42:11.376 --> 00:42:14.402
The opposition transferred
the capital to Washington.
00:42:14.913 --> 00:42:18.280
Dollar loans that had been denied
to the Brazilian government
00:42:18.350 --> 00:42:23.254
funded directly the administration of
anti-Joăo Goulart governors.
00:42:23.723 --> 00:42:26.351
The Whitehouse was the
headquarters of the government,
00:42:26.425 --> 00:42:30.828
where Carlos Lacerda and
Ademar de Barros feIt at home.
00:42:31.697 --> 00:42:33.528
I looked into the problem
of slums
00:42:33.933 --> 00:42:36.993
and the president was
clearly impressed
00:42:37.069 --> 00:42:39.230
with the data I showed him.
00:42:39.305 --> 00:42:42.399
Rio de Janeiro, for example,
has an annual deficit
00:42:42.475 --> 00:42:45.876
of 10 thousand homes,
00:42:45.945 --> 00:42:48.379
and this deficit has been accruing over the
last 10 years.
00:42:48.447 --> 00:42:50.847
Which means that we have a deficit,
in Rio de Janeiro alone,
00:42:50.917 --> 00:42:52.509
of 100 thousand homes.
00:42:53.019 --> 00:42:57.615
And not only was the president impressed,
but he also got in touch with Mr. Goodman
00:42:57.690 --> 00:43:01.057
to try and move forward
the ongoing projects
00:43:01.127 --> 00:43:03.493
relating to the slums in Guanabara.
00:43:03.563 --> 00:43:06.396
We discussed a half-dozen matters;
00:43:06.465 --> 00:43:10.630
the problem of the Port of Santos,
the problem of the Săo Sebastiăo Port.
00:43:10.704 --> 00:43:15.300
The problem of the water supply
to the city of Săo Paulo;
00:43:15.375 --> 00:43:18.572
we have water for 2.5 million inhabitants
00:43:18.645 --> 00:43:22.206
and we need water for
4.5 million inhabitants.
00:43:23.050 --> 00:43:24.950
We have huge problems,
00:43:25.018 --> 00:43:30.547
new highways,
electricity for railroads,
00:43:30.991 --> 00:43:33.619
new hydroelectric plants,
00:43:33.694 --> 00:43:35.753
many problems
00:43:35.829 --> 00:43:39.356
relating to the economy of Săo Paulo
and of the country.
00:43:39.433 --> 00:43:41.799
The cabinet headed by Tancredo Neves
came to an end
00:43:41.869 --> 00:43:45.236
when the prime minister resigned
to run in the elections.
00:43:45.305 --> 00:43:48.240
The new cabinet,
headed by Brochado da Rocha
00:43:48.308 --> 00:43:51.072
survived two months
of successive crisis.
00:43:51.144 --> 00:43:56.013
The last prime minister, Hermes Lima,
a member of the Socialist Party,
00:43:56.083 --> 00:43:58.517
came to wind up parliamentarism
in the country.
00:43:59.519 --> 00:44:01.715
With presidentialism in sight,
00:44:01.789 --> 00:44:06.249
the 1962 elections
became more important.
00:44:06.494 --> 00:44:09.930
As part of the elections,
the right wing laid down its arms.
00:44:10.098 --> 00:44:12.157
To stop the progress of the left,
00:44:12.233 --> 00:44:16.135
Brazilian Institute for Democratic Action
- lBAD -,
00:44:16.204 --> 00:44:17.865
the advanced arm of lPES,
00:44:17.939 --> 00:44:20.772
injected over 2 million
dollars in the campaign
00:44:20.842 --> 00:44:25.113
funding the campaign of
250 candidates to the federal congress
00:44:25.113 --> 00:44:26.910
and several governors.
00:44:28.116 --> 00:44:34.646
Will the democratic institutions
prevaiI over the battle of relentless ambitions?
00:44:35.523 --> 00:44:37.150
From crisis to chaos
00:44:37.225 --> 00:44:41.787
The country can be dragged
into an irreversible crisis.
00:44:42.497 --> 00:44:48.436
What are we doing to prevent
that the Brazilian people be faced
00:44:48.503 --> 00:44:53.168
with the tragic choice between
anti-democratic solutions?
00:44:53.542 --> 00:44:58.172
We, the intellectuals,
we, the company owners,
00:44:59.248 --> 00:45:02.740
we, the men who have
the responsibility to rule,
00:45:03.152 --> 00:45:08.283
we, who believe in democracy
and in free initiative,
00:45:08.357 --> 00:45:15.320
we cannot remain silent while
the situation deteriorates day by day.
00:45:15.397 --> 00:45:18.161
Omission is a crime.!
00:45:18.233 --> 00:45:24.604
lf we remain isolated, we'll be crushed.
We must combine our efforts.
00:45:25.240 --> 00:45:29.734
Let us direct the actions of the
democrats into one single path
00:45:30.245 --> 00:45:34.011
so that we shall not be
victims of totalitarianism.
00:45:34.316 --> 00:45:39.322
And it is exactly to coordinate
the thoughts and actions
00:45:39.322 --> 00:45:42.450
of all those that do not
wish to remain silent
00:45:43.560 --> 00:45:46.552
in light of the catastrophe
that threatens us,
00:45:46.629 --> 00:45:50.531
that we have created
a new organism,
00:45:50.600 --> 00:45:56.232
with a new message for the
new reality of Brazil.
00:45:56.306 --> 00:45:58.934
We have one basic purpose.:
00:45:59.242 --> 00:46:03.611
To prevent the difficuIt situation
that the country is facing
00:46:03.680 --> 00:46:07.844
from compromising
our democratic institutions
00:46:07.917 --> 00:46:09.908
and christian traditions.
00:46:09.986 --> 00:46:16.755
The Institute for Social Research and Study
has these basic goals.
00:46:17.560 --> 00:46:21.496
Its purposes are clear and well-defined.
00:46:22.332 --> 00:46:27.497
The Institute shall execute a plan
to achieve such purposes as.:
00:46:29.173 --> 00:46:32.802
The strengthening of the
democratic institutions,:
00:46:33.644 --> 00:46:36.943
end of underdevelopment,:
00:46:37.314 --> 00:46:40.283
currency stabilization,:
00:46:40.651 --> 00:46:45.987
The moralization and efficiency
of the governmental structure.
00:46:46.357 --> 00:46:50.293
But lPES cannot be reduced to words.
00:46:50.661 --> 00:46:52.390
Action is necessary.
00:46:52.930 --> 00:46:55.398
All those dollars
were not enough to prevent the triumph
00:46:55.466 --> 00:46:58.435
of politicians committed to
the reforms.
00:46:58.502 --> 00:47:00.595
The number of congressmen from UDN dropped
00:47:00.671 --> 00:47:02.935
while the number of congressmen
from PTB increased.
00:47:03.274 --> 00:47:05.367
PSB maintained the majority.
00:47:05.443 --> 00:47:08.344
The new congress
gained a different face.
00:47:08.712 --> 00:47:11.237
Politicians regrouped
in fronts.
00:47:11.315 --> 00:47:14.250
On the one side,
the Nationalist Parliamentary Front.
00:47:14.652 --> 00:47:17.656
And on the other,
the Parliamentary Democratic Action,
00:47:17.656 --> 00:47:19.590
the lair of reaction
against the reforms.
00:47:21.560 --> 00:47:26.395
One of the most important aspects of
that group of right-wing congressmen,
00:47:26.465 --> 00:47:30.299
was the fact that, even though it was
called " Parliamentary Democratic Action" ,
00:47:30.368 --> 00:47:33.269
and had little or no democracy about it,
00:47:33.338 --> 00:47:39.971
it managed to
turn congress
00:47:40.679 --> 00:47:42.874
into a stage for conflicts.
00:47:43.315 --> 00:47:49.276
Conflicts that were certainly
based on actual economic interests
00:47:49.654 --> 00:47:54.114
but that were being presented
as ideological battles.
00:47:54.192 --> 00:47:58.458
When asked to decide
the fate of parliamentarism,
00:47:58.530 --> 00:48:01.294
the people returned to Jango the
powers that had been stripped from him.
00:48:02.334 --> 00:48:05.235
15 million people voted.
00:48:05.303 --> 00:48:08.467
Almost 10 million said
"no" to parliamentarism.
00:48:08.741 --> 00:48:11.369
Jango had 3 more years
of government ahead of him.
00:48:12.745 --> 00:48:17.375
The president, with a minority in congress,
organized a conciliatory cabinet
00:48:17.750 --> 00:48:19.183
where PSB had a majority
of the representatives
00:48:19.252 --> 00:48:21.516
and the left-wing
held the most influence.
00:48:32.431 --> 00:48:36.299
Democratization in the use of land,
illiterate vote,
00:48:36.369 --> 00:48:40.669
rules to govern rents,
fair basis for minimum wage.
00:48:41.040 --> 00:48:45.033
Those were the highlights
of a government program
00:48:45.111 --> 00:48:47.705
that could achieve
greater social harmony.
00:49:01.428 --> 00:49:04.022
Jango intended to end hunger
and misery,
00:49:04.097 --> 00:49:08.466
in a country where justice had always
been the dark side of democracy.
00:49:11.338 --> 00:49:15.434
The situation in the northeast received
special attention from the government.
00:49:16.410 --> 00:49:19.641
The president's plan
in '64 received
00:49:19.713 --> 00:49:24.946
the same opposition he had attracted
back in '54 as minister of employment.
00:49:25.819 --> 00:49:29.380
Strike seeker,
promoter of class battles
00:49:29.456 --> 00:49:31.083
and enemy of capitalism.
00:49:34.261 --> 00:49:38.698
The agricuItural workers, mobilized by
the social transformation process,
00:49:38.765 --> 00:49:42.030
received a wakeup call
about the longstanding poverty in the fields.
00:49:42.436 --> 00:49:46.703
The perspective of small changes
in a country with great inequalities
00:49:46.774 --> 00:49:48.435
brought about many illusions.
00:49:49.711 --> 00:49:53.511
Thousands of workers,
landless and jobless,
00:49:53.581 --> 00:49:56.277
embarked aboard a train of hope,
00:49:56.351 --> 00:50:00.082
leaping from the pages of a book
onto the political scene.
00:50:00.755 --> 00:50:05.158
With the reforms, Jango
made the country live its utopia.
