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DISTRIBUTION: CALIBAN

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THIS FILM CANNOT BE REPRODUCED,
IN WHOLE OR IN PART, WITHOUT THE

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EXPRESS CONSENT OF THE HOLDERS
OF THE CORRESPONDING RIGHTS.

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VISIT TO CHINA OF JOĂO BELCHIOR GOULART,

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VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC
OF THE UNITES STATES OF BRAZIL.

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THE CENTRAL STUDIOS OF
NEWS AND DOCUMENTARIES

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OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.
BEIJING, AUGUST 1961 .

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In the afternoon of August 13th,
Joăo GouIart,

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the Vice-President of the Republic of the
United States of BraziI arrives in Beijing.

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I'm the bearer of a
message to the Chinese people,

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a message of friendship from
the Brazilian people,

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I am undoubtedly contributing towards
a closer relationship between our peoples,

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who can and should be good friends.

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Zhou Enlai, Prime Minister
of the State Council,

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talks with
Vice-President Joăo Goulart.

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Liu Shaoqi, President
of the People's Republic of China,

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welcomes Vice-President Joăo Goulart.

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The guests of honor visit the museum
about the history of the Chinese revolution.

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These Chinese characters mean:

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" let's distribute the land,
through the strike of the hatchet,

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we shall unlock a new world;

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with the strike of the scythe,
we shall eliminate the old one."

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On August 23rd,
Vice-President Joăo Goulart

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ends his visit to China and leaves
Canton to return to Brazil.

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Xeng Xeng, the vice-governor
of the Guangzhou province,

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and other officials
of the province of the city,

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together with a well-wishing crowd,

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say goodbye to the guests of honor
at the railway station.

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The friendship, closeness and cooperation
between the peoples of China and Brazil

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are ever increasing.

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Greetings to the Brazilian people.

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May the guests of honor have a safe trip.

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BRASÍLlA, August 25th, 1961

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It was a little past 6 in the morning

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when president
Jânio Quadros, as usual,

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locked himself up in his office.

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That day, however, he drafted
the terms of his resignation,

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which would be sent to the National
Congress a few hours later,

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stirring up a lethargic Friday session.

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With expression and gestures that
did not betray his decision,

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Jânio attended the Soldier Day
Service.

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Defeated by what he called " terrible
forces" in his resignation note,

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Jânio was photographed for the last time as
president alongside the " occuIt forces" .

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Minister of Navy
Sílvio Heck warned:

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if Vice-President Joăo Goulart
were to be inaugurated in office,

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a civiI war would erupt in the country.

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The backdrop for the coup was set.

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I was informed of the resignation

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by a phone call from the chief
of staff of the presidency of the republic,

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minister Macedo Soares.

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And immediately I though of
calling a meeting in Itamaraty

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with those friends I could
talk to immediately,

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in order to pay homage to the
resigning president.

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And I was glad that idea was well-accepted,

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because, not only my personal friends
met in Itamaraty

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but also the diplomats that
were then in Rio de Janeiro -

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Few had moved to Brasília yet, the transfer
of the capital had just happened -

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and many workers.

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From the most humble employees,
door-keepers, office-boys,

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The drivers of the ministry,

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to diplomats
who were then in Rio de Janeiro.

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So we opened a bottle of
Champagne in honor of the president

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And, in a moment of
conservative traditionalism,

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we offered to those present
one last Itamaraty reception.

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He received the news in Singapore,

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at the Raffles hotel,
in the middle of the night.

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An American telegraphic
agency called

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seeking his comments
on the resignation of Jânio Quadros.

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He had not been aware of such resignation
untiI just then.

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He was surprised.

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And I remember, I mean, I was told later,

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that one of the participants
In that mission,

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senator Barros de Carvalho, of PTB,

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Said right away: " Dr. Jango, Let's
open a bottle of champagne

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to celebrate the future president."

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But Jango was a very cautious man,

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very down-to-earth.

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He said: " Look, Barros,
if you want to have champagne

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there's nothing wrong with that.
We'll have the bar send up some.

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Now, we will not be celebrating my
presidency,

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but rather paying homage to
unpredictability."

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Săo Borja, a frontier town,
at the Missions ŕrea,

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is the birth and resting place
of two presidents:

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Getúlio Dornelles Vargas and
Joăo Belchior Marques Goulart.

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Joăo Goulart's bedroom
at Granja Săo Vicente

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displays moments of his public life,
started with president Vargas' help.

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The 1 7 years in between his
swearing in as state congressman in '47

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and his overthrowing from power in '64,

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only deepened his nationalism and
commitment to social justice,

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the tragic reasons behind
the common destiny of both men.

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By putting a gun to his chest
on the morning of August 24th, 1954,

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Getúlio Vargas brought an end
to his own life

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and also to the plans of his opponents
who wanted to achieve power,

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following the trail
torn open by the coup.

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Everything changed in those hours
between Vargas' suicide

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and the resignation that had been demanded
the day before by a military uItimatum.

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When Jango left for Porto Alegre
to bury his friend,

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he took with him the will
and the political heritage of Getúlio.

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Born on March 1st, 1918,

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Jango, the seventh child of
Vicente and Vicentina Goulart,

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affluent landowners,

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spontaneously lived in close
contact with farm workers.

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His youth years in Porto Alegre

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were spent between the bliss of bohemian
life and the rigors of the academy.

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In the country of lawyers,
Jango also got a law degree

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and quickly climbed the steps of
a life in politics.

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State congressman in 1947,
Federal congressman in 1950,

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secretary of interior and justice
in Rio Grande do Sul,

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national chairman for PTB.

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In 1954, when Getúlio had to replace
his waves to the people

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for commitments with the working classes,

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Jango stepped out of the shadows,
joining the Ministry of Employment.

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Side-by-side in the ministry
sat people from the old-republic,

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Getúlio's comrades from the 1930 Revolution,
seasoned politicians.

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Joăo Goulart, at age 36,

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personified Vargas' wish to inject
new blood into Brazilian politics.

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Jango became minister when
seamen were carrying out a strike

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for better pay.

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He mediated the conflict
and used his influence to

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grant their claims.

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To celebrate May 1st, he prepared
a fair gift to workers:

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a 100% -increase in minimum wage.

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Getúlio granted the increase
but dismissed Jango,

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because the salary increase reignited
a military crisis,

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that exploded in a manifesto
signed by 42 colonels.

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BraziI and its army
had been closely following

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the ongoing ideological battle
for a long time.

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And this battle was
greatly strengthened

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when Mr. Joăo Goulart
was minister of employment

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in the Getúlio administration.

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Surrounded by leftists
in his ministry,

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Jango started adopting measures
that caused concern among the military.

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And the colonels,
in light of the Brazilian atmosphere,

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decided to warn
their military chiefs, generals,

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and signed a manifesto.

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To communicate their concern

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about the path that BraziI was
following towards the left.

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That was the purpose of the manifesto.

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this manifesto was written
by a group of military officers

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at the Superior War College and at the
General Command of the Military Forces.

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The writer was General Golbery.

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The man doing the lobbying
was then General Ademar de Queiroz.

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The campaign against Getúlio was unrelenting.

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Gregório Fortunato, head of
the president's Personal guard

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tried to silence the opposition
with a gun.

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The attack, wich injured
Journalist Carlos Lacerda

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and killed air force major Rubem Vaz,
in the small hours of August 5th,

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strengthened the conspiracy
against the government.

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The dramatic outcome of the crisis,
with the president's suicide,

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robbed the conspirators
of the thrill of victory

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A defeated candidate
for a senate seat in '54,

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during the '55 elections, Jango received
the votes from the labor class

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which elected him Vice-President

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and gave to Juscelino Kubitschek
the presidency of the republic.

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Before the inauguration, the wedding.

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On May 12nd, 1955, Jango got married
to Maria Teresa Fontela,

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who had also been born
in his hometown of Săo Borja.

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As vice-president, Jango represented
the always smiling JK

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in dealings with the working class.

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Securing the necessary stability
to allow JK to apply his Plan of Goals

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and to increase industrialization,

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PTB's political support protected the
salaries and the freedom of the workers.

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With peace underway,

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the constitutional rules govern Brazil.

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While occupying the office of
President, during JK's absences,

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Jango combined administrative know-how
and political expertise.

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The visit to the Soviet Union
in late 1960

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turned Vice-President Joăo Goulart
into the first Latin-American leader

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to pierce the ideological barrier
buiIt by western countries around Moscow.

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Welcomed by Alexei Kosygin
and Leonid Brejnev,

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high-ranking soviet officials,

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Jango broadened Brazil's political horizons.

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Breaching the automatic alignment
with the United States,

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he included the country among the
frontline of non-aligned nations.

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Jango could not go to the Soviet Union
and not see the burial place of Lenin,

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the hero of the 191 7 communist revolution.

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The protocoI visit displeased
the military

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which, in 1961 ,
tried to prevent his inauguration.

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00:15:51,466 --> 00:15:53,134
When visiting Leningrad,

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00:15:53,134 --> 00:15:56,763
the port where Russia's feudal
history began to sink,

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00:15:56,838 --> 00:15:58,601
Jango went onboard the Aurora cruiser,

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from which the first shots of the
Bolshevik revolution were fired.

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Jango would be reminded of those images
when granting freedom to Brazilian mariners

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after the 1964 revoIt.

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00:16:16,025 --> 00:16:19,085
The trip's joyfuI and informal tone,

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00:16:19,161 --> 00:16:20,992
caused a meIting of the " cold war" .

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00:16:26,001 --> 00:16:29,801
Robots, mechanical arms, atoms.

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00:16:30,506 --> 00:16:34,374
Jango discovered in Russia a world
on the brink of the Sputnik age.

189
00:16:36,412 --> 00:16:38,642
BraziI was on the brink of the " Broom age."

190
00:16:39,281 --> 00:16:44,583
Jânio Quadros' victory in
the 1960 presidential elections

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enabled UDN to quench its
thirst for power.

192
00:16:48,357 --> 00:16:52,054
Carlos Lacerda, Afonso Arinos
and Magalhăes Pinto

193
00:16:52,127 --> 00:16:56,827
were the hosts of a party that
turned Jânio into a born-again UDN member.

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Banners, waves,

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00:17:01,504 --> 00:17:03,233
hugs and applause

196
00:17:03,306 --> 00:17:05,398
surrounded the conversion ritual.

197
00:17:05,742 --> 00:17:09,200
BraziI had caught the
"Jânio fever" .

198
00:17:09,445 --> 00:17:13,246
<i>Jânio Quadros is the hope
Of this abandoned people</i>

199
00:17:14,517 --> 00:17:16,246
<i>Sweep, sweep, sweep, sweep...</i>

200
00:17:16,319 --> 00:17:19,185
<i>Sweep, sweep little broom</i>

201
00:17:19,556 --> 00:17:22,150
<i>Sweep away all this shamefuI behavior</i>

202
00:17:23,193 --> 00:17:25,923
<i>Because the people is tired</i>

203
00:17:26,463 --> 00:17:28,863
<i>Of so much suffering</i>

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00:17:30,867 --> 00:17:35,429
In the eyes of the PTB and of the leftist groups,
Marshal Henrique Teixeira Lott

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00:17:35,505 --> 00:17:38,804
was the ideal presidential candidate.

206
00:17:44,482 --> 00:17:46,609
Well-respected by the Armed Forces,

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00:17:46,684 --> 00:17:51,417
he had conquered the admiration of civilians
on November 1 1st, 1955,

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00:17:51,489 --> 00:17:53,957
when, as ministry of defense, he guaranteed

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00:17:54,025 --> 00:17:55,890
the inauguration of JK and Jango.

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00:18:00,097 --> 00:18:04,056
His candidacy had been launched in 1956,

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00:18:04,135 --> 00:18:05,932
when he received the " golden sword " ,

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00:18:06,003 --> 00:18:09,268
during a ceremony promoted
by sergeants and officers.

213
00:18:10,941 --> 00:18:12,909
Jango was a candidate for reelection.

214
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<i>BraziI needs a strong arm</i>

215
00:18:17,948 --> 00:18:21,975
<i>I am, you are, we are voting for Lott</i>

216
00:18:22,887 --> 00:18:25,583
The bond between military nationalism
and the labor party

217
00:18:25,656 --> 00:18:29,387
included government plans for agricuItural
reform and illiterate vote.

218
00:18:30,227 --> 00:18:33,994
<i>When its time to vote
I'll "Jang", I'll "Jang"</i>

219
00:18:34,066 --> 00:18:37,763
<i>Jango, Jango
Jango Goulart</i>

220
00:18:39,137 --> 00:18:42,903
<i>For Vice-President
Will "Jang" Jorge Freitas</i>

221
00:18:42,974 --> 00:18:46,740
<i>Jango, Jango
Jango Goulart</i>

222
00:18:47,612 --> 00:18:51,639
PSB, aiming to maintain its
successfuI alliance with PTB,

223
00:18:51,717 --> 00:18:54,845
supported the Lott-Joăo Goulart slate.

224
00:18:55,754 --> 00:18:58,188
Perpetual candidate Ademar de Barros,

225
00:18:58,256 --> 00:19:01,191
and his same old Social Progressive Party,

226
00:19:01,259 --> 00:19:03,318
pilfered popular votes.

227
00:19:03,929 --> 00:19:07,524
First from Juscelino, now from Lott.

228
00:19:07,899 --> 00:19:12,927
A solemn MiIton Campos was UDN's
bet for Jânio's slate.

229
00:19:13,004 --> 00:19:16,565
In an attempt to free up his hands,
Jânio connived towards

230
00:19:16,641 --> 00:19:19,838
a " Jan-Jan" slate,
which ended up being successful.

231
00:19:26,219 --> 00:19:29,154
The 5 years of the JK
administration rocked Brazil.

232
00:19:29,655 --> 00:19:33,591
Modernization trends ran rampant in the country,
as part of a " new" fever:

233
00:19:33,659 --> 00:19:36,924
Bossa Nova, New Cinema, a new capital city.

234
00:19:37,630 --> 00:19:41,896
The city's bold architecture
became a futurist frame

235
00:19:41,968 --> 00:19:44,402
for a country full of
age-old contrasts.

236
00:19:45,338 --> 00:19:48,000
JK left office feeling
certain he would come back.

237
00:19:49,308 --> 00:19:53,574
Almost 6 million votes
brought Jânio to power.

238
00:19:55,715 --> 00:19:59,014
Soon he'd pull a rabbit out of his hat.

239
00:20:02,355 --> 00:20:05,984
Jânio initiated a program
of moral reforms.

240
00:20:06,692 --> 00:20:09,388
Prohibited horse racing
during the week,

241
00:20:10,029 --> 00:20:12,225
adopted slack suits as uniform,

242
00:20:12,299 --> 00:20:16,497
prohibited cock fighting
and banned bikini-clad women from TV.

243
00:20:17,371 --> 00:20:21,967
The country, in dire need of a leader,
had, at last, found its vice-policeman.

244
00:20:23,710 --> 00:20:26,270
The government staggered in ambiguity.

245
00:20:26,346 --> 00:20:29,975
Moralist internal policies sealed
its commitments

246
00:20:30,050 --> 00:20:32,018
with middle-class standards.

247
00:20:32,986 --> 00:20:36,046
Economic measures,
such as instruction 204,

248
00:20:36,123 --> 00:20:38,318
which created a single tax
assessed on dollar transactions,

249
00:20:38,392 --> 00:20:42,089
benefited exporters and
foreign investors.

250
00:20:42,629 --> 00:20:44,563
The end of agricuItural subventions

251
00:20:44,631 --> 00:20:48,226
caused increased food prices and inflation.

252
00:20:49,603 --> 00:20:52,538
Foreign policies followed a
different mould,

253
00:20:52,606 --> 00:20:57,009
The visit of president Sukarno inaugurated
a new possibility of talks

254
00:20:57,077 --> 00:21:00,844
with the non-aligned block,
that was formed in the early 60s.

255
00:21:05,453 --> 00:21:08,945
The president had this contradiction

256
00:21:09,023 --> 00:21:13,687
between the expansion
of the Brazilian personality abroad

257
00:21:14,062 --> 00:21:18,362
and a limitation on the country's
economic-financial status.

258
00:21:18,433 --> 00:21:22,392
He had to advance policies that
were not contradictory,

259
00:21:22,470 --> 00:21:26,531
but that had to abide by
those two contingencies,

260
00:21:26,608 --> 00:21:28,599
those two requirements.