00:50:17.872 --> 00:50:20.864
The president needed the support
of the military.
00:50:21.142 --> 00:50:24.202
The tradition of military
intervention in the political life
00:50:24.279 --> 00:50:26.213
no longer had the hues of adventure.
00:50:26.881 --> 00:50:31.909
The improvisation of the 20s had
been replaced by the ideology of the late 40s.
00:50:32.887 --> 00:50:36.790
The Superior War College,
created in 1950
00:50:36.859 --> 00:50:39.528
to mirror the North-American War College,
00:50:39.528 --> 00:50:41.655
assembled its own political model,
00:50:41.697 --> 00:50:45.292
based on the concept of
safety and development.
00:50:47.569 --> 00:50:49.605
Challenging the disciplinary rule,
00:50:49.605 --> 00:50:53.974
sergeants elected two representatives
in the October '62 elections.
00:50:54.043 --> 00:50:55.442
RevoIting against the legal decision
00:50:55.511 --> 00:50:57.741
that prevented the investiture
of the elected representatives,
00:50:57.813 --> 00:51:01.408
the sergeants followed a
military tradition and rebelled.
00:51:01.483 --> 00:51:04.543
Jango had to punish them to
prevent a breach of discipline
00:51:04.620 --> 00:51:06.918
that could bring down
the government itself.
00:51:06.989 --> 00:51:11.358
Unions, students and politicians
rallied for the rebelling sergeants.
00:51:11.794 --> 00:51:14.092
The president pardoned the sergeants,
00:51:14.163 --> 00:51:17.997
in a decision that usually
was only granted to officers.
00:51:20.235 --> 00:51:24.036
The political activities of the sergeants
intimidated the military chiefs.
00:51:24.107 --> 00:51:28.271
General Ozino Alves, a nationalist
with a good reputation among the ranks
00:51:28.345 --> 00:51:31.405
was personally trying,
as head of the 1st army
00:51:31.481 --> 00:51:34.279
to have the officers
support the government.
00:51:53.336 --> 00:51:56.601
Joăo Goulart would
soon commit a fatal mistake.
00:51:56.973 --> 00:52:00.670
As many other progressive
heads of state in Latin America,
00:52:00.744 --> 00:52:02.871
he paid the price for his na:ďvetę
00:52:02.946 --> 00:52:05.414
in trying to settle
the military dispute over lunch.
00:52:05.982 --> 00:52:09.213
The plot against Goulart
was well underway.
00:52:09.285 --> 00:52:12.881
Telegrams confirmed that the minister
of war of the Jango administration,
00:52:12.957 --> 00:52:15.949
general Amaury Kruel, was,
himself, part of the military group
00:52:16.026 --> 00:52:18.893
plotting the coup d'etat.
00:52:19.697 --> 00:52:22.825
Together at the palace, they
once again swore
00:52:22.900 --> 00:52:26.597
loyalty to the president
and allegiance to the constitution.
00:52:27.004 --> 00:52:29.768
The intention of the military chiefs
00:52:29.840 --> 00:52:33.833
was exactly to have Jango
reach the end of his term of office,
00:52:34.612 --> 00:52:40.710
since we only intended to start
an armed fight as a last resort.
00:52:41.719 --> 00:52:46.383
We did prepare to
be able to face
00:52:46.457 --> 00:52:48.550
any government action.
00:52:50.594 --> 00:52:55.054
But, by late '63,
00:52:55.566 --> 00:53:00.026
we received notice that the government
had been preparing a coup,
00:53:01.038 --> 00:53:08.104
and those news were confirmed by
an individual we held in high esteem
00:53:09.714 --> 00:53:11.204
and trust,
00:53:11.716 --> 00:53:16.847
so we contemplated the possibility of
taking action before the government.
00:53:17.722 --> 00:53:20.425
The armed forces tend to adopt
interventionist actions,
00:53:20.425 --> 00:53:24.885
because usually in Brazil
social conflicts
00:53:24.963 --> 00:53:28.533
are settled via the intervention
of the armed forces.
00:53:28.533 --> 00:53:31.798
So the political entities behind
those conflicts
00:53:31.870 --> 00:53:34.236
are the ones that invite the intervention
of the armed forces.
00:53:34.306 --> 00:53:35.898
The manner in which such
intervention can be prevented
00:53:35.974 --> 00:53:39.432
is to have the armed forces turn into
a neutral entity,
00:53:39.511 --> 00:53:40.876
which is only possible
00:53:40.946 --> 00:53:43.540
with the political and ideological
division of the armed forces.
00:53:46.718 --> 00:53:51.418
The economic crisis, with an inflation
threatening to go beyond the 100% mark
00:53:51.491 --> 00:53:54.051
would be one of the obstacles
affecting social development.
00:53:54.126 --> 00:53:58.062
The general command of workers,
the compact group of PTB,
00:53:58.130 --> 00:54:01.361
LeoneI Brizola and the
National Union of Students
00:54:01.434 --> 00:54:04.926
called for basic reforms
as the immediate solution.
00:54:05.338 --> 00:54:08.705
The three-year plan of Celso Furtado
and Santiago Dantas
00:54:08.774 --> 00:54:11.504
suggested, first,
the sanitizing of the economy.
00:54:13.112 --> 00:54:15.774
This is a very important point,
00:54:15.848 --> 00:54:22.276
since it touches the very nature
of the Joăo Goulart administration.
00:54:22.355 --> 00:54:24.585
Joăo Goulart had not been elected
president of the republic,
00:54:24.657 --> 00:54:29.185
he had actually been part of a
PSD-PTB coalition.
00:54:29.262 --> 00:54:32.561
And the head of the coalition was PSD,
the majority party.
00:54:32.632 --> 00:54:36.135
When Jango was sworn into office,
he had to adjust such forces.
00:54:36.135 --> 00:54:43.508
And l'd say that it led...
not so much to a dichotomy,
00:54:43.577 --> 00:54:45.772
but rather to a double
orientation of the government,
00:54:45.846 --> 00:54:47.939
or the forces
that supported the government.
00:54:48.015 --> 00:54:53.078
One group was intent on recovering
controI over the situation.
00:54:53.153 --> 00:54:55.314
I mean, the economy
was in a state of disarray,
00:54:55.389 --> 00:54:57.823
and, as I said,
it faced a strong inflationary surge,
00:54:57.891 --> 00:55:00.451
lack of payments,
domestic and foreign problems.
00:55:00.527 --> 00:55:02.518
And it was necessary to recover
controI over that.
00:55:03.163 --> 00:55:04.824
And my opinion, even back then,
00:55:04.898 --> 00:55:07.492
is that it is impossible
to recover controI without growth,
00:55:07.568 --> 00:55:09.832
in an orderly fashion.
Hence the three-year plan.
00:55:09.903 --> 00:55:14.772
l'd say: if we recover the reigns of the
situation, we'll make the economy grow
00:55:15.142 --> 00:55:17.975
so we'll be able to introduce reforms,
00:55:18.045 --> 00:55:20.981
that are the essence
of the government's policies.
00:55:20.981 --> 00:55:25.111
That is why the three-year plan ended
with a list of the structural reforms
00:55:25.185 --> 00:55:26.413
that were necessary.
00:55:26.486 --> 00:55:30.321
But they resuIted from
an increased controI over the economy
00:55:30.391 --> 00:55:33.360
and, therefore, a consensus
was necessary
00:55:33.428 --> 00:55:37.831
to ensure a solid standing
for the government.
00:55:38.199 --> 00:55:42.499
What happened was that the different
groups that supported the government
00:55:42.570 --> 00:55:43.662
could not reach a consensus.
00:55:43.738 --> 00:55:47.709
At least with regard to this strategy,
they couldn't .
00:55:47.709 --> 00:55:50.974
And there were powerfuI groups that
believed that it was more important
00:55:51.045 --> 00:55:53.809
to launch immediately
the reform plans.
00:55:53.881 --> 00:55:56.907
And that is what prevented a consensus.
00:55:56.985 --> 00:56:02.150
And president Joăo Goulart was
torn between the two groups.
00:56:02.924 --> 00:56:06.087
Attacked by unions
and business owners,
00:56:06.160 --> 00:56:08.651
the three-year plan never left the drawer.
00:56:08.730 --> 00:56:10.630
As a remedy for the economic crisis,
00:56:10.698 --> 00:56:13.496
it had an effect that was
unacceptable to the government:
00:56:13.568 --> 00:56:15.627
limits on salaries.
00:56:18.773 --> 00:56:20.833
The General Command of Workers,
00:56:20.909 --> 00:56:24.367
completely immersed
in institutional debates,
00:56:24.446 --> 00:56:27.643
abandoned the strengthening
of its union foundations.
00:56:27.950 --> 00:56:29.645
CGT exchanged the work at production lines,
00:56:29.718 --> 00:56:32.118
where it worked side-by-side
with the workers,
00:56:32.187 --> 00:56:35.486
for activities developed
side-by-side with politicians.
00:56:35.557 --> 00:56:37.752
Strike was a word of order,
00:56:37.826 --> 00:56:40.852
heard only by employees
of state-owned companies
00:56:40.929 --> 00:56:44.922
sometimes with the cautious support
of industrial and trade workers.
00:56:45.601 --> 00:56:49.662
When the command of workers realized
its mistake, it was too late.
00:56:49.738 --> 00:56:51.899
March was around the corner.
00:56:51.974 --> 00:56:53.669
ENOUGH EXPLOlTATlON
00:56:53.742 --> 00:56:57.143
Jango intended to change
the face of Brazilian capitalism
00:56:57.212 --> 00:57:01.774
by reducing social inequalities, giving
capitalism a more humanitarian, less
00:57:01.850 --> 00:57:03.249
savage appearance.
00:57:03.318 --> 00:57:07.049
Among his allies, his goals
were often mistaken
00:57:07.122 --> 00:57:09.819
for an intention to end capitalism.
00:57:09.893 --> 00:57:13.829
Other times, his allies thought he had
no intention of ending capitalism,
00:57:13.897 --> 00:57:18.800
He had to put together a strategy
while battling the personal discomfort
00:57:18.868 --> 00:57:21.530
of being the rich president
of a poor country.
00:57:23.106 --> 00:57:25.904
The President was aware of
the influence of the church.
00:57:26.276 --> 00:57:29.905
It was up tp Jango to convince the
high catholic hierarchy
00:57:29.979 --> 00:57:34.245
that the social reforms that he
intended to carry out in Brazil
00:57:34.317 --> 00:57:37.650
would establish the principles of justice
that were defended by Christianity.
00:57:38.988 --> 00:57:43.857
The factions that supported Brizola, organized
all over the country in groups of 1 1 ,
00:57:43.927 --> 00:57:47.488
described Brizola's battle
for power with the following slogan:
00:57:47.564 --> 00:57:50.727
" A brother-in-law is not a relative.
Brizola for president."
00:57:55.138 --> 00:57:59.508
The family ties were an
obstacle created by the constitution.
00:57:59.877 --> 00:58:01.845
The proposed amendment
00:58:01.912 --> 00:58:04.574
served as a weapon for the propaganda
against the government.
00:58:07.017 --> 00:58:11.818
Travestied as a defender of the constitution,
the right wing got stronger.
00:58:12.289 --> 00:58:16.055
The noisy campaign convinced
the middle class, the military,
00:58:16.127 --> 00:58:20.393
the church and business owners that the
government wanted to change the constitution
00:58:20.464 --> 00:58:22.329
to put an end to democracy.
00:58:25.636 --> 00:58:28.730
In an interview to the
Los Angeles Times,
00:58:28.806 --> 00:58:33.004
Governor Carlos Lacerda
announced that the Brazilian military
00:58:33.077 --> 00:58:36.171
were setting the exact date
to remove Joăo Goulart from power.
00:58:37.047 --> 00:58:40.881
Military ministers, indignant,
wanted to have Lacerda punished.
00:58:45.122 --> 00:58:47.113
JANGO FLlES TODAY TO
PROPERTY lN BRASÍLlA
00:58:47.893 --> 00:58:49.952
Jango tried to use a state of emergency
00:58:50.028 --> 00:58:53.395
to overcome, in a political manner,
the military reaction against the governor
00:58:53.465 --> 00:58:56.093
and reestablish the authority of his administration.
00:58:56.501 --> 00:59:00.403
The left wing suspected that the action
could adversely affect it.
00:59:02.107 --> 00:59:08.603
One needs to look back on
those difficuIt and complex days,
00:59:08.680 --> 00:59:12.207
when the pressure mounted
against us.
00:59:12.284 --> 00:59:13.808
When it came from everywhere.
00:59:14.019 --> 00:59:16.852
From our country and from abroad.
00:59:17.789 --> 00:59:21.088
People truly didn't want
00:59:21.159 --> 00:59:23.252
fundamental reforms to be made in Brazil.
00:59:24.029 --> 00:59:27.328
We had been informed that,
in Săo Paulo, Ademar de Barros,
00:59:28.033 --> 00:59:30.228
and in the state of Rio de Janeiro,
Carlos Lacerda,
00:59:30.302 --> 00:59:35.103
were actively getting ready
to carry out a revolution or coup d'etat.
00:59:35.807 --> 00:59:38.299
The state of emergency was
called in Rio de Janeiro
00:59:38.377 --> 00:59:41.642
during a meeting between Jango,
his ministry
00:59:41.714 --> 00:59:43.579
and the military ministers.
00:59:43.649 --> 00:59:46.243
The news that got to
Brasília about the state of emergency
00:59:46.319 --> 00:59:48.514
were really daunting for us.
00:59:49.055 --> 00:59:52.149
We did not know at that time
if the correlation of powers
00:59:52.225 --> 00:59:56.025
allowed the installation
of a state of emergency in this country
00:59:56.095 --> 00:59:58.859
that would not be later
changed by the majority forces,
00:59:58.931 --> 01:00:02.423
by the reactionary part of PSD,
in alliance with UDN,
01:00:02.501 --> 01:00:04.366
into an instrument against workers.
01:00:04.437 --> 01:00:06.769
An instrument against
the labor rights that had been achieved.
01:00:06.839 --> 01:00:09.364
Regardless of Joăo Goulart's will.
01:00:09.742 --> 01:00:12.267
After Jango arrived in Brasília
01:00:12.345 --> 01:00:15.371
and we found out that the project
for state of emergency
01:00:15.448 --> 01:00:19.544
had started to be amended,
to enable violations of domicile,
01:00:20.086 --> 01:00:25.753
and allowing all of the abuses
that became commonplace after '64,
01:00:25.826 --> 01:00:29.193
we came to the conclusion
that we'd oppose the state of emergency.
01:00:29.263 --> 01:00:32.255
To this day I'm not sure
if that was the right decision.
01:00:35.802 --> 01:00:38.202
To avoid defeat, Jango capitulated.
01:00:38.505 --> 01:00:40.029
lsolated in congress,
01:00:40.107 --> 01:00:43.474
opposed by governors
Lacerda, Magalhăes and Ademar,
01:00:43.543 --> 01:00:47.980
suffering an economic embargo on the part of
the U.S., Jango had no alternative:
01:00:48.048 --> 01:00:50.243
he tried to mobilize the citizens
01:00:50.317 --> 01:00:53.184
by personally raising
the flag of reform.
01:00:54.288 --> 01:00:56.950
In January 1964,
01:00:57.224 --> 01:01:01.183
the president revived and regulated
the law on remittance of profits,
01:01:01.561 --> 01:01:04.553
which had been approved by the
Congress over one year before.
01:01:07.601 --> 01:01:10.695
By March, a lunch party
held at the Military Base
01:01:10.771 --> 01:01:14.263
and the warm welcome extended
by a number of officers
01:01:14.341 --> 01:01:16.572
were not enough to erase
the restlessness and doubts
01:01:16.644 --> 01:01:18.908
from the worn-out expression
of the president.
01:01:19.747 --> 01:01:22.272
The adhesion of low-ranking
01:01:22.350 --> 01:01:26.787
and military officers to
the nationalist governmental project
01:01:26.854 --> 01:01:31.154
expressed the efforts of most
of the sectors of the Brazilian society
01:01:31.225 --> 01:01:34.160
towards the construction
of a fair democracy.
01:01:41.336 --> 01:01:45.067
The menace represented by the reforms
that threatened the Brazilian powerful,
01:01:45.139 --> 01:01:46.902
came to life in March.
01:01:47.275 --> 01:01:50.073
In its strategy of popular mobilization,
01:01:50.144 --> 01:01:53.238
the government called a mass meeting
in Rio de Janeiro.
01:01:53.314 --> 01:01:55.714
The " meeting of the Central" ,
as it was called,
01:01:55.783 --> 01:01:58.980
was scheduled for Friday, 13th.
01:02:01.456 --> 01:02:03.924
Everything had been carefully planned.
01:02:04.292 --> 01:02:08.093
From amplifiers to security,
nothing could go wrong
01:02:08.163 --> 01:02:11.530
when the president took
the message of reform to the people.
01:02:11.934 --> 01:02:14.698
The setting for the last act
had been prepared.
01:02:16.372 --> 01:02:22.572
March '64 was a month
of intense activity
01:02:22.644 --> 01:02:24.805
and many concerns.
01:02:26.882 --> 01:02:30.716
Subversive activities promoted
by the government were on the rise
01:02:30.986 --> 01:02:36.356
and we had decided to face whatever
the government could dish out.
01:02:36.925 --> 01:02:40.190
When the meeting on the 13th was held,
01:02:40.729 --> 01:02:45.189
we considered that meeting
to be an intimidation,
01:02:45.267 --> 01:02:49.601
a strike against the army. Carried out
next door to the army headquarters,
01:02:49.671 --> 01:02:56.305
with posters that were clearly
subversive against the democratic order
01:02:56.679 --> 01:03:00.547
That meeting deeply affected the military.
01:03:01.017 --> 01:03:03.281
And a few days before the 13th,
01:03:03.753 --> 01:03:08.622
one of my subordinates told me
01:03:08.691 --> 01:03:14.652
that a group of officers were planning
to put an end to that movement
01:03:14.731 --> 01:03:20.067
in the most violent manner possible.
I saw such an intention as alarming.
01:03:21.037 --> 01:03:24.996
I brought the fact to the knowledge
of General Castelo Branco
01:03:25.075 --> 01:03:26.542
at the army headquarters
01:03:26.609 --> 01:03:28.543
and to the knowledge
of general Costa e Silva
01:03:28.611 --> 01:03:31.637
at the department of production
and construction works.
01:03:32.782 --> 01:03:36.616
Both of them, general Castelo
in particular,
01:03:36.686 --> 01:03:43.422
were very concerned and said:
"but that is unacceptable!
01:03:43.494 --> 01:03:47.794
the meeting must take place,
we should not interfere
01:03:47.865 --> 01:03:50.163
we must stop this from happening."
01:03:50.734 --> 01:03:56.969
It was really important that
the meeting took place.
01:03:57.408 --> 01:04:04.746
Because we were aware that the rebellion
in the military ranks would increase
01:04:04.815 --> 01:04:10.845
against a government that wanted
to disestablish the democracy in Brazil.
01:04:11.388 --> 01:04:14.323
Therefore, together
with other officers,
01:04:14.391 --> 01:04:16.450
including general Aragăo,
01:04:16.527 --> 01:04:20.054
who had also been informed
of the plan,
01:04:20.131 --> 01:04:26.559
we took action and, on the morning of the 13th,
after arriving at the headquarters,
01:04:27.438 --> 01:04:34.174
I sought one of those officers
that were part of the group and asked:
01:04:35.547 --> 01:04:40.143
" How's it going?
ls it settled? ls it going to happen?"
01:04:40.218 --> 01:04:46.123
" General, no one is interfering.
There is only one I couldn't talk to."
01:04:46.191 --> 01:04:48.284
" Go out there and talk to this 'one'
01:04:48.360 --> 01:04:52.421
The meeting is not to sustain
any interference from us."
01:04:53.465 --> 01:04:56.263
The immediate consequence:
01:04:56.868 --> 01:05:01.532
the next day, in the ministry, the meeting
was all that everyone talked about
01:05:01.606 --> 01:05:04.632
and revoIt was widespread.
01:05:04.809 --> 01:05:10.441
So we had gained the support
of many people who, up to then,
01:05:10.515 --> 01:05:13.541
still hadn't decided to
part ways with legality.
01:05:13.818 --> 01:05:15.786
Because it's very hard,
as I said before.