261
00:21:28,676 --> 00:21:33,443
BraziI was ready to strengthen its
international identity,

262
00:21:33,815 --> 00:21:37,808
but the country, at that time, really
depended on the countries

263
00:21:37,886 --> 00:21:40,480
with which it had
economic-financial relations

264
00:21:40,555 --> 00:21:43,991
in order to maintain its internal
financial stability.

265
00:21:44,792 --> 00:21:46,953
The decoration of Ernesto " Che" Guevara

266
00:21:47,028 --> 00:21:50,897
was too bold a gesture for the
Government's internal allies.

267
00:21:52,935 --> 00:21:56,598
Carlos Lacerda, a fierce ally
up to then,

268
00:21:56,672 --> 00:22:00,438
turned his back on Jânio and started
a crisis that would lead to his resignation.

269
00:22:08,183 --> 00:22:10,617
In August 1961 ,

270
00:22:10,686 --> 00:22:15,123
a handshake with Mao Tsę-Tung turned
Joăo Goulart into a pioneer again,

271
00:22:15,791 --> 00:22:18,851
this time bringing
BraziI closer to the 3rd world.

272
00:22:21,530 --> 00:22:25,125
Jango broke the barriers that separated
the western countries

273
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:27,134
from the People's Republic of China.

274
00:22:28,203 --> 00:22:32,435
In Beijing he repeated the " meIting"
ritual that had taken place in Moscow.

275
00:22:33,275 --> 00:22:37,302
For Jango, friendship between people
went beyond ideological frontiers

276
00:22:43,186 --> 00:22:47,623
The visit acknowledged the Chinese people's
right to self-determination.

277
00:22:50,193 --> 00:22:52,559
My Chinese friends,

278
00:22:53,196 --> 00:22:58,065
during these last few days
with the Chinese people

279
00:22:58,134 --> 00:22:59,829
and its officials,

280
00:22:59,903 --> 00:23:05,967
I was able to see that this is not the
old China, full of legends and superstitions,

281
00:23:06,876 --> 00:23:12,212
which westerners regard
with a mixture of vague fright

282
00:23:12,282 --> 00:23:15,683
and reverential admiration
for the unknown.

283
00:23:16,219 --> 00:23:21,953
Your country exhibits
a renewed youthfuIness

284
00:23:22,025 --> 00:23:23,652
in and on itself.

285
00:23:23,727 --> 00:23:25,752
In the first contact with your people,

286
00:23:25,829 --> 00:23:30,631
in light of the warm welcome
extended to us,

287
00:23:30,701 --> 00:23:36,867
I feIt like I was being hosted
by an old friend.

288
00:23:37,875 --> 00:23:41,641
Let friendship grow ever closer,

289
00:23:41,712 --> 00:23:46,979
between the People's Republic of China
and the United States of Brazil.

290
00:23:52,857 --> 00:23:56,793
Let the friendship among Asian, African

291
00:23:56,861 --> 00:23:59,728
and Latin-American people grow.

292
00:24:10,241 --> 00:24:14,177
On August 25th, 1961 ,

293
00:24:14,245 --> 00:24:16,806
news of the president's
resignation were everywhere.

294
00:24:17,883 --> 00:24:21,683
Jânio left Brasília and took refuge
at the Cumbica Airbase in Săo Paulo,

295
00:24:21,753 --> 00:24:25,018
where he awaited the
outcome of the events.

296
00:24:25,090 --> 00:24:27,684
In doubt, one of
his assistants

297
00:24:27,759 --> 00:24:30,489
brought the presidential ribbon.

298
00:24:31,763 --> 00:24:33,799
With the Vice-President abroad,

299
00:24:33,799 --> 00:24:36,267
Congress chairman Ranieri Mazzilli

300
00:24:36,334 --> 00:24:38,962
became interim head of state.

301
00:24:39,037 --> 00:24:43,337
The military ministers tried to avoid
Jango's return and inauguration.

302
00:24:43,575 --> 00:24:48,342
And those that were involved
with the problem of the ongoing

303
00:24:48,413 --> 00:24:49,903
battle in Brazil,

304
00:24:51,249 --> 00:24:55,208
were against Jango's ascension,

305
00:24:56,254 --> 00:25:01,214
even though we were not

306
00:25:02,928 --> 00:25:06,865
against Jango himself,

307
00:25:06,933 --> 00:25:10,232
but against the men that surrounded him

308
00:25:10,303 --> 00:25:14,399
and that were leading him
into adopting a leftist standing

309
00:25:14,474 --> 00:25:17,034
that was not what we wanted.

310
00:25:17,777 --> 00:25:20,041
And it is important to note:

311
00:25:20,113 --> 00:25:24,413
at that point, a revolutionary war
was underway in Brazil

312
00:25:24,951 --> 00:25:29,820
urging a peaceful
take over of power.

313
00:25:30,356 --> 00:25:33,848
And that was what we wanted
to avoid in Brazil.

314
00:25:34,360 --> 00:25:38,160
We did not want BraziI to follow
in the steps of the Czech-Slovak republic.

315
00:25:39,031 --> 00:25:44,230
My first gesture was to offer
guarantees to president Jânio Quadros,

316
00:25:45,037 --> 00:25:48,268
because we believed, at first,

317
00:25:48,341 --> 00:25:50,673
that he had been the victim of a coup.

318
00:25:51,978 --> 00:25:54,640
Finally, we were able to get in contact,

319
00:25:55,215 --> 00:25:57,945
via the journalist Castello Branco,

320
00:25:58,018 --> 00:26:00,213
with the Cumbica airbase, in Săo Paulo.

321
00:26:00,287 --> 00:26:04,155
And president Quadros told me
that he had actually resigned.

322
00:26:04,491 --> 00:26:09,724
From then on, we protested
incessantly.

323
00:26:09,997 --> 00:26:12,693
for the inauguration of the Vice-President.

324
00:26:13,734 --> 00:26:16,635
I took all actions that
were incumbent on the state

325
00:26:16,703 --> 00:26:20,264
in terms of mobilization

326
00:26:21,608 --> 00:26:23,735
so as to ensure public order.

327
00:26:24,678 --> 00:26:27,738
I got in touch with the
3rd Army Commander

328
00:26:27,815 --> 00:26:31,945
and said that, in view of the situation,
which I was also aware of,

329
00:26:32,753 --> 00:26:35,984
the State had to take all actions

330
00:26:36,056 --> 00:26:38,684
to ensure pubic order.

331
00:26:38,759 --> 00:26:40,249
And that, according to the Constitution,

332
00:26:40,327 --> 00:26:43,387
only if we were unable to
ensure public order,

333
00:26:43,463 --> 00:26:49,164
would we request help and protection
from the federal forces.

334
00:26:49,771 --> 00:26:53,070
He agreed and I took all actions.

335
00:26:53,741 --> 00:26:55,902
We mobilized all available
weapons

336
00:26:55,977 --> 00:26:58,138
and got ready for resistance.

337
00:26:58,213 --> 00:27:00,545
And we feIt that the entire country was closed.

338
00:27:00,615 --> 00:27:05,052
All other states
accepted the military counciI rule,

339
00:27:05,119 --> 00:27:07,679
except for governor Mauro Borges.

340
00:27:07,755 --> 00:27:11,816
Here in Rio de Janeiro, governor
Lacerda gave repression a free rein.

341
00:27:11,893 --> 00:27:16,853
In Săo Paulo, governor
Carvalho Pinto was also absent

342
00:27:16,931 --> 00:27:19,798
and repression ensued.
The same happened in Minas.

343
00:27:19,868 --> 00:27:23,429
And I sought to contact all
Generals and military chiefs

344
00:27:23,504 --> 00:27:26,940
that I could, directly or indirectly.

345
00:27:27,475 --> 00:27:31,935
It was, in fact, at that time that I had a
very harsh conversation

346
00:27:32,013 --> 00:27:35,973
with General Costa e Silva,
the commander of the 4th Army in Recife.

347
00:27:36,285 --> 00:27:40,415
I'll tell you, in summary, that it
was a very spontaneous movement,

348
00:27:40,489 --> 00:27:42,889
a very natural movement, that got stronger;

349
00:27:42,958 --> 00:27:45,950
we attempted to use
all available means,

350
00:27:46,028 --> 00:27:48,553
especially the media,

351
00:27:48,631 --> 00:27:51,896
which was our salvation.
We were able to bring information

352
00:27:51,967 --> 00:27:55,596
not only to the public opinion
of the state and country,

353
00:27:55,671 --> 00:27:58,265
I mean, we essentially
won that fight

354
00:27:58,340 --> 00:28:00,638
via a public-opinion battle,

355
00:28:00,709 --> 00:28:04,475
but also we managed
to inform the military themselves,

356
00:28:04,546 --> 00:28:10,576
to a point when the military council
that took over the government

357
00:28:11,153 --> 00:28:15,954
sent an order to a
military unit to go against the south

358
00:28:16,025 --> 00:28:20,758
and it was the officers themselves
who met and refused to follow the order.

359
00:28:21,196 --> 00:28:25,258
When I was its president, the National Union
of Students (UNE) called a national strike

360
00:28:25,335 --> 00:28:29,135
and students were widely mobilized.

361
00:28:29,205 --> 00:28:33,301
The Union's board decided
to relocate its headquarters

362
00:28:33,376 --> 00:28:35,173
to Rio Grande do Sul, where,

363
00:28:35,245 --> 00:28:38,078
together with the people
of Rio Grande do SuI and of Brazil,

364
00:28:38,148 --> 00:28:41,743
they could take part
in the campaign for legality.

365
00:28:41,818 --> 00:28:45,777
I had the opportunity to
talk to Brazilian university students

366
00:28:46,156 --> 00:28:47,987
throught the chain of legality

367
00:28:48,491 --> 00:28:52,621
and to take part in the entire
mobilization process of the population

368
00:28:52,696 --> 00:28:56,462
to oppose the military coup
against president Joăo Goulart.

369
00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:00,592
The people in the streets,
the resistance in the South,

370
00:29:00,670 --> 00:29:02,695
the split in the armed forces,

371
00:29:03,073 --> 00:29:07,100
gave back to the national congress
the controI over the political process.

372
00:29:07,177 --> 00:29:10,635
this time politicians were
not discussing Jango's unseating,

373
00:29:10,714 --> 00:29:11,942
but rather his inauguration.

374
00:29:12,516 --> 00:29:16,543
Legality was reestablished
with a compromise.

375
00:29:17,288 --> 00:29:20,086
The congress approved the
parliamentary amendment.

376
00:29:20,524 --> 00:29:25,018
In the course of the voting
process, some were still undecided.

377
00:29:31,035 --> 00:29:35,131
In his journey back, Joăo
Goulart exhibited aptitude and patience.

378
00:29:35,206 --> 00:29:38,300
Upon hearing of the resignation,
he returned immediately to Brazil

379
00:29:38,376 --> 00:29:39,638
through the longest route:

380
00:29:39,710 --> 00:29:42,907
Paris, New York,
Buenos Aires and Montevideo.

381
00:29:43,881 --> 00:29:45,041
The Pacific Route.

382
00:29:45,950 --> 00:29:48,043
From the balcony of Piratini palace

383
00:29:48,119 --> 00:29:50,212
he saluted the crowd calling his name.

384
00:30:09,975 --> 00:30:13,570
Upon arriving in Brasília, politicians
and military officers celebrated

385
00:30:13,645 --> 00:30:16,170
the peacefuI solution to the crisis.

386
00:30:16,248 --> 00:30:19,240
Even those who had
sided with a military veto

387
00:30:19,317 --> 00:30:21,478
welcomed the new president.

388
00:30:31,863 --> 00:30:34,923
The Colonels of '54 were split.

389
00:30:35,267 --> 00:30:39,067
ColoneI Antônio Carlos Muricy
was forced to leave his position

390
00:30:39,137 --> 00:30:41,833
in Rio Grande do Sul
due to his opposition to Brizola.

391
00:30:41,907 --> 00:30:45,104
General Golbery, frustrated
with Jânio's resignation,

392
00:30:45,177 --> 00:30:47,702
left the army to set up lPES.

393
00:30:48,146 --> 00:30:51,742
General Ernesto Geisel,
the military commander of Planalto,

394
00:30:51,818 --> 00:30:55,686
aborted the " Mosquito Operation" , that
had been devised by the FAB officers,

395
00:30:55,755 --> 00:30:58,952
to bring down the plane that
was flying Jango back to Brasília.

396
00:31:04,030 --> 00:31:07,261
On September 7th, 1961 ,

397
00:31:07,333 --> 00:31:11,463
Jango was inaugurated as president
and announced that his administration

398
00:31:11,537 --> 00:31:14,199
intended to be the marker
of a new independence of Brazil.

399
00:31:15,308 --> 00:31:20,109
Political parties, congressmen,

400
00:31:20,980 --> 00:31:24,939
everybody knows that,
due to my very nature,

401
00:31:25,651 --> 00:31:29,815
I tend to bring together
and not to set apart,

402
00:31:30,356 --> 00:31:33,814
I'm a peacemaker, not an instigator,

403
00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:38,319
I prefer to harmonize
rather than stimulate resentment.

404
00:31:38,731 --> 00:31:43,294
We shall promote internal peace,
peace with dignity,

405
00:31:44,004 --> 00:31:48,168
peace leading to the safety
of our institutions,

406
00:31:49,009 --> 00:31:51,910
ensuring our democratic rights,

407
00:31:52,346 --> 00:31:55,838
the permanent observance of the
will of the people

408
00:31:55,916 --> 00:31:58,817
and the inviolability
of the national sovereignty.

409
00:32:04,625 --> 00:32:07,116
Congressman Ranieri Mazzilli of PSB

410
00:32:07,361 --> 00:32:10,296
returned the presidential ribbon
to Joăo Goulart.

411
00:32:11,632 --> 00:32:15,295
However, the president would still
be under the rule of PSB

412
00:32:15,369 --> 00:32:16,768
during the new regime.

413
00:32:22,142 --> 00:32:23,905
The first parliamentary cabinet

414
00:32:23,977 --> 00:32:27,743
was moderate and followed the style
of Prime Minister Tancredo Neves.

415
00:32:28,115 --> 00:32:33,053
UDN and the Christian Democratic Party
made up the conciliation cabinet.

416
00:32:33,788 --> 00:32:37,884
President Goulart's PTB
was in the minority.

417
00:32:37,959 --> 00:32:39,893
Pressure from the population
would be used

418
00:32:39,961 --> 00:32:42,759
to change the cadence
of ministerial decision-making.

419
00:32:43,798 --> 00:32:46,358
The government met old
nationalist claims.

420
00:32:46,801 --> 00:32:49,292
Cancelled the agreement
with Hanna Mining Corporation,

421
00:32:49,370 --> 00:32:52,498
a muItinational mining company,
and signed the rural act.

422
00:32:53,808 --> 00:32:59,678
When Mr. Joăo Goulart
became president of the republic,

423
00:32:59,747 --> 00:33:01,874
we worked the fields

424
00:33:01,950 --> 00:33:05,716
organizing peasant leagues,
peasant associations

425
00:33:05,787 --> 00:33:07,379
and other associations,

426
00:33:07,822 --> 00:33:09,585
to fight for agricuItural reform,

427
00:33:09,657 --> 00:33:15,061
rallying for the most important claims
of poor countrymen in Brazil.

428
00:33:17,498 --> 00:33:21,333
During his administration
we had more freedom

429
00:33:21,770 --> 00:33:24,705
because we strengthened our organizations,

430
00:33:25,074 --> 00:33:27,565
especially our unions.

431
00:33:28,077 --> 00:33:33,276
The first National AgricuItural
Workers' Meeting was held,

432
00:33:33,349 --> 00:33:35,943
which included all classes of
poor countrymen,

433
00:33:36,018 --> 00:33:37,349
in Belo Horizonte.

434
00:33:37,720 --> 00:33:42,248
In attendance during the meeting
were Mr. Magalhăes Pinto

435
00:33:42,791 --> 00:33:43,985
and Mr. Joăo Goulart

436
00:33:44,393 --> 00:33:47,726
as well as numerous senators
and federal congressmen

437
00:33:47,796 --> 00:33:52,134
and other administrative
and political authorities

438
00:33:52,134 --> 00:33:53,761
of the country.

439
00:33:53,836 --> 00:33:56,100
Goulart was a supporter of base reforms.

440
00:33:56,171 --> 00:33:58,969
AgricuItural reform, urban reform,
tax reform

441
00:34:00,142 --> 00:34:02,235
So we joined this fight.

442
00:34:02,811 --> 00:34:05,780
What we wanted was the participation
of rural workers

443
00:34:05,848 --> 00:34:09,376
in the great mobilization process
that was going on in Brazil

444
00:34:09,452 --> 00:34:11,976
beginning in 1960.

445
00:34:14,324 --> 00:34:17,157
In May 1962

446
00:34:17,226 --> 00:34:21,527
the government announced the intention
to amend article 1 41 of the Constitution

447
00:34:21,598 --> 00:34:25,090
that determined the payment of
previous cash indemnification

448
00:34:25,168 --> 00:34:26,658
for expropriation.

449
00:34:27,237 --> 00:34:29,431
Without that change, agricuItural reform

450
00:34:29,505 --> 00:34:33,306
would become merely a good
deal for speculators.

451
00:34:36,913 --> 00:34:39,473
The ideological fight took to the streets.

452
00:34:39,916 --> 00:34:42,077
Right-wing propaganda used Cuba

453
00:34:42,152 --> 00:34:45,518
as a pretext to wear
its old costumes in public.

454
00:34:49,626 --> 00:34:52,493
Leftists believed
in the success of the Cuban model.

455
00:34:55,931 --> 00:34:59,369
Political mobilization to support
FideI Castro

456
00:34:59,437 --> 00:35:01,428
extended all over Brazil.

457
00:35:03,240 --> 00:35:05,299
Chief of police, Sir,

458
00:35:08,646 --> 00:35:12,343
we are in a
democratic country...

459
00:35:13,617 --> 00:35:15,050
We are in a country...

460
00:35:16,620 --> 00:35:18,713
Chief of police, Sir,

461
00:35:21,292 --> 00:35:23,055
It will be OK.

462
00:35:23,894 --> 00:35:26,124
It will be OK because from now...

463
00:35:29,633 --> 00:35:31,999
In Pernambuco, in the city of Caruaru,

464
00:35:32,636 --> 00:35:34,763
communist leader David Capistrano,

465
00:35:34,839 --> 00:35:38,206
who would suffer state-sponsored
violence come the 70s,

466
00:35:38,275 --> 00:35:41,039
was facing the intolerant 60s.

467
00:35:47,919 --> 00:35:51,582
Workers of Caruaru!

468
00:35:55,193 --> 00:36:01,530
I call to all communist
leaders of Caruaru!

469
00:36:06,671 --> 00:36:09,162
The escalating terrorist violence

470
00:36:09,241 --> 00:36:12,005
would leave its mark
on the soviet expo,

471
00:36:12,077 --> 00:36:15,240
that exhibited in Brazil
the new trends of the socialist world

472
00:36:15,313 --> 00:36:17,304
and the new technology
of Eastern Europe.

473
00:36:19,718 --> 00:36:23,313
The inquiry that looked into the attack
revealed that part of those actions

474
00:36:23,388 --> 00:36:26,221
had been planned in the backrooms of
the government of Guanabara.

475
00:36:26,658 --> 00:36:29,650
The list of those involved,
included the chief of the state police.

476
00:36:30,695 --> 00:36:34,461
The National Union of Students
was a target of the terrorist actions

477
00:36:34,533 --> 00:36:36,434
of extreme-right groups.

478
00:36:36,502 --> 00:36:40,666
The anti-communist movement
gave rise to an action against

479
00:36:40,740 --> 00:36:44,107
the National Union of Students with machine
guns being shot at the headquarters of UNE.

480
00:36:44,177 --> 00:36:48,113
In fact, what was going on
was that in Brazil,

481
00:36:48,181 --> 00:36:52,550
a fascist group was getting organized,
forming paramilitary organizations,

482
00:36:52,618 --> 00:36:58,056
the right-wing was getting organized, its
activities funded by foreign organizations;

483
00:36:58,124 --> 00:37:01,321
later, all that
was revealed.

484
00:37:01,394 --> 00:37:04,329
All of that had a very clear purpose:

485
00:37:04,397 --> 00:37:07,230
to prevent the people from
taking part in politics.

486
00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:11,361
to curtaiI the participation of workers,
of the working class,

487
00:37:11,771 --> 00:37:14,501
to curtaiI the participation
of rural workers,

488
00:37:14,574 --> 00:37:16,838
to curtaiI the participation
of students.

489
00:37:16,909 --> 00:37:19,434
Because we were actually advancing

490
00:37:19,512 --> 00:37:21,673
towards increased democratization.

491
00:37:21,747 --> 00:37:25,775
Economic democratization,
democratization of the land,

492
00:37:25,853 --> 00:37:29,687
democratization of political power,
democratization of knowledge.

493
00:37:29,756 --> 00:37:32,953
And the Brazilian upper class,
from the heights of its reactionary nature,

494
00:37:33,026 --> 00:37:36,689
the large foreign groups,
large muItinational companies,

495
00:37:36,763 --> 00:37:39,732
the great landowners,
the large bourgeoisie of Brazil,

496
00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:43,668
could not accept
even the basic reforms

497
00:37:43,737 --> 00:37:46,968
that president Jango Goulart
wanted to implement in Brazil.

498
00:37:50,911 --> 00:37:54,904
The most audacious part of the
Brazilian government was its foreign policy.

499
00:37:54,982 --> 00:37:58,349
Itamaraty established a
non-aligned diplomacy,

500
00:37:58,418 --> 00:38:01,353
unfastening the knots that
bound the interests of the country

501
00:38:01,421 --> 00:38:04,049
to the decisions that came from Washington.

502
00:38:04,124 --> 00:38:07,093
The government resumed
relations with the Soviet Union,

503
00:38:07,160 --> 00:38:10,095
voted against the
colonialist policy in Africa,

504
00:38:10,163 --> 00:38:13,394
and supported Cuba's
right to self-determination.

505
00:38:14,802 --> 00:38:18,431
The foreign policy
got stuck in the frontiers of economic dependency.

506
00:38:18,840 --> 00:38:22,936
Pressure from the U.S. caused
minister Santiago Dantas to go to Washington,

507
00:38:23,011 --> 00:38:25,079
where, in a cold weather,

508
00:38:25,079 --> 00:38:27,912
he was to negotiate the limits of the
Brazilian foreign debt.

509
00:38:29,817 --> 00:38:34,277
I believe that those days

510
00:38:34,355 --> 00:38:39,987
spent with American and international
authorities in Washington

511
00:38:40,495 --> 00:38:45,728
are part of the situation
I had the opportunity to announce

512
00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:48,598
to the Brazilian people
before leaving Brazil

513
00:38:48,670 --> 00:38:54,233
and that the resuIts of this visit will
meet the expectations of the Brazilian people.

514
00:38:54,509 --> 00:39:00,778
Those are: that BraziI has no intention
of increasing its debt immoderately

515
00:39:00,848 --> 00:39:05,252
instead,
we seek to establish

516
00:39:05,354 --> 00:39:09,058
conditions that will allow the
country to face its commitments

517
00:39:09,058 --> 00:39:11,549
according to its paying capabilities.

518
00:39:13,896 --> 00:39:17,957
Joăo Goulart's trip
to the U.S. in ApriI 1962

519
00:39:18,033 --> 00:39:21,662
suspended temporarily the increase
in the gap between both countries.

520
00:39:33,248 --> 00:39:37,480
A priority in Jango's agenda
was to renegotiate the foreign debt.

521
00:39:38,187 --> 00:39:42,749
For Kennedy, the important thing
was to redefine the political rules in Brazil.

522
00:39:44,026 --> 00:39:47,928
Nationalization of U.S. companies
and the program of reforms

523
00:39:47,997 --> 00:39:50,864
sounded like communism.

524
00:39:50,933 --> 00:39:52,127
One week before,

525
00:39:52,201 --> 00:39:55,660
governor LeoneI Brizola
expropriated in Rio Grande do Sul

526
00:39:55,739 --> 00:39:58,173
the assets of Companhia Telefônica Nacional,

527
00:39:58,241 --> 00:40:00,732
the Brazilian arm of lTT.

528
00:40:00,810 --> 00:40:03,438
The U.S. welcomed Jango with open arms,

529
00:40:03,513 --> 00:40:06,914
fearing that Brazil
could move away from the western block.

530
00:40:08,251 --> 00:40:12,244
In UN, Jango explained, in person
to the international press

531
00:40:12,322 --> 00:40:14,483
the meaning of the nationalizations.

532
00:40:14,791 --> 00:40:16,918
The need we feIt

533
00:40:18,061 --> 00:40:23,795
to talk about
the expropriation of companies,

534
00:40:23,867 --> 00:40:28,167
as part of the discussions,
was caused exactly by the difficuIties

535
00:40:28,238 --> 00:40:30,331
that they were creating,
at the time, in my country.

536
00:40:30,407 --> 00:40:33,501
We can encourage
foreign-capital investments

537
00:40:33,576 --> 00:40:36,602
if we pay fair
remuneration on their capital.

538
00:40:36,980 --> 00:40:40,643
When I say " fair" ,
I wish to express

539
00:40:40,717 --> 00:40:43,654
the country's ideal of justice.

540
00:40:43,654 --> 00:40:47,920
It cannot yield excessive
profits either.

541
00:40:48,959 --> 00:40:51,757
Profits that would lead
to very fast enrichment

542
00:40:51,829 --> 00:40:54,764
in detriment of the national interest

543
00:40:54,832 --> 00:40:57,426
or at the expense of
the country's economic stability.

544
00:40:57,968 --> 00:41:00,630
So we wish to find a fair balance,

545
00:41:00,705 --> 00:41:05,108
in which reasonable remuneration
is paid on the capital,

546
00:41:05,176 --> 00:41:07,076
yielding profits,

547
00:41:07,144 --> 00:41:11,205
but as a resuIt of activities that
are in the best interest of the nation,

548
00:41:11,949 --> 00:41:15,783
so that the profits can also bring
about benefits for the country.

549
00:41:19,990 --> 00:41:23,187
The department of state sent
two stars to Brazil.

550
00:41:23,260 --> 00:41:25,785
The pale glamour of John Gavin

551
00:41:25,863 --> 00:41:28,957
and the rehearsed faith
of father Patrick Peyton,

552
00:41:29,033 --> 00:41:33,494
Hollywood vicar, a favorite of
9 out of 10 movie stars.

553
00:41:35,707 --> 00:41:38,437
To mobilize the
middle classes,

554
00:41:38,510 --> 00:41:42,814
father Peyton organized
a religious crusade under the motto:

555
00:41:42,814 --> 00:41:45,874
" The family that prays together
stays together."

556
00:41:46,618 --> 00:41:50,110
The purpose was to have Catholics
unite against communists.

557
00:41:51,089 --> 00:41:54,581
And, at the personal request of Jango,
as press secretary,

558
00:41:55,327 --> 00:41:58,626
I extended father Peyton
all kinds of courtesies,

559
00:41:58,964 --> 00:42:06,996
and even gave him
television tapes

560
00:42:08,039 --> 00:42:10,337
so that he could record his campaign.

561
00:42:11,376 --> 00:42:14,402
The opposition transferred
the capital to Washington.

562
00:42:14,913 --> 00:42:18,280
Dollar loans that had been denied
to the Brazilian government

563
00:42:18,350 --> 00:42:23,254
funded directly the administration of
anti-Joăo Goulart governors.

564
00:42:23,723 --> 00:42:26,351
The Whitehouse was the
headquarters of the government,

565
00:42:26,425 --> 00:42:30,828
where Carlos Lacerda and
Ademar de Barros feIt at home.

566
00:42:31,697 --> 00:42:33,528
I looked into the problem
of slums

567
00:42:33,933 --> 00:42:36,993
and the president was
clearly impressed

568
00:42:37,069 --> 00:42:39,230
with the data I showed him.

569
00:42:39,305 --> 00:42:42,399
Rio de Janeiro, for example,
has an annual deficit

570
00:42:42,475 --> 00:42:45,876
of 10 thousand homes,

571
00:42:45,945 --> 00:42:48,379
and this deficit has been accruing over the
last 10 years.

572
00:42:48,447 --> 00:42:50,847
Which means that we have a deficit,
in Rio de Janeiro alone,

573
00:42:50,917 --> 00:42:52,509
of 100 thousand homes.

574
00:42:53,019 --> 00:42:57,615
And not only was the president impressed,
but he also got in touch with Mr. Goodman

575
00:42:57,690 --> 00:43:01,057
to try and move forward
the ongoing projects

576
00:43:01,127 --> 00:43:03,493
relating to the slums in Guanabara.

577
00:43:03,563 --> 00:43:06,396
We discussed a half-dozen matters;

578
00:43:06,465 --> 00:43:10,630
the problem of the Port of Santos,
the problem of the Săo Sebastiăo Port.

579
00:43:10,704 --> 00:43:15,300
The problem of the water supply
to the city of Săo Paulo;

580
00:43:15,375 --> 00:43:18,572
we have water for 2.5 million inhabitants

581
00:43:18,645 --> 00:43:22,206
and we need water for
4.5 million inhabitants.

582
00:43:23,050 --> 00:43:24,950
We have huge problems,

583
00:43:25,018 --> 00:43:30,547
new highways,
electricity for railroads,

584
00:43:30,991 --> 00:43:33,619
new hydroelectric plants,

585
00:43:33,694 --> 00:43:35,753
many problems

586
00:43:35,829 --> 00:43:39,356
relating to the economy of Săo Paulo
and of the country.

587
00:43:39,433 --> 00:43:41,799
The cabinet headed by Tancredo Neves
came to an end

588
00:43:41,869 --> 00:43:45,236
when the prime minister resigned
to run in the elections.

589
00:43:45,305 --> 00:43:48,240
The new cabinet,
headed by Brochado da Rocha

590
00:43:48,308 --> 00:43:51,072
survived two months
of successive crisis.

591
00:43:51,144 --> 00:43:56,013
The last prime minister, Hermes Lima,
a member of the Socialist Party,

592
00:43:56,083 --> 00:43:58,517
came to wind up parliamentarism
in the country.

593
00:43:59,519 --> 00:44:01,715
With presidentialism in sight,

594
00:44:01,789 --> 00:44:06,249
the 1962 elections
became more important.

595
00:44:06,494 --> 00:44:09,930
As part of the elections,
the right wing laid down its arms.

596
00:44:10,098 --> 00:44:12,157
To stop the progress of the left,

597
00:44:12,233 --> 00:44:16,135
Brazilian Institute for Democratic Action
- lBAD -,

598
00:44:16,204 --> 00:44:17,865
the advanced arm of lPES,

599
00:44:17,939 --> 00:44:20,772
injected over 2 million
dollars in the campaign

600
00:44:20,842 --> 00:44:25,113
funding the campaign of
250 candidates to the federal congress

601
00:44:25,113 --> 00:44:26,910
and several governors.

602
00:44:28,116 --> 00:44:34,646
<i>Will the democratic institutions
prevaiI over the battle of relentless ambitions?</i>

603
00:44:35,523 --> 00:44:37,150
<i>From crisis to chaos</i>

604
00:44:37,225 --> 00:44:41,787
<i>The country can be dragged
into an irreversible crisis.</i>

605
00:44:42,497 --> 00:44:48,436
<i>What are we doing to prevent
that the Brazilian people be faced</i>

606
00:44:48,503 --> 00:44:53,168
<i>with the tragic choice between
anti-democratic solutions?</i>

607
00:44:53,542 --> 00:44:58,172
<i>We, the intellectuals,
we, the company owners,</i>

608
00:44:59,248 --> 00:45:02,740
<i>we, the men who have
the responsibility to rule,</i>

609
00:45:03,152 --> 00:45:08,283
<i>we, who believe in democracy
and in free initiative,</i>

610
00:45:08,357 --> 00:45:15,320
<i>we cannot remain silent while
the situation deteriorates day by day.</i>

611
00:45:15,397 --> 00:45:18,161
<i>Omission is a crime.!</i>

612
00:45:18,233 --> 00:45:24,604
<i>lf we remain isolated, we'll be crushed.
We must combine our efforts.</i>

613
00:45:25,240 --> 00:45:29,734
<i>Let us direct the actions of the
democrats into one single path</i>

614
00:45:30,245 --> 00:45:34,011
<i>so that we shall not be
victims of totalitarianism.</i>

615
00:45:34,316 --> 00:45:39,322
<i>And it is exactly to coordinate
the thoughts and actions</i>

616
00:45:39,322 --> 00:45:42,450
<i>of all those that do not
wish to remain silent</i>

617
00:45:43,560 --> 00:45:46,552
<i>in light of the catastrophe
that threatens us,</i>

618
00:45:46,629 --> 00:45:50,531
<i>that we have created
a new organism,</i>

619
00:45:50,600 --> 00:45:56,232
<i>with a new message for the
new reality of Brazil.</i>

620
00:45:56,306 --> 00:45:58,934
<i>We have one basic purpose.:</i>

621
00:45:59,242 --> 00:46:03,611
<i>To prevent the difficuIt situation
that the country is facing</i>

622
00:46:03,680 --> 00:46:07,844
<i>from compromising
our democratic institutions</i>

623
00:46:07,917 --> 00:46:09,908
<i>and christian traditions.</i>

624
00:46:09,986 --> 00:46:16,755
<i>The Institute for Social Research and Study
has these basic goals.</i>

625
00:46:17,560 --> 00:46:21,496
<i>Its purposes are clear and well-defined.</i>

626
00:46:22,332 --> 00:46:27,497
<i>The Institute shall execute a plan
to achieve such purposes as.:</i>

627
00:46:29,173 --> 00:46:32,802
<i>The strengthening of the
democratic institutions,:</i>

628
00:46:33,644 --> 00:46:36,943
<i>end of underdevelopment,:</i>

629
00:46:37,314 --> 00:46:40,283
<i>currency stabilization,:</i>

630
00:46:40,651 --> 00:46:45,987
<i>The moralization and efficiency
of the governmental structure.</i>

631
00:46:46,357 --> 00:46:50,293
<i>But lPES cannot be reduced to words.</i>

632
00:46:50,661 --> 00:46:52,390
<i>Action is necessary.</i>

633
00:46:52,930 --> 00:46:55,398
All those dollars
were not enough to prevent the triumph

634
00:46:55,466 --> 00:46:58,435
of politicians committed to
the reforms.