01:05:16.821 --> 01:05:24.422
So the meeting on the 13th meant that we
got the support of many individuals...
01:05:25.231 --> 01:05:26.425
upstanding, loyal individuals,
01:05:26.499 --> 01:05:31.436
that up to then, had still been
attached to the idea of absolute legality.
01:05:32.538 --> 01:05:36.440
The meeting of the Central
was a kind of...
01:05:38.711 --> 01:05:42.147
attempt to speed up the
project of reforms.
01:05:43.516 --> 01:05:46.349
And many people advised
him not to do that meeting.
01:05:46.852 --> 01:05:49.878
That, from a certain point of view,
it would mean an aggravation.
01:05:51.624 --> 01:05:55.424
And that he should not announce
those reforms,
01:05:55.928 --> 01:05:59.955
many of which would not
be possible to implement.
01:06:00.533 --> 01:06:02.626
Then, I clearly remember Jango saying:
01:06:02.935 --> 01:06:07.235
" I don't have a problem
with staying in office or leaving,
01:06:07.306 --> 01:06:10.673
my problem is that I have
to carry out those reforms.
01:06:10.743 --> 01:06:12.769
l'd rather fall,
but fall with my chin up."
01:06:28.528 --> 01:06:30.291
RAlMUNDO ALMElDA MUST GO!
01:06:30.364 --> 01:06:32.525
LET'S GO, ARRAES
THE PEOPLE CAN'T TAKE lT AN Y LONGER!
01:06:43.243 --> 01:06:46.212
THlS TlME, THE GOVERNMENT
AND THE PEOPLE ARE NOT ALONE!
01:06:50.250 --> 01:06:51.718
HOUSEWlVES AGAlNST TAX DODGlNG
01:06:51.718 --> 01:06:53.208
WOMEN'S LEAGUE lN THE STATE
OF GUANABARA
01:06:56.156 --> 01:06:59.785
FULL MONOPOLY NOW!
ALL THE OlL BELONGS TO PETROBRAS.
01:07:04.332 --> 01:07:06.300
SUPPORTlNG JANGO'S BASE REFORMS
01:07:19.180 --> 01:07:20.579
By the late afternoon,
01:07:20.648 --> 01:07:24.982
200 thousand people gathered
at the Central Station square.
01:07:25.687 --> 01:07:29.817
The crowd keyed the speakers up.
Jango did not disappoint.
01:07:30.058 --> 01:07:32.219
By his side, his wife Maria Teresa
01:07:32.293 --> 01:07:35.421
soothed the tension
of the moment.
01:07:35.697 --> 01:07:36.994
On the same wooden stage
01:07:37.065 --> 01:07:40.296
that Getúlio Vargas used for
his public appearances,
01:07:40.368 --> 01:07:42.734
Jango announced the
execution of his program.
01:07:42.804 --> 01:07:47.138
A few hours before, he had signed the
decrees that expropriated unproductive lands
01:07:47.208 --> 01:07:52.203
alongside federal highways and railroads
and took over private refineries.
01:07:56.051 --> 01:07:59.646
AgricuItural workers will find
01:07:59.988 --> 01:08:03.549
that their most important
and fairest claim
01:08:03.625 --> 01:08:06.651
will have been met in many places.
01:08:06.729 --> 01:08:12.429
The claim for a plot of land
in which to work.
01:08:12.668 --> 01:08:15.933
A plot of land to harvest crops.
01:08:16.738 --> 01:08:20.765
Then, that worker and his family,
01:08:21.676 --> 01:08:26.136
his dejected family,
will be able to be their own bosses,
01:08:26.215 --> 01:08:30.675
because up to now they've been working for
the owner of the land they rent,
01:08:30.752 --> 01:08:34.279
or for the owner
of the land they loan.
01:08:47.770 --> 01:08:51.969
Today, in the eyes of the nation,
01:08:53.376 --> 01:08:58.109
with the solidarity
of the people united in this square,
01:08:59.082 --> 01:09:01.243
a square that belongs
only to the people,
01:09:01.818 --> 01:09:05.310
the government,
that also belongs to the people,
01:09:05.388 --> 01:09:07.822
and to the people alone,
01:09:08.390 --> 01:09:11.554
reaffirms its unshakable goal
01:09:12.060 --> 01:09:16.292
to fight with all its might
01:09:16.733 --> 01:09:19.895
to improve the Brazilian society
in a quest
01:09:20.403 --> 01:09:25.363
Not only for agricuItural reform,
but also for tax reform.
01:09:26.376 --> 01:09:31.404
For full electorial reform,
for illiterate vote,
01:09:31.482 --> 01:09:35.077
for the eligibility of all Brazilians.
01:09:35.152 --> 01:09:40.350
for the purity of democratic life,
for economic emancipation,
01:09:40.424 --> 01:09:42.153
for social justice
01:09:42.225 --> 01:09:45.787
and, together with its people,
for the progress of Brazil.
01:09:59.977 --> 01:10:04.073
In Săo Paulo, the ruling class
was also mobilized against the reforms.
01:10:04.849 --> 01:10:09.343
With the support of the state government,
the rural society and sections of the church,
01:10:09.420 --> 01:10:13.288
the " family march, with God
and for freedom" was organized.
01:10:13.858 --> 01:10:17.795
Veterans of '32 and members
of traditional families of Săo Paulo
01:10:17.863 --> 01:10:21.321
held a rosary in one hand
and banners on the other,
01:10:21.399 --> 01:10:22.764
with a few of their slogans:
01:10:23.134 --> 01:10:28.663
" Civism shall kill communism." " In defense
of the Constitution and of legality."
01:10:32.077 --> 01:10:34.272
Jango and his family went to Săo Borja
01:10:34.346 --> 01:10:37.440
to spent the holy week holidays,
in March 1964.
01:11:02.007 --> 01:11:03.872
Earlier pictures in the family album
01:11:03.942 --> 01:11:07.401
reveal the relaxed lifestyle of
of a farmer president.
01:11:07.480 --> 01:11:11.109
His life with Maria Teresa,
the barbecues, the chimarrăo,
01:11:11.183 --> 01:11:13.151
the horse riding along the fields,
01:11:13.219 --> 01:11:15.983
all of which was tinted by
an anxious mood this time around.
01:11:16.923 --> 01:11:19.858
In fact, that would be the
last time Jango and his family
01:11:19.926 --> 01:11:21.860
spent time together at the ranch
01:11:21.928 --> 01:11:26.922
where he'd briefly stay in April, lonely
and on his way to the exile in Uruguay.
01:12:40.707 --> 01:12:41.867
By late March,
01:12:41.942 --> 01:12:45.470
after watching the movie
about the battleship Potemkin,
01:12:45.546 --> 01:12:49.073
the Brazilian navy
was seduced by a dream.
01:12:50.618 --> 01:12:52.711
Gathering in the steeI workers' union,
01:12:52.787 --> 01:12:56.348
during the celebration of the
2nd anniversary of their association,
01:12:56.424 --> 01:12:58.392
which had been kept a secret from the Navy,
01:12:58.459 --> 01:13:00.552
hundreds of mariners claimed their rights:
01:13:00.928 --> 01:13:04.762
freedom for mates held in confinement,
better meals
01:13:04.832 --> 01:13:06.322
and the right to get married.
01:13:09.170 --> 01:13:13.038
In attendance, as a role modeI and witness,
was an elderly Joăo Cândido,
01:13:13.107 --> 01:13:14.836
a hero who had survived the rebellion
01:13:14.909 --> 01:13:17.844
that brought an end to
physical punishment back in 1910.
01:15:00.150 --> 01:15:03.381
Like in the movie,
the population supported the rebels.
01:15:13.430 --> 01:15:16.524
Gathered in mutiny at the
Navy Club,rallying for discipline,
01:15:16.600 --> 01:15:20.058
officers called for the punishment
of the rebellious mariners.
01:15:22.306 --> 01:15:25.173
Back in Rio,
Jango finds a solution:
01:15:25.242 --> 01:15:28.905
the mariners are arrested
and subsequently released.
01:15:33.818 --> 01:15:35.945
The Minister of Navy quits.
01:15:36.520 --> 01:15:39.318
Minister of the Army,
Jair Dantas Ribeiro,
01:15:39.390 --> 01:15:43.087
left office and was hospitalized,
due to renal problems.
01:15:44.128 --> 01:15:46.756
The impact of the events in the Armed Forces
01:15:46.831 --> 01:15:51.427
caused the adhesion of legalist officers to
the movement that deposed the president.
01:15:52.203 --> 01:15:55.866
For them, it was intolerable
to see hierarchy crumbling.
01:15:59.476 --> 01:16:01.637
Rumors of a military rebellion
had already been around
01:16:01.712 --> 01:16:05.114
when the president attended,
on March 30th,
01:16:05.183 --> 01:16:06.741
at the headquarters
of the Automobile Club,
01:16:06.818 --> 01:16:09.582
a ceremony in his honor, sponsored by
the Association of Sergeants
01:16:09.654 --> 01:16:11.519
and sub-officers of the military police.
01:16:12.490 --> 01:16:16.950
The president energetically prohibited
any subversion in the name of order.
01:16:18.163 --> 01:16:20.256
His improvised greeting
to the subordinates
01:16:20.332 --> 01:16:24.200
was a belated warning
to higher-ranking officers.
01:16:25.103 --> 01:16:27.230
JANGO: WE DO NOT WANT
A CLOSED CONGRESS.
01:16:35.113 --> 01:16:37.104
In the early hours of March 31st,
01:16:37.182 --> 01:16:39.548
a few hours after the end of the celebration,
01:16:39.618 --> 01:16:44.214
the troops of general Olímpio Mourăo Filho,
commander of the 4th Military Region,
01:16:44.289 --> 01:16:45.984
marched over Guanabara.
01:16:46.258 --> 01:16:49.785
The rebellion, coming from Minas Gerais,
triggered the coup.
01:16:54.400 --> 01:16:57.198
In Guanabara, army tanks
rolled into the cities
01:16:57.270 --> 01:16:59.261
without resistance.
01:17:01.874 --> 01:17:04.866
The middle class exorcized its ghosts
01:17:04.944 --> 01:17:08.175
by setting the building
of the National Union of Students on fire
01:17:12.285 --> 01:17:16.221
In the afternoon of ApriI 1st,
in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro,
01:17:16.622 --> 01:17:18.590
victory was already being celebrated.