635
00:46:58,502 --> 00:47:00,595
The number of congressmen from UDN dropped

636
00:47:00,671 --> 00:47:02,935
while the number of congressmen
from PTB increased.

637
00:47:03,274 --> 00:47:05,367
PSB maintained the majority.

638
00:47:05,443 --> 00:47:08,344
The new congress
gained a different face.

639
00:47:08,712 --> 00:47:11,237
Politicians regrouped
in fronts.

640
00:47:11,315 --> 00:47:14,250
On the one side,
the Nationalist Parliamentary Front.

641
00:47:14,652 --> 00:47:17,656
And on the other,
the Parliamentary Democratic Action,

642
00:47:17,656 --> 00:47:19,590
the lair of reaction
against the reforms.

643
00:47:21,560 --> 00:47:26,395
One of the most important aspects of
that group of right-wing congressmen,

644
00:47:26,465 --> 00:47:30,299
was the fact that, even though it was
called " Parliamentary Democratic Action" ,

645
00:47:30,368 --> 00:47:33,269
and had little or no democracy about it,

646
00:47:33,338 --> 00:47:39,971
it managed to
turn congress

647
00:47:40,679 --> 00:47:42,874
into a stage for conflicts.

648
00:47:43,315 --> 00:47:49,276
Conflicts that were certainly
based on actual economic interests

649
00:47:49,654 --> 00:47:54,114
but that were being presented
as ideological battles.

650
00:47:54,192 --> 00:47:58,458
When asked to decide
the fate of parliamentarism,

651
00:47:58,530 --> 00:48:01,294
the people returned to Jango the
powers that had been stripped from him.

652
00:48:02,334 --> 00:48:05,235
15 million people voted.

653
00:48:05,303 --> 00:48:08,467
Almost 10 million said
"no" to parliamentarism.

654
00:48:08,741 --> 00:48:11,369
Jango had 3 more years
of government ahead of him.

655
00:48:12,745 --> 00:48:17,375
The president, with a minority in congress,
organized a conciliatory cabinet

656
00:48:17,750 --> 00:48:19,183
where PSB had a majority
of the representatives

657
00:48:19,252 --> 00:48:21,516
and the left-wing
held the most influence.

658
00:48:32,431 --> 00:48:36,299
Democratization in the use of land,
illiterate vote,

659
00:48:36,369 --> 00:48:40,669
rules to govern rents,
fair basis for minimum wage.

660
00:48:41,040 --> 00:48:45,033
Those were the highlights
of a government program

661
00:48:45,111 --> 00:48:47,705
that could achieve
greater social harmony.

662
00:49:01,428 --> 00:49:04,022
Jango intended to end hunger
and misery,

663
00:49:04,097 --> 00:49:08,466
in a country where justice had always
been the dark side of democracy.

664
00:49:11,338 --> 00:49:15,434
The situation in the northeast received
special attention from the government.

665
00:49:16,410 --> 00:49:19,641
The president's plan
in '64 received

666
00:49:19,713 --> 00:49:24,946
the same opposition he had attracted
back in '54 as minister of employment.

667
00:49:25,819 --> 00:49:29,380
Strike seeker,
promoter of class battles

668
00:49:29,456 --> 00:49:31,083
and enemy of capitalism.

669
00:49:34,261 --> 00:49:38,698
The agricuItural workers, mobilized by
the social transformation process,

670
00:49:38,765 --> 00:49:42,030
received a wakeup call
about the longstanding poverty in the fields.

671
00:49:42,436 --> 00:49:46,703
The perspective of small changes
in a country with great inequalities

672
00:49:46,774 --> 00:49:48,435
brought about many illusions.

673
00:49:49,711 --> 00:49:53,511
Thousands of workers,
landless and jobless,

674
00:49:53,581 --> 00:49:56,277
embarked aboard a train of hope,

675
00:49:56,351 --> 00:50:00,082
leaping from the pages of a book
onto the political scene.

676
00:50:00,755 --> 00:50:05,158
With the reforms, Jango
made the country live its utopia.

677
00:50:17,872 --> 00:50:20,864
The president needed the support
of the military.

678
00:50:21,142 --> 00:50:24,202
The tradition of military
intervention in the political life

679
00:50:24,279 --> 00:50:26,213
no longer had the hues of adventure.

680
00:50:26,881 --> 00:50:31,909
The improvisation of the 20s had
been replaced by the ideology of the late 40s.

681
00:50:32,887 --> 00:50:36,790
The Superior War College,
created in 1950

682
00:50:36,859 --> 00:50:39,528
to mirror the North-American War College,

683
00:50:39,528 --> 00:50:41,655
assembled its own political model,

684
00:50:41,697 --> 00:50:45,292
based on the concept of
safety and development.

685
00:50:47,569 --> 00:50:49,605
Challenging the disciplinary rule,

686
00:50:49,605 --> 00:50:53,974
sergeants elected two representatives
in the October '62 elections.

687
00:50:54,043 --> 00:50:55,442
RevoIting against the legal decision

688
00:50:55,511 --> 00:50:57,741
that prevented the investiture
of the elected representatives,

689
00:50:57,813 --> 00:51:01,408
the sergeants followed a
military tradition and rebelled.

690
00:51:01,483 --> 00:51:04,543
Jango had to punish them to
prevent a breach of discipline

691
00:51:04,620 --> 00:51:06,918
that could bring down
the government itself.

692
00:51:06,989 --> 00:51:11,358
Unions, students and politicians
rallied for the rebelling sergeants.

693
00:51:11,794 --> 00:51:14,092
The president pardoned the sergeants,

694
00:51:14,163 --> 00:51:17,997
in a decision that usually
was only granted to officers.

695
00:51:20,235 --> 00:51:24,036
The political activities of the sergeants
intimidated the military chiefs.

696
00:51:24,107 --> 00:51:28,271
General Ozino Alves, a nationalist
with a good reputation among the ranks

697
00:51:28,345 --> 00:51:31,405
was personally trying,
as head of the 1st army

698
00:51:31,481 --> 00:51:34,279
to have the officers
support the government.

699
00:51:53,336 --> 00:51:56,601
Joăo Goulart would
soon commit a fatal mistake.

700
00:51:56,973 --> 00:52:00,670
As many other progressive
heads of state in Latin America,

701
00:52:00,744 --> 00:52:02,871
<i>he paid the price for his na:ďvetę</i>

702
00:52:02,946 --> 00:52:05,414
in trying to settle
the military dispute over lunch.

703
00:52:05,982 --> 00:52:09,213
The plot against Goulart
was well underway.

704
00:52:09,285 --> 00:52:12,881
Telegrams confirmed that the minister
of war of the Jango administration,

705
00:52:12,957 --> 00:52:15,949
general Amaury Kruel, was,
himself, part of the military group

706
00:52:16,026 --> 00:52:18,893
plotting the coup d'etat.

707
00:52:19,697 --> 00:52:22,825
Together at the palace, they
once again swore

708
00:52:22,900 --> 00:52:26,597
loyalty to the president
and allegiance to the constitution.

709
00:52:27,004 --> 00:52:29,768
The intention of the military chiefs

710
00:52:29,840 --> 00:52:33,833
was exactly to have Jango
reach the end of his term of office,

711
00:52:34,612 --> 00:52:40,710
since we only intended to start
an armed fight as a last resort.

712
00:52:41,719 --> 00:52:46,383
We did prepare to
be able to face

713
00:52:46,457 --> 00:52:48,550
any government action.

714
00:52:50,594 --> 00:52:55,054
But, by late '63,

715
00:52:55,566 --> 00:53:00,026
we received notice that the government
had been preparing a coup,

716
00:53:01,038 --> 00:53:08,104
and those news were confirmed by
an individual we held in high esteem

717
00:53:09,714 --> 00:53:11,204
and trust,

718
00:53:11,716 --> 00:53:16,847
so we contemplated the possibility of
taking action before the government.

719
00:53:17,722 --> 00:53:20,425
The armed forces tend to adopt
interventionist actions,

720
00:53:20,425 --> 00:53:24,885
because usually in Brazil
social conflicts

721
00:53:24,963 --> 00:53:28,533
are settled via the intervention
of the armed forces.

722
00:53:28,533 --> 00:53:31,798
So the political entities behind
those conflicts

723
00:53:31,870 --> 00:53:34,236
are the ones that invite the intervention
of the armed forces.

724
00:53:34,306 --> 00:53:35,898
The manner in which such
intervention can be prevented

725
00:53:35,974 --> 00:53:39,432
is to have the armed forces turn into
a neutral entity,

726
00:53:39,511 --> 00:53:40,876
which is only possible

727
00:53:40,946 --> 00:53:43,540
with the political and ideological
division of the armed forces.

728
00:53:46,718 --> 00:53:51,418
The economic crisis, with an inflation
threatening to go beyond the 100% mark

729
00:53:51,491 --> 00:53:54,051
would be one of the obstacles
affecting social development.

730
00:53:54,126 --> 00:53:58,062
The general command of workers,
the compact group of PTB,

731
00:53:58,130 --> 00:54:01,361
LeoneI Brizola and the
National Union of Students

732
00:54:01,434 --> 00:54:04,926
called for basic reforms
as the immediate solution.

733
00:54:05,338 --> 00:54:08,705
The three-year plan of Celso Furtado
and Santiago Dantas

734
00:54:08,774 --> 00:54:11,504
suggested, first,
the sanitizing of the economy.

735
00:54:13,112 --> 00:54:15,774
This is a very important point,

736
00:54:15,848 --> 00:54:22,276
since it touches the very nature
of the Joăo Goulart administration.

737
00:54:22,355 --> 00:54:24,585
Joăo Goulart had not been elected
president of the republic,

738
00:54:24,657 --> 00:54:29,185
he had actually been part of a
PSD-PTB coalition.

739
00:54:29,262 --> 00:54:32,561
And the head of the coalition was PSD,
the majority party.

740
00:54:32,632 --> 00:54:36,135
When Jango was sworn into office,
he had to adjust such forces.

741
00:54:36,135 --> 00:54:43,508
And l'd say that it led...
not so much to a dichotomy,

742
00:54:43,577 --> 00:54:45,772
but rather to a double
orientation of the government,

743
00:54:45,846 --> 00:54:47,939
or the forces
that supported the government.

744
00:54:48,015 --> 00:54:53,078
One group was intent on recovering
controI over the situation.

745
00:54:53,153 --> 00:54:55,314
I mean, the economy
was in a state of disarray,

746
00:54:55,389 --> 00:54:57,823
and, as I said,
it faced a strong inflationary surge,

747
00:54:57,891 --> 00:55:00,451
lack of payments,
domestic and foreign problems.

748
00:55:00,527 --> 00:55:02,518
And it was necessary to recover
controI over that.

749
00:55:03,163 --> 00:55:04,824
And my opinion, even back then,

750
00:55:04,898 --> 00:55:07,492
is that it is impossible
to recover controI without growth,

751
00:55:07,568 --> 00:55:09,832
in an orderly fashion.
Hence the three-year plan.

752
00:55:09,903 --> 00:55:14,772
l'd say: if we recover the reigns of the
situation, we'll make the economy grow

753
00:55:15,142 --> 00:55:17,975
so we'll be able to introduce reforms,

754
00:55:18,045 --> 00:55:20,981
that are the essence
of the government's policies.

755
00:55:20,981 --> 00:55:25,111
That is why the three-year plan ended
with a list of the structural reforms

756
00:55:25,185 --> 00:55:26,413
that were necessary.

757
00:55:26,486 --> 00:55:30,321
But they resuIted from
an increased controI over the economy

758
00:55:30,391 --> 00:55:33,360
and, therefore, a consensus
was necessary

759
00:55:33,428 --> 00:55:37,831
to ensure a solid standing
for the government.

760
00:55:38,199 --> 00:55:42,499
What happened was that the different
groups that supported the government

761
00:55:42,570 --> 00:55:43,662
could not reach a consensus.

762
00:55:43,738 --> 00:55:47,709
At least with regard to this strategy,
they couldn't .

763
00:55:47,709 --> 00:55:50,974
And there were powerfuI groups that
believed that it was more important

764
00:55:51,045 --> 00:55:53,809
to launch immediately
the reform plans.

765
00:55:53,881 --> 00:55:56,907
And that is what prevented a consensus.

766
00:55:56,985 --> 00:56:02,150
And president Joăo Goulart was
torn between the two groups.

767
00:56:02,924 --> 00:56:06,087
Attacked by unions
and business owners,

768
00:56:06,160 --> 00:56:08,651
the three-year plan never left the drawer.

769
00:56:08,730 --> 00:56:10,630
As a remedy for the economic crisis,

770
00:56:10,698 --> 00:56:13,496
it had an effect that was
unacceptable to the government:

771
00:56:13,568 --> 00:56:15,627
limits on salaries.

772
00:56:18,773 --> 00:56:20,833
The General Command of Workers,

773
00:56:20,909 --> 00:56:24,367
completely immersed
in institutional debates,

774
00:56:24,446 --> 00:56:27,643
abandoned the strengthening
of its union foundations.

775
00:56:27,950 --> 00:56:29,645
CGT exchanged the work at production lines,

776
00:56:29,718 --> 00:56:32,118
where it worked side-by-side
with the workers,

777
00:56:32,187 --> 00:56:35,486
for activities developed
side-by-side with politicians.

778
00:56:35,557 --> 00:56:37,752
Strike was a word of order,

779
00:56:37,826 --> 00:56:40,852
heard only by employees
of state-owned companies

780
00:56:40,929 --> 00:56:44,922
sometimes with the cautious support
of industrial and trade workers.

781
00:56:45,601 --> 00:56:49,662
When the command of workers realized
its mistake, it was too late.

782
00:56:49,738 --> 00:56:51,899
March was around the corner.

783
00:56:51,974 --> 00:56:53,669
ENOUGH EXPLOlTATlON

784
00:56:53,742 --> 00:56:57,143
Jango intended to change
the face of Brazilian capitalism

785
00:56:57,212 --> 00:57:01,774
by reducing social inequalities, giving
capitalism a more humanitarian, less

786
00:57:01,850 --> 00:57:03,249
savage appearance.

787
00:57:03,318 --> 00:57:07,049
Among his allies, his goals
were often mistaken

788
00:57:07,122 --> 00:57:09,819
for an intention to end capitalism.

789
00:57:09,893 --> 00:57:13,829
Other times, his allies thought he had
no intention of ending capitalism,

790
00:57:13,897 --> 00:57:18,800
He had to put together a strategy
while battling the personal discomfort

791
00:57:18,868 --> 00:57:21,530
of being the rich president
of a poor country.

792
00:57:23,106 --> 00:57:25,904
The President was aware of
the influence of the church.

793
00:57:26,276 --> 00:57:29,905
It was up tp Jango to convince the
high catholic hierarchy

794
00:57:29,979 --> 00:57:34,245
that the social reforms that he
intended to carry out in Brazil

795
00:57:34,317 --> 00:57:37,650
would establish the principles of justice
that were defended by Christianity.