01:17:22.428 --> 01:17:25.295
President Joăo Goulart
had left Guanabara,
01:17:25.365 --> 01:17:27.925
the enemy quarters, and gone to Brasília.
01:17:28.301 --> 01:17:31.532
The Capital was not safe
for the president either.
01:17:31.604 --> 01:17:33.435
Jango went to Porto Alegre.
01:17:34.640 --> 01:17:37.734
The battle in Congress
would soon be over.
01:17:37.810 --> 01:17:40.677
Presiding over the tumuItuous
session of ApriI 1st,
01:17:40.747 --> 01:17:42.909
senator Aldo de Moura Andrade,
01:17:42.983 --> 01:17:46.976
in an act of solemn disregard
for the destiny of the legal institutions,
01:17:47.054 --> 01:17:49.614
declared the office of president
of the republic to be vacant
01:17:49.690 --> 01:17:53.353
while the head of state, Joăo Goulart,
was still on Brazilian soil.
01:17:53.994 --> 01:17:58.931
The president of the republic
has left the headquarters of the government.
01:17:59.666 --> 01:18:03.261
He left a headless nation behind.
01:18:06.907 --> 01:18:07.965
That's not true.!
01:18:09.009 --> 01:18:13.537
In a very grave time in our history.
01:18:15.682 --> 01:18:21.951
When it is necessary that the head of state
01:18:22.022 --> 01:18:25.423
remain in the command of the government.
01:18:26.360 --> 01:18:28.453
He has abandoned the government.
01:18:30.130 --> 01:18:34.795
And I hereby give notice to the
National Congress...
01:18:38.239 --> 01:18:39.797
This abandonment...
01:18:41.876 --> 01:18:44.709
This abandonment configures...
01:18:46.714 --> 01:18:50.707
the need to have the National Congress,
as the civiI power,
01:18:52.053 --> 01:18:56.956
immediately take
the action expected from it
01:18:57.025 --> 01:18:58.993
Under the Brazilian Constitution
01:19:03.531 --> 01:19:10.061
in order to restore
in this turbulent nation
01:19:12.440 --> 01:19:14.340
the authority of the government...
01:19:15.376 --> 01:19:18.004
and the existence of the government.
01:19:19.380 --> 01:19:21.815
We cannot allow...
01:19:22.418 --> 01:19:25.717
BraziI to remain without a government,
abandoned.
01:19:31.760 --> 01:19:34.957
Under our responsibility
01:19:35.764 --> 01:19:40.463
is the people of Brazil.
The people. The order.
01:19:41.770 --> 01:19:46.400
That being so, I hereby declare
the office of president of republic to be vacant.
01:19:50.346 --> 01:19:51.608
Conspirator.!
01:19:53.315 --> 01:19:54.577
Conspirator.!
01:20:02.324 --> 01:20:06.124
In Rio Grande do Sul, the defeat
was not yet consummated.
01:20:06.729 --> 01:20:10.689
Former governor LeoneI Brizola
used the radio as his best weapon.
01:20:11.468 --> 01:20:15.529
People on the streets promised to repeat
the resistance of '61 .
01:20:19.743 --> 01:20:22.644
When president Joăo Goulart
arrived in Porto Alegre,
01:20:23.446 --> 01:20:25.812
in the middle of the full-blown crisis,
01:20:26.349 --> 01:20:31.184
a meeting was held at the residence
of the commander of the 3rd army,
01:20:31.755 --> 01:20:34.315
who was general Ladŕrio Teles,
01:20:34.391 --> 01:20:38.953
a great man and
military chief.
01:20:39.429 --> 01:20:43.126
President Joăo Goulart was in attendance
together with eight generals and myself.
01:20:44.434 --> 01:20:46.265
And my proposal was:
01:20:46.503 --> 01:20:50.132
that the president retreated
to the interior of Rio Grande do Sul,
01:20:50.207 --> 01:20:54.143
precisely to Săo Borja,
01:20:55.946 --> 01:21:00.441
and that, at that time, he appointed
General Ladŕrio as minister of the army
01:21:01.519 --> 01:21:04.784
and I would accept the appointment
for the office of minister of justice.
01:21:05.856 --> 01:21:08.791
And we would organize the resistance.
01:21:09.527 --> 01:21:11.119
General Ladŕrio said
01:21:11.195 --> 01:21:14.926
he agreed with my proposal
completely.
01:21:15.533 --> 01:21:20.937
And that the 3rd army had enough
weapons to organize civil
01:21:21.005 --> 01:21:25.237
corps that could include
over 100 thousand men,
01:21:25.309 --> 01:21:26.776
in addition to the army troops.
01:21:27.345 --> 01:21:31.281
And that he considered the situation
to be complex, difficuIt,
01:21:31.349 --> 01:21:35.945
with a number of followers
within the 3rd Army,
01:21:36.020 --> 01:21:39.251
but he thought it was possible
to defend legality.
01:21:39.557 --> 01:21:42.993
The final decision of the meeting was
to be made by the president.
01:21:44.161 --> 01:21:48.758
Who decided that no resistance
would be offered
01:21:49.134 --> 01:21:54.128
because he considered it to be
too high a price to be paid in blood
01:21:54.206 --> 01:21:57.972
by the Brazilian people
to restore its rights.
01:21:58.243 --> 01:22:02.009
In fact, I got myself ready
01:22:02.247 --> 01:22:07.549
for a potential reaction
of the state of Minas Gerais,
01:22:07.919 --> 01:22:11.013
one year and a half before March '64.
01:22:12.257 --> 01:22:15.317
When I appointed
ColoneI Josę Geraldo
01:22:15.394 --> 01:22:19.194
to command the Military Police,
I gave him the task
01:22:19.264 --> 01:22:22.427
of preparing the police for a reaction.
01:22:23.135 --> 01:22:24.159
Because I was sure,
01:22:24.236 --> 01:22:28.400
that with the difficuIties
I had with the government,
01:22:30.642 --> 01:22:33.941
they would end up
attempting an intervention in Minas.
01:22:34.579 --> 01:22:35.637
And I would react.
01:22:35.947 --> 01:22:40.976
So I got ready for a reaction
to a potential intervention
01:22:41.621 --> 01:22:44.749
rather than to depose a president.
01:22:45.291 --> 01:22:50.228
Magalhăes had assumed a
national responsibility.
01:22:51.264 --> 01:22:55.257
And in this case he thought he should
use Palŕcio da Liberdade to develop
01:22:55.335 --> 01:22:57.895
a government that had a national
characteristic as well
01:22:58.237 --> 01:23:04.142
So he called MiIton Campos,
Josę Maria de Alckmin and myself.
01:23:04.577 --> 01:23:09.537
I was informed of that
a few weeks beforehand.
01:23:09.982 --> 01:23:12.849
And was told that I would be called
01:23:12.919 --> 01:23:17.447
the day my presence was needed
in Belo Horizonte.
01:23:17.990 --> 01:23:22.825
My office, which was
that of nonspecific minister -
01:23:22.895 --> 01:23:25.864
the three of us, MiIton Campos,
Josę Maria de Alckmin and l,
01:23:25.932 --> 01:23:29.334
were appointed nonspecific secretaries.
01:23:29.703 --> 01:23:32.228
And my duty as nonspecific secretary
01:23:32.306 --> 01:23:37.710
was to attain potential
international support
01:23:38.178 --> 01:23:41.978
to have recognition of our belligerent status,
01:23:42.049 --> 01:23:46.713
if the actual conditions of
the movement we were expecting
01:23:46.787 --> 01:23:48.277
came to that.
01:23:48.355 --> 01:23:51.051
Recognition of a belligerent
status, as you know,
01:23:51.125 --> 01:23:55.255
entails the supply
of elements that can support
01:23:55.329 --> 01:23:57.593
the political movement underway.
01:23:57.998 --> 01:23:59.192
It was not necessary.
01:23:59.700 --> 01:24:03.466
We knew, we trusted we'd succeed.
01:24:04.037 --> 01:24:06.232
And there was a meeting among ourselves,
01:24:06.306 --> 01:24:11.334
during which we tried to estimate
how long it would last.
01:24:11.412 --> 01:24:15.371
The estimation was that the fight
would last for six months. At least.
01:24:15.449 --> 01:24:19.682
I was regarded as an optimist,
01:24:19.754 --> 01:24:21.722
I thought that it would
be over in one month.
01:24:21.790 --> 01:24:23.621
The only one who
got it right was Golbery,
01:24:23.691 --> 01:24:26.353
who said: " it will fall apart
like a castle of cards."
01:24:26.494 --> 01:24:28.325
Despite the surprise,
01:24:28.396 --> 01:24:33.333
despite the weakening that
the government had been experiencing,
01:24:34.068 --> 01:24:38.266
if president Joăo Goulart
had decided to resist,
01:24:39.307 --> 01:24:41.673
to counter-strike -
01:24:41.743 --> 01:24:44.735
he still had troops,
he still had elements here in Rio,
01:24:44.813 --> 01:24:49.648
to take over the Guanabara palace,
where Lacerda had been scheming -
01:24:49.717 --> 01:24:53.278
he could have won that fight.
01:24:53.354 --> 01:24:56.585
Or at least put up
a longer fight.
01:24:57.091 --> 01:24:59.685
But he decided not to resist,
01:24:59.761 --> 01:25:03.993
which, in my opinion, was the right decision,
because it avoided bloodshed,
01:25:04.065 --> 01:25:08.662
and today, after those informations
were released by the Americans,
01:25:08.737 --> 01:25:13.731
we became aware of the involvement
of the American government
01:25:13.809 --> 01:25:16.903
in the military coup that
was underway in Brazil.
01:25:16.979 --> 01:25:20.847
The story that the U.S. had sent
ships to Brazil
01:25:20.916 --> 01:25:22.315
was old news.
01:25:22.384 --> 01:25:25.615
It had even been mentioned in
01:25:26.388 --> 01:25:30.722
an American talk show called
"Firing Line" , with William Buckley.
01:25:30.793 --> 01:25:34.285
He was interviewing at that time,
in the early 70s,
01:25:35.064 --> 01:25:39.160
governor - former governor
at that time, Carlos Lacerda -,
01:25:40.135 --> 01:25:44.196
when someone from the audience stood up
and said: " look, that is not true,
01:25:44.273 --> 01:25:47.800
I was in the Caribbean at the time,
embarked, doing military work,
01:25:47.877 --> 01:25:51.369
and the ship I was in
was rerouted to the Brazilian coast
01:25:51.447 --> 01:25:52.675
at the time of the revolution.
01:25:53.148 --> 01:25:56.482
There were stories like that.
And tales too
01:25:56.553 --> 01:26:01.581
that maybe the U.S. had actually
sent ships to the Brazilian coast,
01:26:01.658 --> 01:26:03.250
but that they were only tankers.
01:26:03.326 --> 01:26:05.521
What was discovered about
Operation " Brother Sam"
01:26:05.595 --> 01:26:07.529
is that it was much bigger.
01:26:07.597 --> 01:26:10.623
I mean, in fact, it included
the four tankers,
01:26:10.700 --> 01:26:12.895
the four tankers were full
01:26:12.969 --> 01:26:17.838
to ensure the supply of fuel
for the revolution
01:26:17.908 --> 01:26:21.002
if the movement had to last,
if it faced too much resistance
01:26:21.077 --> 01:26:23.477
and had to last for
over one month.
01:26:23.780 --> 01:26:26.943
There were 136 thousand barrels of
regular gas,
01:26:27.017 --> 01:26:29.349
aviation kerosene,
all that.
01:26:29.819 --> 01:26:33.687
Battleships were also
involved,
01:26:34.124 --> 01:26:36.251
six destroyers
if I'm not mistaken
01:26:36.693 --> 01:26:39.423
One aircraft carrier was sent to the
Brazilian coast,
01:26:39.496 --> 01:26:42.294
a ship that specialized
in carrying helicopters,
01:26:42.365 --> 01:26:45.392
24 combat and transport planes.
01:26:45.469 --> 01:26:48.734
A large amount of ammunition was embarked,
01:26:48.806 --> 01:26:51.502
which never made it to Brazil,
01:26:51.576 --> 01:26:53.441
but that was loaded
into ships in the U.S..
01:26:53.744 --> 01:26:56.975
Those ships, from different points
in the Atlantic,
01:26:57.048 --> 01:26:59.573
converged at the Brazilian
coast.
01:26:59.650 --> 01:27:04.110
A few hours before sunrise
on ApriI 2nd,
01:27:04.188 --> 01:27:07.282
the entire operation was demobilized
when news came
01:27:07.358 --> 01:27:10.350
that the military
had already taken over.
01:27:10.428 --> 01:27:12.191
This was the Operation " Brother Sam" .
01:27:15.933 --> 01:27:19.562
On ApriI 2, with the people of
Rio Grande do SuI demobilized,
01:27:20.104 --> 01:27:23.801
Jango went to Săo Borja and,
from there, to his exile in Uruguay.
01:27:55.173 --> 01:27:57.141
ENLlST HERE.
01:28:44.257 --> 01:28:48.421
In Rio, the police of Carlos Lacerda
arrested a Chinese trade mission,
01:28:48.494 --> 01:28:50.257
under charges of terrorism.
01:28:51.264 --> 01:28:54.358
It was up to Sobral Pinto, the old advocate
of political prisoners
01:28:54.434 --> 01:28:56.732
to prove the innocence of the diplomats.
01:28:58.104 --> 01:29:02.131
Communist leader Gregório Bezerra, was
dragged through the streets of Recife,
01:29:02.208 --> 01:29:03.505
and arrested.
01:29:08.948 --> 01:29:10.882
Among the prisoners, one traitor:
01:29:11.285 --> 01:29:15.221
soldier Josę Alselmo dos Santos,
known as corporal Anselmo.
01:29:15.622 --> 01:29:17.852
A leader of the association of mariners
01:29:17.925 --> 01:29:20.792
and head of the rebellion
at the metal workers' union,
01:29:20.861 --> 01:29:24.627
years later he would be
exposed as a police undercover agent
01:29:24.698 --> 01:29:26.461
by the armed activists.
01:29:27.401 --> 01:29:31.269
In Rio de Janeiro, the middle class
would perform its version
01:29:31.338 --> 01:29:34.068
of the " march, with God and for freedom" ,
01:29:34.141 --> 01:29:36.200
with the victory guaranteed.
01:29:36.376 --> 01:29:38.367
" The right to be born. "
01:29:40.347 --> 01:29:45.148
This civic furor would soon be
used to support the campaign
01:29:45.219 --> 01:29:47.244
" Donate gold for the good of Brazil" ,
01:29:47.321 --> 01:29:51.257
an attempt at solving
the economic problems of the country
01:29:51.325 --> 01:29:53.623
with acts of patriotic charity.
01:29:55.662 --> 01:29:56.993
After their arrival in Rio,
01:29:57.064 --> 01:29:59.965
Mourăo and Magalhăes were commended
for the triumph
01:30:00.033 --> 01:30:02.628
of a movement that
they apparently headed.
01:30:05.340 --> 01:30:09.640
The way I see it, there were
two coups in '64.
01:30:11.045 --> 01:30:15.539
The first was a typical
Latin-American coup.
01:30:16.017 --> 01:30:20.954
Certain civiI forces
supporting a military movement
01:30:21.022 --> 01:30:24.651
that was initiated in Minas Gerais
01:30:24.726 --> 01:30:27.854
and that actually,
01:30:27.929 --> 01:30:31.126
in its exterior appearance,
01:30:32.033 --> 01:30:37.061
was actually what we know
about Latin-American history.
01:30:37.605 --> 01:30:42.668
Now, during the course of that coup,
another one took place.
01:30:43.044 --> 01:30:44.102
On the inside.
01:30:44.712 --> 01:30:46.407
That was the one that lingered
01:30:46.481 --> 01:30:51.419
and expelled all
civiI and military characters,
01:30:51.787 --> 01:30:54.255
that took part in the first coup.
01:30:55.057 --> 01:30:56.684
That was the coup that remained,
01:30:56.992 --> 01:31:02.624
it was this coup that
buiIt a military core
01:31:03.465 --> 01:31:04.796
and an economic system.
01:31:04.867 --> 01:31:08.564
Because, in fact,
there were two movements.
01:31:09.471 --> 01:31:15.034
The one from Minas, which I refer to
as a na:ďve, patriotic movement,
01:31:15.110 --> 01:31:18.773
that wanted only to bring
order to the country,
01:31:19.148 --> 01:31:23.244
and wanted nothing for itself.
I never did.
01:31:23.819 --> 01:31:26.049
So much so that, after my
arrival in Rio de Janeiro,
01:31:27.022 --> 01:31:29.957
Carlos Lacerda
and Juscelino came to me,
01:31:30.025 --> 01:31:34.052
saying it was time I took over
and I told them
01:31:34.129 --> 01:31:37.428
I had not carried out the movement
to become president of the republic.
01:31:38.100 --> 01:31:43.971
It was not to claim anything for myself.
01:31:44.040 --> 01:31:48.534
What I wanted was to have
BraziI find its true way
01:31:49.112 --> 01:31:51.137
of order, of tranquility.
01:31:53.516 --> 01:31:57.418
In Rio de Janeiro there was
a group that got ready.
01:31:58.088 --> 01:31:59.680
That really got ready.
01:32:00.724 --> 01:32:04.751
It seems that LincoIn Gordon
was connected to this group.
01:32:05.395 --> 01:32:08.125
Because this group had money.
01:32:08.198 --> 01:32:13.158
We, back in Minas, did it
with our own funds.
01:32:13.904 --> 01:32:14.871
Which was not much.
01:32:16.539 --> 01:32:18.939
And we never got any indemnification.
01:32:19.876 --> 01:32:23.607
Because president Castelo...
01:32:24.314 --> 01:32:25.941
was part of the other group.
01:32:27.083 --> 01:32:29.143
The appointment of general Castelo Branco
01:32:29.220 --> 01:32:32.917
instituted in BraziI the system
of indirect elections for president
01:32:32.990 --> 01:32:36.551
with a single candidate protected
by institutional acts.
01:32:36.827 --> 01:32:41.560
I hereby declare the Honorable Humberto
de Alencar Castelo Branco
01:32:41.632 --> 01:32:43.623
vested in office
of president of the republic
01:32:44.268 --> 01:32:49.467
of the United States of Brazil
01:32:51.575 --> 01:32:58.504
I shall defend and fulfill, with honor
and loyalty the Constitution of Brazil.
01:33:04.188 --> 01:33:08.557
We shall plunge ahead
knowing that the remedy
01:33:08.926 --> 01:33:12.487
against the ill effects
of the extreme left
01:33:12.563 --> 01:33:15.862
shall not be the birth
of a reactionary right.
01:33:19.838 --> 01:33:22.773
My deeds shall be those
01:33:23.208 --> 01:33:27.235
of an uncompromised
head of state
01:33:27.946 --> 01:33:30.779
during the process
of election of the Brazilian
01:33:30.849 --> 01:33:36.151
to whom I shall convey this office
on January 31 , 1966.
01:33:38.323 --> 01:33:42.760
1964 closes the '54 cycle of colonels.
01:33:43.328 --> 01:33:46.388
This time they were united
and had a plan.
01:33:46.465 --> 01:33:49.366
The concepts developed
in the Superior War College
01:33:49.434 --> 01:33:52.767
replaced social justice
for development
01:33:52.838 --> 01:33:54.829
and democracy for security.
01:34:04.349 --> 01:34:07.513
Castelo Branco's cabinet
had politicians from UDN
01:34:07.587 --> 01:34:10.556
and technocrats, now at
the service of the new order.
01:34:10.923 --> 01:34:14.051
But the true core of power
after '64
01:34:14.127 --> 01:34:16.561
laid in the hands of the brothers in arms.
01:34:17.330 --> 01:34:19.958
General Costa e Silva
in the ministry of war,
01:34:20.033 --> 01:34:23.127
General Ernesto Geisel
as Head of the Military Household
01:34:23.202 --> 01:34:26.865
and General Golbery do Couto e Silva,
who used lPES records
01:34:26.939 --> 01:34:29.737
to set up the National Information Service.
01:34:30.043 --> 01:34:33.410
During the Castelo Branco administration,
old alliances were recovered.