796
00:57:38,988 --> 00:57:43,857
The factions that supported Brizola, organized
all over the country in groups of 1 1 ,

797
00:57:43,927 --> 00:57:47,488
described Brizola's battle
for power with the following slogan:

798
00:57:47,564 --> 00:57:50,727
" A brother-in-law is not a relative.
Brizola for president."

799
00:57:55,138 --> 00:57:59,508
The family ties were an
obstacle created by the constitution.

800
00:57:59,877 --> 00:58:01,845
The proposed amendment

801
00:58:01,912 --> 00:58:04,574
served as a weapon for the propaganda
against the government.

802
00:58:07,017 --> 00:58:11,818
Travestied as a defender of the constitution,
the right wing got stronger.

803
00:58:12,289 --> 00:58:16,055
The noisy campaign convinced
the middle class, the military,

804
00:58:16,127 --> 00:58:20,393
the church and business owners that the
government wanted to change the constitution

805
00:58:20,464 --> 00:58:22,329
to put an end to democracy.

806
00:58:25,636 --> 00:58:28,730
In an interview to the
Los Angeles Times,

807
00:58:28,806 --> 00:58:33,004
Governor Carlos Lacerda
announced that the Brazilian military

808
00:58:33,077 --> 00:58:36,171
were setting the exact date
to remove Joăo Goulart from power.

809
00:58:37,047 --> 00:58:40,881
Military ministers, indignant,
wanted to have Lacerda punished.

810
00:58:45,122 --> 00:58:47,113
JANGO FLlES TODAY TO
PROPERTY lN BRASÍLlA

811
00:58:47,893 --> 00:58:49,952
Jango tried to use a state of emergency

812
00:58:50,028 --> 00:58:53,395
to overcome, in a political manner,
the military reaction against the governor

813
00:58:53,465 --> 00:58:56,093
and reestablish the authority of his administration.

814
00:58:56,501 --> 00:59:00,403
The left wing suspected that the action
could adversely affect it.

815
00:59:02,107 --> 00:59:08,603
One needs to look back on
those difficuIt and complex days,

816
00:59:08,680 --> 00:59:12,207
when the pressure mounted
against us.

817
00:59:12,284 --> 00:59:13,808
When it came from everywhere.

818
00:59:14,019 --> 00:59:16,852
From our country and from abroad.

819
00:59:17,789 --> 00:59:21,088
People truly didn't want

820
00:59:21,159 --> 00:59:23,252
fundamental reforms to be made in Brazil.

821
00:59:24,029 --> 00:59:27,328
We had been informed that,
in Săo Paulo, Ademar de Barros,

822
00:59:28,033 --> 00:59:30,228
and in the state of Rio de Janeiro,
Carlos Lacerda,

823
00:59:30,302 --> 00:59:35,103
were actively getting ready
to carry out a revolution or coup d'etat.

824
00:59:35,807 --> 00:59:38,299
The state of emergency was
called in Rio de Janeiro

825
00:59:38,377 --> 00:59:41,642
during a meeting between Jango,
his ministry

826
00:59:41,714 --> 00:59:43,579
and the military ministers.

827
00:59:43,649 --> 00:59:46,243
The news that got to
Brasília about the state of emergency

828
00:59:46,319 --> 00:59:48,514
were really daunting for us.

829
00:59:49,055 --> 00:59:52,149
We did not know at that time
if the correlation of powers

830
00:59:52,225 --> 00:59:56,025
allowed the installation
of a state of emergency in this country

831
00:59:56,095 --> 00:59:58,859
that would not be later
changed by the majority forces,

832
00:59:58,931 --> 01:00:02,423
by the reactionary part of PSD,
in alliance with UDN,

833
01:00:02,501 --> 01:00:04,366
into an instrument against workers.

834
01:00:04,437 --> 01:00:06,769
An instrument against
the labor rights that had been achieved.

835
01:00:06,839 --> 01:00:09,364
Regardless of Joăo Goulart's will.

836
01:00:09,742 --> 01:00:12,267
After Jango arrived in Brasília

837
01:00:12,345 --> 01:00:15,371
and we found out that the project
for state of emergency

838
01:00:15,448 --> 01:00:19,544
had started to be amended,
to enable violations of domicile,

839
01:00:20,086 --> 01:00:25,753
and allowing all of the abuses
that became commonplace after '64,

840
01:00:25,826 --> 01:00:29,193
we came to the conclusion
that we'd oppose the state of emergency.

841
01:00:29,263 --> 01:00:32,255
To this day I'm not sure
if that was the right decision.

842
01:00:35,802 --> 01:00:38,202
To avoid defeat, Jango capitulated.

843
01:00:38,505 --> 01:00:40,029
lsolated in congress,

844
01:00:40,107 --> 01:00:43,474
opposed by governors
Lacerda, Magalhăes and Ademar,

845
01:00:43,543 --> 01:00:47,980
suffering an economic embargo on the part of
the U.S., Jango had no alternative:

846
01:00:48,048 --> 01:00:50,243
he tried to mobilize the citizens

847
01:00:50,317 --> 01:00:53,184
by personally raising
the flag of reform.

848
01:00:54,288 --> 01:00:56,950
In January 1964,

849
01:00:57,224 --> 01:01:01,183
the president revived and regulated
the law on remittance of profits,

850
01:01:01,561 --> 01:01:04,553
which had been approved by the
Congress over one year before.

851
01:01:07,601 --> 01:01:10,695
By March, a lunch party
held at the Military Base

852
01:01:10,771 --> 01:01:14,263
and the warm welcome extended
by a number of officers

853
01:01:14,341 --> 01:01:16,572
were not enough to erase
the restlessness and doubts

854
01:01:16,644 --> 01:01:18,908
from the worn-out expression
of the president.

855
01:01:19,747 --> 01:01:22,272
The adhesion of low-ranking

856
01:01:22,350 --> 01:01:26,787
and military officers to
the nationalist governmental project

857
01:01:26,854 --> 01:01:31,154
expressed the efforts of most
of the sectors of the Brazilian society

858
01:01:31,225 --> 01:01:34,160
towards the construction
of a fair democracy.

859
01:01:41,336 --> 01:01:45,067
The menace represented by the reforms
that threatened the Brazilian powerful,

860
01:01:45,139 --> 01:01:46,902
came to life in March.

861
01:01:47,275 --> 01:01:50,073
In its strategy of popular mobilization,

862
01:01:50,144 --> 01:01:53,238
the government called a mass meeting
in Rio de Janeiro.

863
01:01:53,314 --> 01:01:55,714
The " meeting of the Central" ,
as it was called,

864
01:01:55,783 --> 01:01:58,980
was scheduled for Friday, 13th.

865
01:02:01,456 --> 01:02:03,924
Everything had been carefully planned.

866
01:02:04,292 --> 01:02:08,093
From amplifiers to security,
nothing could go wrong

867
01:02:08,163 --> 01:02:11,530
when the president took
the message of reform to the people.

868
01:02:11,934 --> 01:02:14,698
The setting for the last act
had been prepared.

869
01:02:16,372 --> 01:02:22,572
March '64 was a month
of intense activity

870
01:02:22,644 --> 01:02:24,805
and many concerns.

871
01:02:26,882 --> 01:02:30,716
Subversive activities promoted
by the government were on the rise

872
01:02:30,986 --> 01:02:36,356
and we had decided to face whatever
the government could dish out.

873
01:02:36,925 --> 01:02:40,190
When the meeting on the 13th was held,

874
01:02:40,729 --> 01:02:45,189
we considered that meeting
to be an intimidation,

875
01:02:45,267 --> 01:02:49,601
a strike against the army. Carried out
next door to the army headquarters,

876
01:02:49,671 --> 01:02:56,305
with posters that were clearly
subversive against the democratic order

877
01:02:56,679 --> 01:03:00,547
That meeting deeply affected the military.

878
01:03:01,017 --> 01:03:03,281
And a few days before the 13th,

879
01:03:03,753 --> 01:03:08,622
one of my subordinates told me

880
01:03:08,691 --> 01:03:14,652
that a group of officers were planning
to put an end to that movement

881
01:03:14,731 --> 01:03:20,067
in the most violent manner possible.
I saw such an intention as alarming.

882
01:03:21,037 --> 01:03:24,996
I brought the fact to the knowledge
of General Castelo Branco

883
01:03:25,075 --> 01:03:26,542
at the army headquarters

884
01:03:26,609 --> 01:03:28,543
and to the knowledge
of general Costa e Silva

885
01:03:28,611 --> 01:03:31,637
at the department of production
and construction works.

886
01:03:32,782 --> 01:03:36,616
Both of them, general Castelo
in particular,

887
01:03:36,686 --> 01:03:43,422
were very concerned and said:
"but that is unacceptable!

888
01:03:43,494 --> 01:03:47,794
the meeting must take place,
we should not interfere

889
01:03:47,865 --> 01:03:50,163
we must stop this from happening."

890
01:03:50,734 --> 01:03:56,969
It was really important that
the meeting took place.

891
01:03:57,408 --> 01:04:04,746
Because we were aware that the rebellion
in the military ranks would increase

892
01:04:04,815 --> 01:04:10,845
against a government that wanted
to disestablish the democracy in Brazil.

893
01:04:11,388 --> 01:04:14,323
Therefore, together
with other officers,

894
01:04:14,391 --> 01:04:16,450
including general Aragăo,

895
01:04:16,527 --> 01:04:20,054
who had also been informed
of the plan,

896
01:04:20,131 --> 01:04:26,559
we took action and, on the morning of the 13th,
after arriving at the headquarters,

897
01:04:27,438 --> 01:04:34,174
I sought one of those officers
that were part of the group and asked:

898
01:04:35,547 --> 01:04:40,143
" How's it going?
ls it settled? ls it going to happen?"

899
01:04:40,218 --> 01:04:46,123
" General, no one is interfering.
There is only one I couldn't talk to."

900
01:04:46,191 --> 01:04:48,284
" Go out there and talk to this 'one'

901
01:04:48,360 --> 01:04:52,421
The meeting is not to sustain
any interference from us."

902
01:04:53,465 --> 01:04:56,263
The immediate consequence:

903
01:04:56,868 --> 01:05:01,532
the next day, in the ministry, the meeting
was all that everyone talked about

904
01:05:01,606 --> 01:05:04,632
and revoIt was widespread.

905
01:05:04,809 --> 01:05:10,441
So we had gained the support
of many people who, up to then,

906
01:05:10,515 --> 01:05:13,541
still hadn't decided to
part ways with legality.

907
01:05:13,818 --> 01:05:15,786
Because it's very hard,
as I said before.

908
01:05:16,821 --> 01:05:24,422
So the meeting on the 13th meant that we
got the support of many individuals...

909
01:05:25,231 --> 01:05:26,425
upstanding, loyal individuals,

910
01:05:26,499 --> 01:05:31,436
that up to then, had still been
attached to the idea of absolute legality.

911
01:05:32,538 --> 01:05:36,440
The meeting of the Central
was a kind of...

912
01:05:38,711 --> 01:05:42,147
attempt to speed up the
project of reforms.

913
01:05:43,516 --> 01:05:46,349
And many people advised
him not to do that meeting.

914
01:05:46,852 --> 01:05:49,878
That, from a certain point of view,
it would mean an aggravation.

915
01:05:51,624 --> 01:05:55,424
And that he should not announce
those reforms,

916
01:05:55,928 --> 01:05:59,955
many of which would not
be possible to implement.

917
01:06:00,533 --> 01:06:02,626
Then, I clearly remember Jango saying:

918
01:06:02,935 --> 01:06:07,235
" I don't have a problem
with staying in office or leaving,

919
01:06:07,306 --> 01:06:10,673
my problem is that I have
to carry out those reforms.

920
01:06:10,743 --> 01:06:12,769
l'd rather fall,
but fall with my chin up."

921
01:06:28,528 --> 01:06:30,291
RAlMUNDO ALMElDA MUST GO!

922
01:06:30,364 --> 01:06:32,525
LET'S GO, ARRAES
THE PEOPLE CAN'T TAKE lT AN Y LONGER!

923
01:06:43,243 --> 01:06:46,212
THlS TlME, THE GOVERNMENT
AND THE PEOPLE ARE NOT ALONE!

924
01:06:50,250 --> 01:06:51,718
HOUSEWlVES AGAlNST TAX DODGlNG

925
01:06:51,718 --> 01:06:53,208
WOMEN'S LEAGUE lN THE STATE
OF GUANABARA

926
01:06:56,156 --> 01:06:59,785
FULL MONOPOLY NOW!
ALL THE OlL BELONGS TO PETROBRAS.

927
01:07:04,332 --> 01:07:06,300
SUPPORTlNG JANGO'S BASE REFORMS

928
01:07:19,180 --> 01:07:20,579
By the late afternoon,

929
01:07:20,648 --> 01:07:24,982
200 thousand people gathered
at the Central Station square.

930
01:07:25,687 --> 01:07:29,817
The crowd keyed the speakers up.
Jango did not disappoint.

931
01:07:30,058 --> 01:07:32,219
By his side, his wife Maria Teresa

932
01:07:32,293 --> 01:07:35,421
soothed the tension
of the moment.

933
01:07:35,697 --> 01:07:36,994
On the same wooden stage

934
01:07:37,065 --> 01:07:40,296
that Getúlio Vargas used for
his public appearances,

935
01:07:40,368 --> 01:07:42,734
Jango announced the
execution of his program.

936
01:07:42,804 --> 01:07:47,138
A few hours before, he had signed the
decrees that expropriated unproductive lands

937
01:07:47,208 --> 01:07:52,203
alongside federal highways and railroads
and took over private refineries.

938
01:07:56,051 --> 01:07:59,646
AgricuItural workers will find

939
01:07:59,988 --> 01:08:03,549
that their most important
and fairest claim

940
01:08:03,625 --> 01:08:06,651
will have been met in many places.

941
01:08:06,729 --> 01:08:12,429
The claim for a plot of land
in which to work.

942
01:08:12,668 --> 01:08:15,933
A plot of land to harvest crops.

943
01:08:16,738 --> 01:08:20,765
Then, that worker and his family,

944
01:08:21,676 --> 01:08:26,136
his dejected family,
will be able to be their own bosses,

945
01:08:26,215 --> 01:08:30,675
because up to now they've been working for
the owner of the land they rent,

946
01:08:30,752 --> 01:08:34,279
or for the owner
of the land they loan.

947
01:08:47,770 --> 01:08:51,969
Today, in the eyes of the nation,

948
01:08:53,376 --> 01:08:58,109
with the solidarity
of the people united in this square,

949
01:08:59,082 --> 01:09:01,243
a square that belongs
only to the people,

950
01:09:01,818 --> 01:09:05,310
the government,
that also belongs to the people,

951
01:09:05,388 --> 01:09:07,822
and to the people alone,

952
01:09:08,390 --> 01:09:11,554
reaffirms its unshakable goal

953
01:09:12,060 --> 01:09:16,292
to fight with all its might

954
01:09:16,733 --> 01:09:19,895
to improve the Brazilian society
in a quest

955
01:09:20,403 --> 01:09:25,363
Not only for agricuItural reform,
but also for tax reform.

956
01:09:26,376 --> 01:09:31,404
For full electorial reform,
for illiterate vote,

957
01:09:31,482 --> 01:09:35,077
for the eligibility of all Brazilians.

958
01:09:35,152 --> 01:09:40,350
for the purity of democratic life,
for economic emancipation,

959
01:09:40,424 --> 01:09:42,153
for social justice

960
01:09:42,225 --> 01:09:45,787
and, together with its people,
for the progress of Brazil.

961
01:09:59,977 --> 01:10:04,073
In Săo Paulo, the ruling class
was also mobilized against the reforms.

962
01:10:04,849 --> 01:10:09,343
With the support of the state government,
the rural society and sections of the church,

963
01:10:09,420 --> 01:10:13,288
the " family march, with God
and for freedom" was organized.

964
01:10:13,858 --> 01:10:17,795
Veterans of '32 and members
of traditional families of Săo Paulo

965
01:10:17,863 --> 01:10:21,321
held a rosary in one hand
and banners on the other,

966
01:10:21,399 --> 01:10:22,764
with a few of their slogans:

967
01:10:23,134 --> 01:10:28,663
" Civism shall kill communism." " In defense
of the Constitution and of legality."

968
01:10:32,077 --> 01:10:34,272
Jango and his family went to Săo Borja

969
01:10:34,346 --> 01:10:37,440
to spent the holy week holidays,
in March 1964.

970
01:11:02,007 --> 01:11:03,872
Earlier pictures in the family album

971
01:11:03,942 --> 01:11:07,401
reveal the relaxed lifestyle of
of a farmer president.

972
01:11:07,480 --> 01:11:11,109
<i>His life with Maria Teresa,
the barbecues, the chimarrăo,</i>

973
01:11:11,183 --> 01:11:13,151
the horse riding along the fields,

974
01:11:13,219 --> 01:11:15,983
all of which was tinted by
an anxious mood this time around.

975
01:11:16,923 --> 01:11:19,858
In fact, that would be the
last time Jango and his family

976
01:11:19,926 --> 01:11:21,860
spent time together at the ranch

977
01:11:21,928 --> 01:11:26,922
where he'd briefly stay in April, lonely
and on his way to the exile in Uruguay.

978
01:12:40,707 --> 01:12:41,867
By late March,

979
01:12:41,942 --> 01:12:45,470
after watching the movie
about the battleship Potemkin,

980
01:12:45,546 --> 01:12:49,073
the Brazilian navy
was seduced by a dream.

981
01:12:50,618 --> 01:12:52,711
Gathering in the steeI workers' union,

982
01:12:52,787 --> 01:12:56,348
during the celebration of the
2nd anniversary of their association,

983
01:12:56,424 --> 01:12:58,392
which had been kept a secret from the Navy,

984
01:12:58,459 --> 01:13:00,552
hundreds of mariners claimed their rights:

985
01:13:00,928 --> 01:13:04,762
freedom for mates held in confinement,
better meals

986
01:13:04,832 --> 01:13:06,322
and the right to get married.

987
01:13:09,170 --> 01:13:13,038
In attendance, as a role modeI and witness,
was an elderly Joăo Cândido,

988
01:13:13,107 --> 01:13:14,836
a hero who had survived the rebellion

989
01:13:14,909 --> 01:13:17,844
that brought an end to
physical punishment back in 1910.

990
01:15:00,150 --> 01:15:03,381
Like in the movie,
the population supported the rebels.

991
01:15:13,430 --> 01:15:16,524
Gathered in mutiny at the
Navy Club,rallying for discipline,

992
01:15:16,600 --> 01:15:20,058
officers called for the punishment
of the rebellious mariners.

993
01:15:22,306 --> 01:15:25,173
Back in Rio,
Jango finds a solution:

994
01:15:25,242 --> 01:15:28,905
the mariners are arrested
and subsequently released.

995
01:15:33,818 --> 01:15:35,945
The Minister of Navy quits.

996
01:15:36,520 --> 01:15:39,318
Minister of the Army,
Jair Dantas Ribeiro,

997
01:15:39,390 --> 01:15:43,087
left office and was hospitalized,
due to renal problems.

998
01:15:44,128 --> 01:15:46,756
The impact of the events in the Armed Forces

999
01:15:46,831 --> 01:15:51,427
caused the adhesion of legalist officers to
the movement that deposed the president.

1000
01:15:52,203 --> 01:15:55,866
For them, it was intolerable
to see hierarchy crumbling.

1001
01:15:59,476 --> 01:16:01,637
Rumors of a military rebellion
had already been around

1002
01:16:01,712 --> 01:16:05,114
when the president attended,
on March 30th,

1003
01:16:05,183 --> 01:16:06,741
at the headquarters
of the Automobile Club,

1004
01:16:06,818 --> 01:16:09,582
a ceremony in his honor, sponsored by
the Association of Sergeants

1005
01:16:09,654 --> 01:16:11,519
and sub-officers of the military police.

1006
01:16:12,490 --> 01:16:16,950
The president energetically prohibited
any subversion in the name of order.

1007
01:16:18,163 --> 01:16:20,256
His improvised greeting
to the subordinates

1008
01:16:20,332 --> 01:16:24,200
was a belated warning
to higher-ranking officers.

1009
01:16:25,103 --> 01:16:27,230
JANGO: WE DO NOT WANT
A CLOSED CONGRESS.

1010
01:16:35,113 --> 01:16:37,104
In the early hours of March 31st,

1011
01:16:37,182 --> 01:16:39,548
a few hours after the end of the celebration,

1012
01:16:39,618 --> 01:16:44,214
the troops of general Olímpio Mourăo Filho,
commander of the 4th Military Region,

1013
01:16:44,289 --> 01:16:45,984
marched over Guanabara.

1014
01:16:46,258 --> 01:16:49,785
The rebellion, coming from Minas Gerais,
triggered the coup.

1015
01:16:54,400 --> 01:16:57,198
In Guanabara, army tanks
rolled into the cities

1016
01:16:57,270 --> 01:16:59,261
without resistance.

1017
01:17:01,874 --> 01:17:04,866
The middle class exorcized its ghosts

1018
01:17:04,944 --> 01:17:08,175
by setting the building
of the National Union of Students on fire

1019
01:17:12,285 --> 01:17:16,221
In the afternoon of ApriI 1st,
in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro,

1020
01:17:16,622 --> 01:17:18,590
victory was already being celebrated.

1021
01:17:22,428 --> 01:17:25,295
President Joăo Goulart
had left Guanabara,

1022
01:17:25,365 --> 01:17:27,925
the enemy quarters, and gone to Brasília.

1023
01:17:28,301 --> 01:17:31,532
The Capital was not safe
for the president either.

1024
01:17:31,604 --> 01:17:33,435
Jango went to Porto Alegre.

1025
01:17:34,640 --> 01:17:37,734
The battle in Congress
would soon be over.

1026
01:17:37,810 --> 01:17:40,677
Presiding over the tumuItuous
session of ApriI 1st,

1027
01:17:40,747 --> 01:17:42,909
senator Aldo de Moura Andrade,

1028
01:17:42,983 --> 01:17:46,976
in an act of solemn disregard
for the destiny of the legal institutions,

1029
01:17:47,054 --> 01:17:49,614
declared the office of president
of the republic to be vacant

1030
01:17:49,690 --> 01:17:53,353
while the head of state, Joăo Goulart,
was still on Brazilian soil.

1031
01:17:53,994 --> 01:17:58,931
<i>The president of the republic
has left the headquarters of the government.</i>

1032
01:17:59,666 --> 01:18:03,261
<i>He left a headless nation behind.</i>

1033
01:18:06,907 --> 01:18:07,965
<i>That's not true.!</i>

1034
01:18:09,009 --> 01:18:13,537
<i>In a very grave time in our history.</i>

1035
01:18:15,682 --> 01:18:21,951
<i>When it is necessary that the head of state</i>

1036
01:18:22,022 --> 01:18:25,423
<i>remain in the command of the government.</i>

1037
01:18:26,360 --> 01:18:28,453
<i>He has abandoned the government.</i>

1038
01:18:30,130 --> 01:18:34,795
<i>And I hereby give notice to the
National Congress...</i>

1039
01:18:38,239 --> 01:18:39,797
<i>This abandonment...</i>

1040
01:18:41,876 --> 01:18:44,709
<i>This abandonment configures...</i>

1041
01:18:46,714 --> 01:18:50,707
<i>the need to have the National Congress,
as the civiI power,</i>

1042
01:18:52,053 --> 01:18:56,956
<i>immediately take
the action expected from it</i>

1043
01:18:57,025 --> 01:18:58,993
<i>Under the Brazilian Constitution</i>

1044
01:19:03,531 --> 01:19:10,061
<i>in order to restore
in this turbulent nation</i>

1045
01:19:12,440 --> 01:19:14,340
<i>the authority of the government...</i>

1046
01:19:15,376 --> 01:19:18,004
<i>and the existence of the government.</i>

1047
01:19:19,380 --> 01:19:21,815
<i>We cannot allow...</i>

1048
01:19:22,418 --> 01:19:25,717
<i>BraziI to remain without a government,
abandoned.</i>

1049
01:19:31,760 --> 01:19:34,957
<i>Under our responsibility</i>

1050
01:19:35,764 --> 01:19:40,463
<i>is the people of Brazil.
The people. The order.</i>

1051
01:19:41,770 --> 01:19:46,400
<i>That being so, I hereby declare
the office of president of republic to be vacant.</i>

1052
01:19:50,346 --> 01:19:51,608
<i>Conspirator.!</i>

1053
01:19:53,315 --> 01:19:54,577
<i>Conspirator.!</i>

1054
01:20:02,324 --> 01:20:06,124
In Rio Grande do Sul, the defeat
was not yet consummated.

1055
01:20:06,729 --> 01:20:10,689
Former governor LeoneI Brizola
used the radio as his best weapon.

1056
01:20:11,468 --> 01:20:15,529
People on the streets promised to repeat
the resistance of '61 .

1057
01:20:19,743 --> 01:20:22,644
When president Joăo Goulart
arrived in Porto Alegre,

1058
01:20:23,446 --> 01:20:25,812
in the middle of the full-blown crisis,

1059
01:20:26,349 --> 01:20:31,184
a meeting was held at the residence
of the commander of the 3rd army,

1060
01:20:31,755 --> 01:20:34,315
who was general Ladŕrio Teles,

1061
01:20:34,391 --> 01:20:38,953
a great man and
military chief.

1062
01:20:39,429 --> 01:20:43,126
President Joăo Goulart was in attendance
together with eight generals and myself.

1063
01:20:44,434 --> 01:20:46,265
And my proposal was:

1064
01:20:46,503 --> 01:20:50,132
that the president retreated
to the interior of Rio Grande do Sul,

1065
01:20:50,207 --> 01:20:54,143
precisely to Săo Borja,

1066
01:20:55,946 --> 01:21:00,441
and that, at that time, he appointed
General Ladŕrio as minister of the army

1067
01:21:01,519 --> 01:21:04,784
and I would accept the appointment
for the office of minister of justice.

1068
01:21:05,856 --> 01:21:08,791
And we would organize the resistance.

1069
01:21:09,527 --> 01:21:11,119
General Ladŕrio said

1070
01:21:11,195 --> 01:21:14,926
he agreed with my proposal
completely.

1071
01:21:15,533 --> 01:21:20,937
And that the 3rd army had enough
weapons to organize civil

1072
01:21:21,005 --> 01:21:25,237
corps that could include
over 100 thousand men,

1073
01:21:25,309 --> 01:21:26,776
in addition to the army troops.

1074
01:21:27,345 --> 01:21:31,281
And that he considered the situation
to be complex, difficuIt,

1075
01:21:31,349 --> 01:21:35,945
with a number of followers
within the 3rd Army,

1076
01:21:36,020 --> 01:21:39,251
but he thought it was possible
to defend legality.

1077
01:21:39,557 --> 01:21:42,993
The final decision of the meeting was
to be made by the president.

1078
01:21:44,161 --> 01:21:48,758
Who decided that no resistance
would be offered

1079
01:21:49,134 --> 01:21:54,128
because he considered it to be
too high a price to be paid in blood

1080
01:21:54,206 --> 01:21:57,972
by the Brazilian people
to restore its rights.

1081
01:21:58,243 --> 01:22:02,009
In fact, I got myself ready

1082
01:22:02,247 --> 01:22:07,549
for a potential reaction
of the state of Minas Gerais,

1083
01:22:07,919 --> 01:22:11,013
one year and a half before March '64.

1084
01:22:12,257 --> 01:22:15,317
When I appointed
ColoneI Josę Geraldo

1085
01:22:15,394 --> 01:22:19,194
to command the Military Police,
I gave him the task

1086
01:22:19,264 --> 01:22:22,427
of preparing the police for a reaction.

1087
01:22:23,135 --> 01:22:24,159
Because I was sure,

1088
01:22:24,236 --> 01:22:28,400
that with the difficuIties
I had with the government,

1089
01:22:30,642 --> 01:22:33,941
they would end up
attempting an intervention in Minas.

1090
01:22:34,579 --> 01:22:35,637
And I would react.

1091
01:22:35,947 --> 01:22:40,976
So I got ready for a reaction
to a potential intervention

1092
01:22:41,621 --> 01:22:44,749
rather than to depose a president.

1093
01:22:45,291 --> 01:22:50,228
Magalhăes had assumed a
national responsibility.

1094
01:22:51,264 --> 01:22:55,257
And in this case he thought he should
use Palŕcio da Liberdade to develop

1095
01:22:55,335 --> 01:22:57,895
a government that had a national
characteristic as well

1096
01:22:58,237 --> 01:23:04,142
So he called MiIton Campos,
Josę Maria de Alckmin and myself.

1097
01:23:04,577 --> 01:23:09,537
I was informed of that
a few weeks beforehand.

1098
01:23:09,982 --> 01:23:12,849
And was told that I would be called

1099
01:23:12,919 --> 01:23:17,447
the day my presence was needed
in Belo Horizonte.

1100
01:23:17,990 --> 01:23:22,825
My office, which was
that of nonspecific minister -

1101
01:23:22,895 --> 01:23:25,864
the three of us, MiIton Campos,
Josę Maria de Alckmin and l,

1102
01:23:25,932 --> 01:23:29,334
were appointed nonspecific secretaries.

1103
01:23:29,703 --> 01:23:32,228
And my duty as nonspecific secretary

1104
01:23:32,306 --> 01:23:37,710
was to attain potential
international support

1105
01:23:38,178 --> 01:23:41,978
to have recognition of our belligerent status,

1106
01:23:42,049 --> 01:23:46,713
if the actual conditions of
the movement we were expecting

1107
01:23:46,787 --> 01:23:48,277
came to that.

1108
01:23:48,355 --> 01:23:51,051
Recognition of a belligerent
status, as you know,

1109
01:23:51,125 --> 01:23:55,255
entails the supply
of elements that can support

1110
01:23:55,329 --> 01:23:57,593
the political movement underway.

1111
01:23:57,998 --> 01:23:59,192
It was not necessary.

1112
01:23:59,700 --> 01:24:03,466
We knew, we trusted we'd succeed.

1113
01:24:04,037 --> 01:24:06,232
And there was a meeting among ourselves,

1114
01:24:06,306 --> 01:24:11,334
during which we tried to estimate
how long it would last.

1115
01:24:11,412 --> 01:24:15,371
The estimation was that the fight
would last for six months. At least.

1116
01:24:15,449 --> 01:24:19,682
I was regarded as an optimist,

1117
01:24:19,754 --> 01:24:21,722
I thought that it would
be over in one month.

1118
01:24:21,790 --> 01:24:23,621
The only one who
got it right was Golbery,

1119
01:24:23,691 --> 01:24:26,353
who said: " it will fall apart
like a castle of cards."

1120
01:24:26,494 --> 01:24:28,325
Despite the surprise,

1121
01:24:28,396 --> 01:24:33,333
despite the weakening that
the government had been experiencing,

1122
01:24:34,068 --> 01:24:38,266
if president Joăo Goulart
had decided to resist,

1123
01:24:39,307 --> 01:24:41,673
to counter-strike -

1124
01:24:41,743 --> 01:24:44,735
he still had troops,
he still had elements here in Rio,

1125
01:24:44,813 --> 01:24:49,648
to take over the Guanabara palace,
where Lacerda had been scheming -

1126
01:24:49,717 --> 01:24:53,278
he could have won that fight.

1127
01:24:53,354 --> 01:24:56,585
Or at least put up
a longer fight.

1128
01:24:57,091 --> 01:24:59,685
But he decided not to resist,

1129
01:24:59,761 --> 01:25:03,993
which, in my opinion, was the right decision,
because it avoided bloodshed,

1130
01:25:04,065 --> 01:25:08,662
and today, after those informations
were released by the Americans,

1131
01:25:08,737 --> 01:25:13,731
we became aware of the involvement
of the American government

1132
01:25:13,809 --> 01:25:16,903
in the military coup that
was underway in Brazil.

1133
01:25:16,979 --> 01:25:20,847
The story that the U.S. had sent
ships to Brazil

1134
01:25:20,916 --> 01:25:22,315
was old news.

1135
01:25:22,384 --> 01:25:25,615
It had even been mentioned in

1136
01:25:26,388 --> 01:25:30,722
an American talk show called
"Firing Line" , with William Buckley.

1137
01:25:30,793 --> 01:25:34,285
He was interviewing at that time,
in the early 70s,

1138
01:25:35,064 --> 01:25:39,160
governor - former governor
at that time, Carlos Lacerda -,

1139
01:25:40,135 --> 01:25:44,196
when someone from the audience stood up
and said: " look, that is not true,

1140
01:25:44,273 --> 01:25:47,800
I was in the Caribbean at the time,
embarked, doing military work,

1141
01:25:47,877 --> 01:25:51,369
and the ship I was in
was rerouted to the Brazilian coast

1142
01:25:51,447 --> 01:25:52,675
at the time of the revolution.