01:34:33.846 --> 01:34:36.076
The law on remittance of profits
was revoked,
01:34:36.149 --> 01:34:40.176
and the trust of the United States in the
Brazilian democracy was reestablished.
01:34:40.553 --> 01:34:44.011
Annulling the decree on
expropriation of unproductive lands,
01:34:44.090 --> 01:34:46.752
the new president put the minds
of large land owners at ease.
01:34:47.293 --> 01:34:49.261
With the new economic guidelines,
01:34:49.328 --> 01:34:52.786
the International Monetary Fund
came to the assistance of its ally.
01:34:53.232 --> 01:34:55.325
A rigorous controI on salaries
01:34:55.401 --> 01:34:58.394
would fund development and the
fight against inflation.
01:34:59.306 --> 01:35:01.672
After sending to prison
or to exile
01:35:01.742 --> 01:35:05.075
the main leaders of
the left and of the union movement,
01:35:05.145 --> 01:35:09.309
the military put an end to the
ambitions of their civiI allies.
01:35:09.383 --> 01:35:12.045
Ademar de Barros,
Governor of Săo Paulo,
01:35:12.119 --> 01:35:15.316
was an ally of Castelo Branco
but ended up being discharged and unseated,
01:35:15.389 --> 01:35:16.720
charged with bribery.
01:35:19.426 --> 01:35:21.257
Lacerda's dreams of becoming president
01:35:21.328 --> 01:35:25.162
were over when marshal Castelo Branco
extended his own term of office,
01:35:25.232 --> 01:35:29.191
and cancelled the presidential
election of 1965.
01:35:32.005 --> 01:35:33.996
lRREVERSlBLE DEClSlON:
GOVERNORS-ELECT TO BE VESTED lN OFFlCE.
01:35:35.042 --> 01:35:40.378
The elections for state governor
turned JK into the heart of the civiI resistance.
01:35:41.448 --> 01:35:44.315
The victory of the opposition
for state governor
01:35:44.384 --> 01:35:46.717
in Minas and in Guanabara
alarmed the government.
01:35:47.422 --> 01:35:48.855
Pressured by the hard-core
segment of the armed forces,
01:35:48.923 --> 01:35:52.381
Castelo Branco
enacted Institutional Act No. 2,
01:35:52.460 --> 01:35:54.360
banning political parties
01:35:54.429 --> 01:35:58.126
and turning the elections for governor
into indirect ones.
01:36:00.368 --> 01:36:04.998
A cordial JK, after being unseated,
followed the same lPM ritual,
01:36:05.073 --> 01:36:08.770
walking the same path that
many other Brazilians would follow.
01:36:16.885 --> 01:36:18.944
Jango the farmer, exiled in Uruguay,
01:36:19.020 --> 01:36:21.580
lived in angst over the
uncertainties of the wait.
01:36:21.656 --> 01:36:24.090
His most wanted return
had no scheduled date.
01:36:24.759 --> 01:36:26.351
The anguish of those days
01:36:26.427 --> 01:36:30.158
caused his children's birthdays
to go almost uncelebrated.
01:36:32.100 --> 01:36:34.591
The desire to see Brazil
become a democracy again
01:36:34.669 --> 01:36:38.299
led Jango, in exile, to unite
with Carlos Lacerda and JK
01:36:38.374 --> 01:36:41.241
to structure the Ample Front, a movement
that was banned soon thereafter.
01:36:41.744 --> 01:36:45.475
Opposition movements had
less and less freedom
01:36:46.148 --> 01:36:51.176
Lacerda would be the most illustrious name
in the next list of unseated politicians.
01:36:56.158 --> 01:37:00.185
The successor of Marshal Castelo Branco
was General Costa e Silva.
01:37:00.829 --> 01:37:04.788
Against the will of Castelo,
the minister of war was made candidate.
01:37:12.341 --> 01:37:16.175
In the Congress, under the applause of Arena
and before a silent MDB,
01:37:16.245 --> 01:37:17.974
Costa e Silva was inaugurated.
01:37:18.514 --> 01:37:22.416
The new president was sworn in
under a new Constitution,
01:37:22.484 --> 01:37:27.320
enacted in 1967 with deep
restrictions on the liberal principles
01:37:27.390 --> 01:37:31.053
of the previously untouched
Constitution of 1946.
01:37:44.908 --> 01:37:48.173
Marginalization of the people
and failed political solutions
01:37:48.245 --> 01:37:50.475
led the way to opposition marches.
01:37:50.547 --> 01:37:53.107
Protests promoted
by students,
01:37:53.183 --> 01:37:57.415
intellectuals and professionals,
under violent repression,
01:37:57.487 --> 01:37:59.455
led the way to radicalization.
01:38:03.426 --> 01:38:04.859
The defeat of populism
01:38:04.928 --> 01:38:08.420
caused disenchantment with
traditional political formulas
01:38:08.498 --> 01:38:12.491
and launched a new motto:
"armed fight."
01:38:16.574 --> 01:38:19.099
From the Caraíbas area
to the southern mountains,
01:38:19.176 --> 01:38:22.509
stretched the revolutionary wave of the 60s.
01:38:23.714 --> 01:38:26.274
Tupamaros in Uruguay,
Douglas Bravo in Venezuela
01:38:26.350 --> 01:38:30.548
and father Camilo Torres in Colombia
started guerrilla activities.
01:38:31.122 --> 01:38:33.852
Rangers trained in the U.S.
01:38:33.924 --> 01:38:37.382
were chasing Ernesto Che Guevara.
01:38:37.461 --> 01:38:39.725
The formidable shadow of Che
01:38:39.797 --> 01:38:44.029
would disappear on October 8, 1967.
01:38:44.101 --> 01:38:47.593
The death of the guerilla commander,
that had been announced so many times,
01:38:47.672 --> 01:38:50.334
would soon be acknowledged
by FideI Castro in Havana.
01:38:51.475 --> 01:38:53.705
...also a dark photograph.
01:38:55.479 --> 01:38:57.106
This is the picture.
01:39:00.551 --> 01:39:01.848
You can be sure
01:39:02.954 --> 01:39:07.914
that I wish Che had adopted
01:39:08.560 --> 01:39:11.723
at least certain preventive measures.
01:39:12.164 --> 01:39:16.931
He often led the way
on exploration units.
01:39:25.177 --> 01:39:28.510
On the other hand, it is also
possible that he
01:39:28.580 --> 01:39:33.847
was very conscious
of the mission he had chosen
01:39:34.920 --> 01:39:37.150
and of the subjective value of men.
01:39:52.137 --> 01:39:56.268
In the heart of America,
in the province of La Higuera, in Bolivia,
01:39:56.676 --> 01:39:59.668
a helicopter brought
the tied-up body of Guevara.
01:40:00.279 --> 01:40:03.874
General Hugo Bŕnzer
inspected the operation in person.
01:40:04.283 --> 01:40:08.117
He was nervous, as a hunter
feeling inferior to his prey.
01:40:10.723 --> 01:40:15.251
Ernesto Che Guevara, the exemplary
activist, was dead.
01:40:15.628 --> 01:40:19.086
His image holding a shotgun,
with a star on his cap
01:40:19.165 --> 01:40:21.133
would reemerge not only in the 3rd world,
01:40:21.200 --> 01:40:26.763
but also in the '68 rebellions in
Paris, Prague, Berlin, Berkeley.
01:41:04.344 --> 01:41:08.371
Édson Luiz, a young man
shot to death in Rio de Janeiro,
01:41:08.449 --> 01:41:12.351
would be the first victim of the
clash between the police and students.
01:41:19.092 --> 01:41:24.860
Those who remain silent over your body
01:41:25.432 --> 01:41:30.563
Agree to your death
01:41:30.637 --> 01:41:32.333
THE YANKEES HAVE MURDERED
A BRAZlLlAN MAN
01:41:32.407 --> 01:41:37.174
By sword and fire
01:41:37.245 --> 01:41:43.878
Deep down in the tear
01:41:44.719 --> 01:41:50.555
Shot in the chest
01:41:51.392 --> 01:41:53.758
OUR PEOPLE ARE BLEEDlNG
Those who remain silent die with you
01:41:53.828 --> 01:41:57.161
Those who remain silent die with you
01:41:57.398 --> 01:42:02.597
Deader than you are now
01:42:03.137 --> 01:42:04.399
ARM Y GO HOME
01:42:04.472 --> 01:42:10.411
A watch on the floor of the square
01:42:10.678 --> 01:42:15.308
Ticking, telling the time
01:42:16.751 --> 01:42:21.883
Set by anger
01:42:23.459 --> 01:42:24.756
MURDERS. VENGEANCE
01:42:24.827 --> 01:42:29.161
In the fire, mirroring
01:42:29.832 --> 01:42:34.895
The shine of your hair
01:42:36.105 --> 01:42:42.237
Those who shouted live on with you
01:42:56.358 --> 01:42:59.816
His death prompted great
movements of protest on the streets.
01:43:02.197 --> 01:43:05.394
On the other hand, it was decided by
the meeting of intellectuals
01:43:05.467 --> 01:43:07.697
that they would attend the march
en masse.
01:43:08.203 --> 01:43:12.072
I'll be there and hope
you will too.
01:43:12.142 --> 01:43:14.167
- How about you, Tônia?
- We will all be there.
01:43:14.244 --> 01:43:18.510
I'll go as a woman, as an actress,
as a mother, as a citizen.
01:43:18.582 --> 01:43:21.745
I'll go because I want
the pubic opinion
01:43:22.152 --> 01:43:27.613
to known that we have a lot of courage
to unmask the myth
01:43:27.691 --> 01:43:30.717
that the students are doing something
wrong, that they are troublemakers.
01:43:30.794 --> 01:43:34.457
They are our hope and we
have our arms open for them,
01:43:34.531 --> 01:43:36.897
to accept their claims.
01:43:37.334 --> 01:43:40.030
I'm very proud that
my kids are taking part in it.
01:43:40.103 --> 01:43:43.163
I'll be on the streets. I have
two kids who are university students.
01:43:43.473 --> 01:43:47.409
l'd rather they be on the streets
than smoking marijuana.
01:43:47.477 --> 01:43:49.877
Partying and smoking marijuana.