1143
01:25:53,148 --> 01:25:56,482
There were stories like that.
And tales too

1144
01:25:56,553 --> 01:26:01,581
that maybe the U.S. had actually
sent ships to the Brazilian coast,

1145
01:26:01,658 --> 01:26:03,250
but that they were only tankers.

1146
01:26:03,326 --> 01:26:05,521
What was discovered about
Operation " Brother Sam"

1147
01:26:05,595 --> 01:26:07,529
is that it was much bigger.

1148
01:26:07,597 --> 01:26:10,623
I mean, in fact, it included
the four tankers,

1149
01:26:10,700 --> 01:26:12,895
the four tankers were full

1150
01:26:12,969 --> 01:26:17,838
to ensure the supply of fuel
for the revolution

1151
01:26:17,908 --> 01:26:21,002
if the movement had to last,
if it faced too much resistance

1152
01:26:21,077 --> 01:26:23,477
and had to last for
over one month.

1153
01:26:23,780 --> 01:26:26,943
There were 136 thousand barrels of
regular gas,

1154
01:26:27,017 --> 01:26:29,349
aviation kerosene,
all that.

1155
01:26:29,819 --> 01:26:33,687
Battleships were also
involved,

1156
01:26:34,124 --> 01:26:36,251
six destroyers
if I'm not mistaken

1157
01:26:36,693 --> 01:26:39,423
One aircraft carrier was sent to the
Brazilian coast,

1158
01:26:39,496 --> 01:26:42,294
a ship that specialized
in carrying helicopters,

1159
01:26:42,365 --> 01:26:45,392
24 combat and transport planes.

1160
01:26:45,469 --> 01:26:48,734
A large amount of ammunition was embarked,

1161
01:26:48,806 --> 01:26:51,502
which never made it to Brazil,

1162
01:26:51,576 --> 01:26:53,441
but that was loaded
into ships in the U.S..

1163
01:26:53,744 --> 01:26:56,975
Those ships, from different points
in the Atlantic,

1164
01:26:57,048 --> 01:26:59,573
converged at the Brazilian
coast.

1165
01:26:59,650 --> 01:27:04,110
A few hours before sunrise
on ApriI 2nd,

1166
01:27:04,188 --> 01:27:07,282
the entire operation was demobilized
when news came

1167
01:27:07,358 --> 01:27:10,350
that the military
had already taken over.

1168
01:27:10,428 --> 01:27:12,191
This was the Operation " Brother Sam" .

1169
01:27:15,933 --> 01:27:19,562
On ApriI 2, with the people of
Rio Grande do SuI demobilized,

1170
01:27:20,104 --> 01:27:23,801
Jango went to Săo Borja and,
from there, to his exile in Uruguay.

1171
01:27:55,173 --> 01:27:57,141
ENLlST HERE.

1172
01:28:44,257 --> 01:28:48,421
In Rio, the police of Carlos Lacerda
arrested a Chinese trade mission,

1173
01:28:48,494 --> 01:28:50,257
under charges of terrorism.

1174
01:28:51,264 --> 01:28:54,358
It was up to Sobral Pinto, the old advocate
of political prisoners

1175
01:28:54,434 --> 01:28:56,732
to prove the innocence of the diplomats.

1176
01:28:58,104 --> 01:29:02,131
Communist leader Gregório Bezerra, was
dragged through the streets of Recife,

1177
01:29:02,208 --> 01:29:03,505
and arrested.

1178
01:29:08,948 --> 01:29:10,882
Among the prisoners, one traitor:

1179
01:29:11,285 --> 01:29:15,221
soldier Josę Alselmo dos Santos,
known as corporal Anselmo.

1180
01:29:15,622 --> 01:29:17,852
A leader of the association of mariners

1181
01:29:17,925 --> 01:29:20,792
and head of the rebellion
at the metal workers' union,

1182
01:29:20,861 --> 01:29:24,627
years later he would be
exposed as a police undercover agent

1183
01:29:24,698 --> 01:29:26,461
by the armed activists.

1184
01:29:27,401 --> 01:29:31,269
In Rio de Janeiro, the middle class
would perform its version

1185
01:29:31,338 --> 01:29:34,068
of the " march, with God and for freedom" ,

1186
01:29:34,141 --> 01:29:36,200
with the victory guaranteed.

1187
01:29:36,376 --> 01:29:38,367
<i>" The right to be born. "</i>

1188
01:29:40,347 --> 01:29:45,148
This civic furor would soon be
used to support the campaign

1189
01:29:45,219 --> 01:29:47,244
" Donate gold for the good of Brazil" ,

1190
01:29:47,321 --> 01:29:51,257
an attempt at solving
the economic problems of the country

1191
01:29:51,325 --> 01:29:53,623
with acts of patriotic charity.

1192
01:29:55,662 --> 01:29:56,993
After their arrival in Rio,

1193
01:29:57,064 --> 01:29:59,965
Mourăo and Magalhăes were commended
for the triumph

1194
01:30:00,033 --> 01:30:02,628
of a movement that
they apparently headed.

1195
01:30:05,340 --> 01:30:09,640
The way I see it, there were
two coups in '64.

1196
01:30:11,045 --> 01:30:15,539
The first was a typical
Latin-American coup.

1197
01:30:16,017 --> 01:30:20,954
Certain civiI forces
supporting a military movement

1198
01:30:21,022 --> 01:30:24,651
that was initiated in Minas Gerais

1199
01:30:24,726 --> 01:30:27,854
and that actually,

1200
01:30:27,929 --> 01:30:31,126
in its exterior appearance,

1201
01:30:32,033 --> 01:30:37,061
was actually what we know
about Latin-American history.

1202
01:30:37,605 --> 01:30:42,668
Now, during the course of that coup,
another one took place.

1203
01:30:43,044 --> 01:30:44,102
On the inside.

1204
01:30:44,712 --> 01:30:46,407
That was the one that lingered

1205
01:30:46,481 --> 01:30:51,419
and expelled all
civiI and military characters,

1206
01:30:51,787 --> 01:30:54,255
that took part in the first coup.

1207
01:30:55,057 --> 01:30:56,684
That was the coup that remained,

1208
01:30:56,992 --> 01:31:02,624
it was this coup that
buiIt a military core

1209
01:31:03,465 --> 01:31:04,796
and an economic system.

1210
01:31:04,867 --> 01:31:08,564
Because, in fact,
there were two movements.

1211
01:31:09,471 --> 01:31:15,034
<i>The one from Minas, which I refer to
as a na:ďve, patriotic movement,</i>

1212
01:31:15,110 --> 01:31:18,773
that wanted only to bring
order to the country,

1213
01:31:19,148 --> 01:31:23,244
and wanted nothing for itself.
I never did.

1214
01:31:23,819 --> 01:31:26,049
So much so that, after my
arrival in Rio de Janeiro,

1215
01:31:27,022 --> 01:31:29,957
Carlos Lacerda
and Juscelino came to me,

1216
01:31:30,025 --> 01:31:34,052
saying it was time I took over
and I told them

1217
01:31:34,129 --> 01:31:37,428
I had not carried out the movement
to become president of the republic.

1218
01:31:38,100 --> 01:31:43,971
It was not to claim anything for myself.

1219
01:31:44,040 --> 01:31:48,534
What I wanted was to have
BraziI find its true way

1220
01:31:49,112 --> 01:31:51,137
of order, of tranquility.

1221
01:31:53,516 --> 01:31:57,418
In Rio de Janeiro there was
a group that got ready.

1222
01:31:58,088 --> 01:31:59,680
That really got ready.

1223
01:32:00,724 --> 01:32:04,751
It seems that LincoIn Gordon
was connected to this group.

1224
01:32:05,395 --> 01:32:08,125
Because this group had money.

1225
01:32:08,198 --> 01:32:13,158
We, back in Minas, did it
with our own funds.

1226
01:32:13,904 --> 01:32:14,871
Which was not much.

1227
01:32:16,539 --> 01:32:18,939
And we never got any indemnification.

1228
01:32:19,876 --> 01:32:23,607
Because president Castelo...

1229
01:32:24,314 --> 01:32:25,941
was part of the other group.

1230
01:32:27,083 --> 01:32:29,143
The appointment of general Castelo Branco

1231
01:32:29,220 --> 01:32:32,917
instituted in BraziI the system
of indirect elections for president

1232
01:32:32,990 --> 01:32:36,551
with a single candidate protected
by institutional acts.

1233
01:32:36,827 --> 01:32:41,560
I hereby declare the Honorable Humberto
de Alencar Castelo Branco

1234
01:32:41,632 --> 01:32:43,623
vested in office
of president of the republic

1235
01:32:44,268 --> 01:32:49,467
of the United States of Brazil

1236
01:32:51,575 --> 01:32:58,504
I shall defend and fulfill, with honor
and loyalty the Constitution of Brazil.

1237
01:33:04,188 --> 01:33:08,557
We shall plunge ahead
knowing that the remedy

1238
01:33:08,926 --> 01:33:12,487
against the ill effects
of the extreme left

1239
01:33:12,563 --> 01:33:15,862
shall not be the birth
of a reactionary right.

1240
01:33:19,838 --> 01:33:22,773
My deeds shall be those

1241
01:33:23,208 --> 01:33:27,235
of an uncompromised
head of state

1242
01:33:27,946 --> 01:33:30,779
during the process
of election of the Brazilian

1243
01:33:30,849 --> 01:33:36,151
to whom I shall convey this office
on January 31 , 1966.

1244
01:33:38,323 --> 01:33:42,760
1964 closes the '54 cycle of colonels.

1245
01:33:43,328 --> 01:33:46,388
This time they were united
and had a plan.

1246
01:33:46,465 --> 01:33:49,366
The concepts developed
in the Superior War College

1247
01:33:49,434 --> 01:33:52,767
replaced social justice
for development

1248
01:33:52,838 --> 01:33:54,829
and democracy for security.

1249
01:34:04,349 --> 01:34:07,513
Castelo Branco's cabinet
had politicians from UDN

1250
01:34:07,587 --> 01:34:10,556
and technocrats, now at
the service of the new order.

1251
01:34:10,923 --> 01:34:14,051
But the true core of power
after '64

1252
01:34:14,127 --> 01:34:16,561
laid in the hands of the brothers in arms.

1253
01:34:17,330 --> 01:34:19,958
General Costa e Silva
in the ministry of war,

1254
01:34:20,033 --> 01:34:23,127
General Ernesto Geisel
as Head of the Military Household

1255
01:34:23,202 --> 01:34:26,865
and General Golbery do Couto e Silva,
who used lPES records

1256
01:34:26,939 --> 01:34:29,737
to set up the National Information Service.

1257
01:34:30,043 --> 01:34:33,410
During the Castelo Branco administration,
old alliances were recovered.

1258
01:34:33,846 --> 01:34:36,076
The law on remittance of profits
was revoked,

1259
01:34:36,149 --> 01:34:40,176
and the trust of the United States in the
Brazilian democracy was reestablished.

1260
01:34:40,553 --> 01:34:44,011
Annulling the decree on
expropriation of unproductive lands,

1261
01:34:44,090 --> 01:34:46,752
the new president put the minds
of large land owners at ease.

1262
01:34:47,293 --> 01:34:49,261
With the new economic guidelines,

1263
01:34:49,328 --> 01:34:52,786
the International Monetary Fund
came to the assistance of its ally.

1264
01:34:53,232 --> 01:34:55,325
A rigorous controI on salaries

1265
01:34:55,401 --> 01:34:58,394
would fund development and the
fight against inflation.

1266
01:34:59,306 --> 01:35:01,672
After sending to prison
or to exile

1267
01:35:01,742 --> 01:35:05,075
the main leaders of
the left and of the union movement,

1268
01:35:05,145 --> 01:35:09,309
the military put an end to the
ambitions of their civiI allies.

1269
01:35:09,383 --> 01:35:12,045
Ademar de Barros,
Governor of Săo Paulo,

1270
01:35:12,119 --> 01:35:15,316
was an ally of Castelo Branco
but ended up being discharged and unseated,

1271
01:35:15,389 --> 01:35:16,720
charged with bribery.

1272
01:35:19,426 --> 01:35:21,257
Lacerda's dreams of becoming president

1273
01:35:21,328 --> 01:35:25,162
were over when marshal Castelo Branco
extended his own term of office,

1274
01:35:25,232 --> 01:35:29,191
and cancelled the presidential
election of 1965.

1275
01:35:32,005 --> 01:35:33,996
lRREVERSlBLE DEClSlON:
GOVERNORS-ELECT TO BE VESTED lN OFFlCE.

1276
01:35:35,042 --> 01:35:40,378
The elections for state governor
turned JK into the heart of the civiI resistance.

1277
01:35:41,448 --> 01:35:44,315
The victory of the opposition
for state governor

1278
01:35:44,384 --> 01:35:46,717
in Minas and in Guanabara
alarmed the government.

1279
01:35:47,422 --> 01:35:48,855
Pressured by the hard-core
segment of the armed forces,

1280
01:35:48,923 --> 01:35:52,381
Castelo Branco
enacted Institutional Act No. 2,

1281
01:35:52,460 --> 01:35:54,360
banning political parties

1282
01:35:54,429 --> 01:35:58,126
and turning the elections for governor
into indirect ones.

1283
01:36:00,368 --> 01:36:04,998
A cordial JK, after being unseated,
followed the same lPM ritual,

1284
01:36:05,073 --> 01:36:08,770
walking the same path that
many other Brazilians would follow.

1285
01:36:16,885 --> 01:36:18,944
Jango the farmer, exiled in Uruguay,

1286
01:36:19,020 --> 01:36:21,580
lived in angst over the
uncertainties of the wait.

1287
01:36:21,656 --> 01:36:24,090
His most wanted return
had no scheduled date.

1288
01:36:24,759 --> 01:36:26,351
The anguish of those days

1289
01:36:26,427 --> 01:36:30,158
caused his children's birthdays
to go almost uncelebrated.

1290
01:36:32,100 --> 01:36:34,591
The desire to see Brazil
become a democracy again

1291
01:36:34,669 --> 01:36:38,299
led Jango, in exile, to unite
with Carlos Lacerda and JK

1292
01:36:38,374 --> 01:36:41,241
<i>to structure the Ample Front, a movement
that was banned soon thereafter.</i>

1293
01:36:41,744 --> 01:36:45,475
Opposition movements had
less and less freedom

1294
01:36:46,148 --> 01:36:51,176
Lacerda would be the most illustrious name
in the next list of unseated politicians.

1295
01:36:56,158 --> 01:37:00,185
The successor of Marshal Castelo Branco
was General Costa e Silva.

1296
01:37:00,829 --> 01:37:04,788
Against the will of Castelo,
the minister of war was made candidate.

1297
01:37:12,341 --> 01:37:16,175
In the Congress, under the applause of Arena
and before a silent MDB,

1298
01:37:16,245 --> 01:37:17,974
Costa e Silva was inaugurated.

1299
01:37:18,514 --> 01:37:22,416
The new president was sworn in
under a new Constitution,

1300
01:37:22,484 --> 01:37:27,320
enacted in 1967 with deep
restrictions on the liberal principles

1301
01:37:27,390 --> 01:37:31,053
of the previously untouched
Constitution of 1946.

1302
01:37:44,908 --> 01:37:48,173
Marginalization of the people
and failed political solutions

1303
01:37:48,245 --> 01:37:50,475
led the way to opposition marches.

1304
01:37:50,547 --> 01:37:53,107
Protests promoted
by students,

1305
01:37:53,183 --> 01:37:57,415
intellectuals and professionals,
under violent repression,

1306
01:37:57,487 --> 01:37:59,455
led the way to radicalization.

1307
01:38:03,426 --> 01:38:04,859
The defeat of populism

1308
01:38:04,928 --> 01:38:08,420
caused disenchantment with
traditional political formulas

1309
01:38:08,498 --> 01:38:12,491
and launched a new motto:
"armed fight."

1310
01:38:16,574 --> 01:38:19,099
From the Caraíbas area
to the southern mountains,

1311
01:38:19,176 --> 01:38:22,509
stretched the revolutionary wave of the 60s.

1312
01:38:23,714 --> 01:38:26,274
Tupamaros in Uruguay,
Douglas Bravo in Venezuela

1313
01:38:26,350 --> 01:38:30,548
and father Camilo Torres in Colombia
started guerrilla activities.

1314
01:38:31,122 --> 01:38:33,852
Rangers trained in the U.S.

1315
01:38:33,924 --> 01:38:37,382
were chasing Ernesto Che Guevara.

1316
01:38:37,461 --> 01:38:39,725
The formidable shadow of Che

1317
01:38:39,797 --> 01:38:44,029
would disappear on October 8, 1967.

1318
01:38:44,101 --> 01:38:47,593
The death of the guerilla commander,
that had been announced so many times,

1319
01:38:47,672 --> 01:38:50,334
would soon be acknowledged
by FideI Castro in Havana.

1320
01:38:51,475 --> 01:38:53,705
...also a dark photograph.

1321
01:38:55,479 --> 01:38:57,106
This is the picture.

1322
01:39:00,551 --> 01:39:01,848
You can be sure

1323
01:39:02,954 --> 01:39:07,914
that I wish Che had adopted

1324
01:39:08,560 --> 01:39:11,723
at least certain preventive measures.

1325
01:39:12,164 --> 01:39:16,931
He often led the way
on exploration units.

1326
01:39:25,177 --> 01:39:28,510
On the other hand, it is also
possible that he

1327
01:39:28,580 --> 01:39:33,847
was very conscious
of the mission he had chosen

1328
01:39:34,920 --> 01:39:37,150
and of the subjective value of men.

1329
01:39:52,137 --> 01:39:56,268
In the heart of America,
in the province of La Higuera, in Bolivia,

1330
01:39:56,676 --> 01:39:59,668
a helicopter brought
the tied-up body of Guevara.

1331
01:40:00,279 --> 01:40:03,874
General Hugo Bŕnzer
inspected the operation in person.

1332
01:40:04,283 --> 01:40:08,117
He was nervous, as a hunter
feeling inferior to his prey.

1333
01:40:10,723 --> 01:40:15,251
Ernesto Che Guevara, the exemplary
activist, was dead.

1334
01:40:15,628 --> 01:40:19,086
His image holding a shotgun,
with a star on his cap

1335
01:40:19,165 --> 01:40:21,133
would reemerge not only in the 3rd world,

1336
01:40:21,200 --> 01:40:26,763
but also in the '68 rebellions in
Paris, Prague, Berlin, Berkeley.

1337
01:41:04,344 --> 01:41:08,371
Édson Luiz, a young man
shot to death in Rio de Janeiro,

1338
01:41:08,449 --> 01:41:12,351
would be the first victim of the
clash between the police and students.

1339
01:41:19,092 --> 01:41:24,860
<i>Those who remain silent over your body</i>

1340
01:41:25,432 --> 01:41:30,563
<i>Agree to your death</i>

1341
01:41:30,637 --> 01:41:32,333
THE YANKEES HAVE MURDERED
A BRAZlLlAN MAN

1342
01:41:32,407 --> 01:41:37,174
<i>By sword and fire</i>

1343
01:41:37,245 --> 01:41:43,878
<i>Deep down in the tear</i>

1344
01:41:44,719 --> 01:41:50,555
<i>Shot in the chest</i>

1345
01:41:51,392 --> 01:41:53,758
<i>OUR PEOPLE ARE BLEEDlNG
Those who remain silent die with you</i>

1346
01:41:53,828 --> 01:41:57,161
<i>Those who remain silent die with you</i>

1347
01:41:57,398 --> 01:42:02,597
<i>Deader than you are now</i>

1348
01:42:03,137 --> 01:42:04,399
ARM Y GO HOME

1349
01:42:04,472 --> 01:42:10,411
<i>A watch on the floor of the square</i>

1350
01:42:10,678 --> 01:42:15,308
<i>Ticking, telling the time</i>

1351
01:42:16,751 --> 01:42:21,883
<i>Set by anger</i>

1352
01:42:23,459 --> 01:42:24,756
MURDERS. VENGEANCE

1353
01:42:24,827 --> 01:42:29,161
<i>In the fire, mirroring</i>

1354
01:42:29,832 --> 01:42:34,895
<i>The shine of your hair</i>

1355
01:42:36,105 --> 01:42:42,237
<i>Those who shouted live on with you</i>

1356
01:42:56,358 --> 01:42:59,816
His death prompted great
movements of protest on the streets.

1357
01:43:02,197 --> 01:43:05,394
On the other hand, it was decided by
the meeting of intellectuals

1358
01:43:05,467 --> 01:43:07,697
that they would attend the march
en masse.

1359
01:43:08,203 --> 01:43:12,072
I'll be there and hope
you will too.

1360
01:43:12,142 --> 01:43:14,167
- How about you, Tônia?
- We will all be there.

1361
01:43:14,244 --> 01:43:18,510
I'll go as a woman, as an actress,
as a mother, as a citizen.

1362
01:43:18,582 --> 01:43:21,745
I'll go because I want
the pubic opinion

1363
01:43:22,152 --> 01:43:27,613
to known that we have a lot of courage
to unmask the myth

1364
01:43:27,691 --> 01:43:30,717
that the students are doing something
wrong, that they are troublemakers.

1365
01:43:30,794 --> 01:43:34,457
They are our hope and we
have our arms open for them,

1366
01:43:34,531 --> 01:43:36,897
to accept their claims.

1367
01:43:37,334 --> 01:43:40,030
I'm very proud that
my kids are taking part in it.

1368
01:43:40,103 --> 01:43:43,163
I'll be on the streets. I have
two kids who are university students.

1369
01:43:43,473 --> 01:43:47,409
l'd rather they be on the streets
than smoking marijuana.

1370
01:43:47,477 --> 01:43:49,877
Partying and smoking marijuana.

1371
01:44:04,061 --> 01:44:09,795
<i>Let's take a walk on the hidden forest,
My love</i>

1372
01:44:11,569 --> 01:44:15,471
<i>Let's take a walk down the avenue</i>

1373
01:44:16,941 --> 01:44:23,176
<i>Let's take a walk through the high path,
My love</i>

1374
01:44:24,982 --> 01:44:29,180
<i>There are mountains looming over the asphalt</i>

1375
01:44:35,292 --> 01:44:37,192
The pretext for the toughening up of the regime

1376
01:44:37,261 --> 01:44:41,197
was the speech by opposition
congressman Mŕrcio Moreira Alves,

1377
01:44:41,265 --> 01:44:45,133
the government's attempt to sue him
and the denial of the Congress,

1378
01:44:45,202 --> 01:44:47,295
to protect its sovereignty.

1379
01:44:48,306 --> 01:44:51,366
<i>President Vargas</i>

1380
01:44:51,843 --> 01:44:55,244
<i>President Vargas</i>

1381
01:44:55,914 --> 01:44:58,940
<i>President Vargas</i>

1382
01:44:59,317 --> 01:45:05,119
<i>Let's go for a walk
In the United States of Brazil</i>

1383
01:45:06,858 --> 01:45:10,794
<i>Let's go for a walk in disguise</i>

1384
01:45:12,597 --> 01:45:17,296
In December 1968,
again on a Friday 13th,

1385
01:45:17,369 --> 01:45:21,863
the government closed the Congress
and enacted Institutional Act No. 5.

1386
01:45:25,343 --> 01:45:29,279
The toughening up of the regime and
the repression of civiI organizations

1387
01:45:29,347 --> 01:45:30,974
neutralized the opposition.

1388
01:45:31,550 --> 01:45:36,783
Censorship on newspapers, radio and TV
concealed any sign of protest.

1389
01:45:41,294 --> 01:45:44,752
The church, which had supported
the forces that removed Jango from power,

1390
01:45:44,831 --> 01:45:49,165
reappeared in the late 60s
as the only organized institution

1391
01:45:49,235 --> 01:45:51,760
to defend justice and
human rights.

1392
01:45:52,371 --> 01:45:56,273
The murder of father Henrique,
a direct assistant to D. Hęlder Câmara,

1393
01:45:56,342 --> 01:45:59,243
marked with blood
the new standing of the Church.

1394
01:46:01,047 --> 01:46:05,814
The repression, the ban
on people's movements,

1395
01:46:05,885 --> 01:46:08,877
the obstruction of union movements,

1396
01:46:09,756 --> 01:46:12,589
caused the Church to be the
last remaining place

1397
01:46:12,658 --> 01:46:15,889
where people's movements
can get organized.

1398
01:46:17,063 --> 01:46:20,260
In a way, the Church is
the only institution to which

1399
01:46:20,333 --> 01:46:22,358
a retired general could
not be appointed

1400
01:46:22,435 --> 01:46:24,494
chairman of the Episcopal Conference

1401
01:46:24,570 --> 01:46:25,969
or Archbishop of Săo Paulo.

1402
01:46:26,940 --> 01:46:30,501
So that brought people to the
Church.

1403
01:46:31,411 --> 01:46:33,174
After the initial success,

1404
01:46:33,247 --> 01:46:36,216
marked by kidnappings
and bank robberies,

1405
01:46:36,283 --> 01:46:39,844
the urban guerrilla, isolated
from the people, began to crumble.

1406
01:46:39,920 --> 01:46:43,981
Former congressman Carlos Marighella,
who used to head the Communist Party,

1407
01:46:44,057 --> 01:46:47,549
the founder of the National Action
for Liberty, ALN,

1408
01:46:47,628 --> 01:46:51,325
died in Săo Paulo in an ambush
put together by police forces.

1409
01:46:52,766 --> 01:46:54,434
ALLENDE'S LAST SPEECH
SEPTEMBER 1 1 , 1973

1410
01:46:54,434 --> 01:46:57,403
All I can say to the workers is:
I shall not resign.

1411
01:46:58,105 --> 01:47:00,039
Standing at a historical
crossroads,

1412
01:47:00,107 --> 01:47:03,008
I shall repay the loyalty of
the people with my life.

1413
01:47:03,076 --> 01:47:06,637
In Chile, another alternative
was attempted:

1414
01:47:06,713 --> 01:47:09,978
one coalition that brought together
communists, socialists,

1415
01:47:10,050 --> 01:47:14,987
liberals and progressive Catholics
elected senator Salvador Allende.

1416
01:47:15,055 --> 01:47:20,016
The defeated candidate in the
'52, '58 and '64 elections,

1417
01:47:20,094 --> 01:47:23,086
Allende came to power in 1970

1418
01:47:23,164 --> 01:47:25,962
proposing a pacific route
towards socialism.

1419
01:47:26,034 --> 01:47:27,934
lMAGES OF ALLENDE'S CAMPAlGN - 1964

1420
01:47:28,002 --> 01:47:29,993
The elation of Allende's administration,

1421
01:47:30,071 --> 01:47:33,404
the attempt to conciliate
socialism and liberty,

1422
01:47:33,474 --> 01:47:36,671
ended up in a bloodbath
sponsored by the U.S.

1423
01:47:39,080 --> 01:47:41,275
<i>Long live Chile.
Long live the people.</i>

1424
01:47:41,716 --> 01:47:43,445
<i>Long live the workers.</i>

1425
01:47:44,152 --> 01:47:47,781
In 1973, the CIA and ITT

1426
01:47:47,856 --> 01:47:51,223
financed the overthrowing
and assassination of Allende.

1427
01:47:52,760 --> 01:47:57,288
In 1975 no democracy
was left standing in the southern cone.

1428
01:47:57,765 --> 01:48:00,233
But the scenario
would get even more somber.

1429
01:48:00,702 --> 01:48:05,402
Police and paramilitary organizations
organized Operation Condor,

1430
01:48:05,474 --> 01:48:09,308
with the purpose of preventing all political
and oppositional actions in the continent.

1431
01:48:10,179 --> 01:48:13,808
In Washington, a bomb brought
to an end the life of Orlando Letelier,

1432
01:48:13,883 --> 01:48:15,282
a former minister
of the Allende administration.

1433
01:48:15,784 --> 01:48:19,618
In Buenos Aires, senator Michelini
of Uruguay was kidnapped and killed.

1434
01:48:20,222 --> 01:48:23,714
General Juan Josę Torres,
the president of Bolivia,

1435
01:48:23,792 --> 01:48:27,888
and general Carlos Prates,
former commander-in-chief of the Chilean army,

1436
01:48:28,464 --> 01:48:31,194
were killed in bombings.

1437
01:48:32,201 --> 01:48:35,534
President Joăo Goulart
knew that his name was

1438
01:48:35,604 --> 01:48:37,504
on that list of doomed presidents.

1439
01:48:38,540 --> 01:48:40,872
His greatest dream,
his greatest wish

1440
01:48:40,943 --> 01:48:42,205
was to go back to Brazil.

1441
01:48:42,278 --> 01:48:45,042
I believe deep down he couldn't
stand that instability any longer,

1442
01:48:45,114 --> 01:48:48,447
To go from country
to country in Latin America,

1443
01:48:48,517 --> 01:48:52,112
and later even thinking
about moving to Europe...

1444
01:48:52,187 --> 01:48:55,089
Because his wish,
his hope

1445
01:48:55,158 --> 01:48:57,285
was to be able to go back to Brazil.

1446
01:48:58,128 --> 01:49:03,259
His dreams were halted
on December 6, 1976.

1447
01:49:03,833 --> 01:49:06,324
At his farm in Mercedes, Argentina,

1448
01:49:06,403 --> 01:49:09,964
where he lived with Maria Tereza,
Jango died of a heart attack.

1449
01:49:13,343 --> 01:49:14,901
SĂO VICENTE RANCH

1450
01:49:15,011 --> 01:49:19,243
Journalist Carlos Castello Branco
described his death:

1451
01:49:20,917 --> 01:49:24,819
President Joăo Goulart,
unable to return to Brazil,

1452
01:49:24,888 --> 01:49:29,382
compelled to leave Argentina
and advised not to stay in Uruguay,

1453
01:49:29,459 --> 01:49:31,324
died like a lost cowboy,

1454
01:49:31,394 --> 01:49:33,589
looking for a way
back home.

1455
01:49:42,539 --> 01:49:45,407
His desire to go home
was very strong.

1456
01:49:45,843 --> 01:49:48,812
In the split second that
separates life from death,

1457
01:49:49,213 --> 01:49:52,239
the images of his youth in
Săo Borja were relived,

1458
01:49:52,316 --> 01:49:56,013
his inauguration in Brasília, the images
of March 13th in the Central Station,

1459
01:49:56,320 --> 01:49:58,015
of Vargas' funeral.

1460
01:49:58,656 --> 01:50:00,146
The kind gestures from the people

1461
01:50:00,224 --> 01:50:03,318
and his role in the fight
for a better society,

1462
01:50:03,394 --> 01:50:07,455
which caused him to be the
only Brazilian president to die in exile.

1463
01:50:07,531 --> 01:50:09,089
WELCOME TO BRAZlL.

1464
01:50:16,440 --> 01:50:18,101
On December 7,

1465
01:50:18,175 --> 01:50:21,770
the body of Joăo Goulart crossed
the border back to Brazil

1466
01:50:21,846 --> 01:50:23,871
to be buried in Săo Borja.

1467
01:50:24,648 --> 01:50:28,550
12 years had elapsed
since he left for the exile.

1468
01:50:29,587 --> 01:50:32,852
The family, friends,
former assistants

1469
01:50:33,225 --> 01:50:36,319
spread over the casket of the former
president of the republic

1470
01:50:36,395 --> 01:50:37,657
the flag of amnesty.

1471
01:50:38,597 --> 01:50:41,327
Silence was the official version
of the government.

1472
01:50:46,371 --> 01:50:48,339
JANGO WILL REMAIN WlTH US

1473
01:51:16,535 --> 01:51:18,162
CENTRAL CEMETERY

1474
01:51:53,940 --> 01:51:58,900
THE EVENTS OF THAT DAY
ARE STlLL CLEAR lN M Y MEMORY:

1475
01:51:58,978 --> 01:52:02,937
IN A DARK BEDROOM,

1476
01:52:03,015 --> 01:52:07,975
TRYlNG TO ESCAPE THE WORLD
THAT REACHED ME THROUGH THE RADlO,

1477
01:52:08,054 --> 01:52:13,015
I WAS LITTLE MORE THAN A BOY,
CRYING TO DEATH

1478
01:52:13,127 --> 01:52:17,086
OVER PRESlDENT JANGO'S
JOURNE Y-ESCAPE.

1479
01:52:19,433 --> 01:52:25,394
THE YEARS WENT B Y, MATURlTY CAME, AND
A DAlLY DOSE OF lNJUSTlCE AND HATRED,

1480
01:52:25,472 --> 01:52:31,433
OPPRESSlON, LlES AND FEAR,
HAVE MADE ME NOW, AS AN ADULT,

1481
01:52:31,512 --> 01:52:37,473
ON BEHALF OF THE TRUTH AND HlSTORY,
REAFFlRM THE BO Y:

1482
01:52:37,551 --> 01:52:43,512
THE TEARS THAT WERE SHED lN 64
ARE STlLL FAlR. - FERNANDO BRANT