01:44:04.061 --> 01:44:09.795
Let's take a walk on the hidden forest,
My love
01:44:11.569 --> 01:44:15.471
Let's take a walk down the avenue
01:44:16.941 --> 01:44:23.176
Let's take a walk through the high path,
My love
01:44:24.982 --> 01:44:29.180
There are mountains looming over the asphalt
01:44:35.292 --> 01:44:37.192
The pretext for the toughening up of the regime
01:44:37.261 --> 01:44:41.197
was the speech by opposition
congressman Mŕrcio Moreira Alves,
01:44:41.265 --> 01:44:45.133
the government's attempt to sue him
and the denial of the Congress,
01:44:45.202 --> 01:44:47.295
to protect its sovereignty.
01:44:48.306 --> 01:44:51.366
President Vargas
01:44:51.843 --> 01:44:55.244
President Vargas
01:44:55.914 --> 01:44:58.940
President Vargas
01:44:59.317 --> 01:45:05.119
Let's go for a walk
In the United States of Brazil
01:45:06.858 --> 01:45:10.794
Let's go for a walk in disguise
01:45:12.597 --> 01:45:17.296
In December 1968,
again on a Friday 13th,
01:45:17.369 --> 01:45:21.863
the government closed the Congress
and enacted Institutional Act No. 5.
01:45:25.343 --> 01:45:29.279
The toughening up of the regime and
the repression of civiI organizations
01:45:29.347 --> 01:45:30.974
neutralized the opposition.
01:45:31.550 --> 01:45:36.783
Censorship on newspapers, radio and TV
concealed any sign of protest.
01:45:41.294 --> 01:45:44.752
The church, which had supported
the forces that removed Jango from power,
01:45:44.831 --> 01:45:49.165
reappeared in the late 60s
as the only organized institution
01:45:49.235 --> 01:45:51.760
to defend justice and
human rights.
01:45:52.371 --> 01:45:56.273
The murder of father Henrique,
a direct assistant to D. Hęlder Câmara,
01:45:56.342 --> 01:45:59.243
marked with blood
the new standing of the Church.
01:46:01.047 --> 01:46:05.814
The repression, the ban
on people's movements,
01:46:05.885 --> 01:46:08.877
the obstruction of union movements,
01:46:09.756 --> 01:46:12.589
caused the Church to be the
last remaining place
01:46:12.658 --> 01:46:15.889
where people's movements
can get organized.
01:46:17.063 --> 01:46:20.260
In a way, the Church is
the only institution to which
01:46:20.333 --> 01:46:22.358
a retired general could
not be appointed
01:46:22.435 --> 01:46:24.494
chairman of the Episcopal Conference
01:46:24.570 --> 01:46:25.969
or Archbishop of Săo Paulo.
01:46:26.940 --> 01:46:30.501
So that brought people to the
Church.
01:46:31.411 --> 01:46:33.174
After the initial success,
01:46:33.247 --> 01:46:36.216
marked by kidnappings
and bank robberies,
01:46:36.283 --> 01:46:39.844
the urban guerrilla, isolated
from the people, began to crumble.
01:46:39.920 --> 01:46:43.981
Former congressman Carlos Marighella,
who used to head the Communist Party,
01:46:44.057 --> 01:46:47.549
the founder of the National Action
for Liberty, ALN,
01:46:47.628 --> 01:46:51.325
died in Săo Paulo in an ambush
put together by police forces.
01:46:52.766 --> 01:46:54.434
ALLENDE'S LAST SPEECH
SEPTEMBER 1 1 , 1973
01:46:54.434 --> 01:46:57.403
All I can say to the workers is:
I shall not resign.
01:46:58.105 --> 01:47:00.039
Standing at a historical
crossroads,
01:47:00.107 --> 01:47:03.008
I shall repay the loyalty of
the people with my life.
01:47:03.076 --> 01:47:06.637
In Chile, another alternative
was attempted:
01:47:06.713 --> 01:47:09.978
one coalition that brought together
communists, socialists,
01:47:10.050 --> 01:47:14.987
liberals and progressive Catholics
elected senator Salvador Allende.
01:47:15.055 --> 01:47:20.016
The defeated candidate in the
'52, '58 and '64 elections,
01:47:20.094 --> 01:47:23.086
Allende came to power in 1970
01:47:23.164 --> 01:47:25.962
proposing a pacific route
towards socialism.
01:47:26.034 --> 01:47:27.934
lMAGES OF ALLENDE'S CAMPAlGN - 1964
01:47:28.002 --> 01:47:29.993
The elation of Allende's administration,
01:47:30.071 --> 01:47:33.404
the attempt to conciliate
socialism and liberty,
01:47:33.474 --> 01:47:36.671
ended up in a bloodbath
sponsored by the U.S.
01:47:39.080 --> 01:47:41.275
Long live Chile.
Long live the people.
01:47:41.716 --> 01:47:43.445
Long live the workers.
01:47:44.152 --> 01:47:47.781
In 1973, the CIA and ITT
01:47:47.856 --> 01:47:51.223
financed the overthrowing
and assassination of Allende.
01:47:52.760 --> 01:47:57.288
In 1975 no democracy
was left standing in the southern cone.
01:47:57.765 --> 01:48:00.233
But the scenario
would get even more somber.
01:48:00.702 --> 01:48:05.402
Police and paramilitary organizations
organized Operation Condor,
01:48:05.474 --> 01:48:09.308
with the purpose of preventing all political
and oppositional actions in the continent.
01:48:10.179 --> 01:48:13.808
In Washington, a bomb brought
to an end the life of Orlando Letelier,
01:48:13.883 --> 01:48:15.282
a former minister
of the Allende administration.
01:48:15.784 --> 01:48:19.618
In Buenos Aires, senator Michelini
of Uruguay was kidnapped and killed.
01:48:20.222 --> 01:48:23.714
General Juan Josę Torres,
the president of Bolivia,
01:48:23.792 --> 01:48:27.888
and general Carlos Prates,
former commander-in-chief of the Chilean army,
01:48:28.464 --> 01:48:31.194
were killed in bombings.
01:48:32.201 --> 01:48:35.534
President Joăo Goulart
knew that his name was
01:48:35.604 --> 01:48:37.504
on that list of doomed presidents.
01:48:38.540 --> 01:48:40.872
His greatest dream,
his greatest wish
01:48:40.943 --> 01:48:42.205
was to go back to Brazil.
01:48:42.278 --> 01:48:45.042
I believe deep down he couldn't
stand that instability any longer,
01:48:45.114 --> 01:48:48.447
To go from country
to country in Latin America,
01:48:48.517 --> 01:48:52.112
and later even thinking
about moving to Europe...
01:48:52.187 --> 01:48:55.089
Because his wish,
his hope
01:48:55.158 --> 01:48:57.285
was to be able to go back to Brazil.
01:48:58.128 --> 01:49:03.259
His dreams were halted
on December 6, 1976.
01:49:03.833 --> 01:49:06.324
At his farm in Mercedes, Argentina,
01:49:06.403 --> 01:49:09.964
where he lived with Maria Tereza,
Jango died of a heart attack.
01:49:13.343 --> 01:49:14.901
SĂO VICENTE RANCH
01:49:15.011 --> 01:49:19.243
Journalist Carlos Castello Branco
described his death:
01:49:20.917 --> 01:49:24.819
President Joăo Goulart,
unable to return to Brazil,
01:49:24.888 --> 01:49:29.382
compelled to leave Argentina
and advised not to stay in Uruguay,
01:49:29.459 --> 01:49:31.324
died like a lost cowboy,
01:49:31.394 --> 01:49:33.589
looking for a way
back home.
01:49:42.539 --> 01:49:45.407
His desire to go home
was very strong.
01:49:45.843 --> 01:49:48.812
In the split second that
separates life from death,
01:49:49.213 --> 01:49:52.239
the images of his youth in
Săo Borja were relived,
01:49:52.316 --> 01:49:56.013
his inauguration in Brasília, the images
of March 13th in the Central Station,
01:49:56.320 --> 01:49:58.015
of Vargas' funeral.
01:49:58.656 --> 01:50:00.146
The kind gestures from the people
01:50:00.224 --> 01:50:03.318
and his role in the fight
for a better society,
01:50:03.394 --> 01:50:07.455
which caused him to be the
only Brazilian president to die in exile.
01:50:07.531 --> 01:50:09.089
WELCOME TO BRAZlL.
01:50:16.440 --> 01:50:18.101
On December 7,
01:50:18.175 --> 01:50:21.770
the body of Joăo Goulart crossed
the border back to Brazil
01:50:21.846 --> 01:50:23.871
to be buried in Săo Borja.
01:50:24.648 --> 01:50:28.550
12 years had elapsed
since he left for the exile.
01:50:29.587 --> 01:50:32.852
The family, friends,
former assistants
01:50:33.225 --> 01:50:36.319
spread over the casket of the former
president of the republic
01:50:36.395 --> 01:50:37.657
the flag of amnesty.
01:50:38.597 --> 01:50:41.327
Silence was the official version
of the government.
01:50:46.371 --> 01:50:48.339
JANGO WILL REMAIN WlTH US
01:51:16.535 --> 01:51:18.162
CENTRAL CEMETERY
01:51:53.940 --> 01:51:58.900
THE EVENTS OF THAT DAY
ARE STlLL CLEAR lN M Y MEMORY:
01:51:58.978 --> 01:52:02.937
IN A DARK BEDROOM,
01:52:03.015 --> 01:52:07.975
TRYlNG TO ESCAPE THE WORLD
THAT REACHED ME THROUGH THE RADlO,
01:52:08.054 --> 01:52:13.015
I WAS LITTLE MORE THAN A BOY,
CRYING TO DEATH
01:52:13.127 --> 01:52:17.086
OVER PRESlDENT JANGO'S
JOURNE Y-ESCAPE.
01:52:19.433 --> 01:52:25.394
THE YEARS WENT B Y, MATURlTY CAME, AND
A DAlLY DOSE OF lNJUSTlCE AND HATRED,
01:52:25.472 --> 01:52:31.433
OPPRESSlON, LlES AND FEAR,
HAVE MADE ME NOW, AS AN ADULT,
01:52:31.512 --> 01:52:37.473
ON BEHALF OF THE TRUTH AND HlSTORY,
REAFFlRM THE BO Y:
01:52:37.551 --> 01:52:43.512
THE TEARS THAT WERE SHED lN 64
ARE STlLL FAlR. - FERNANDO BRANT