0:00:02.465,0:00:06.128
DISTRIBUTION: CALIBAN

0:00:08.238,0:00:11.036
THIS FILM CANNOT BE REPRODUCED,[br]IN WHOLE OR IN PART, WITHOUT THE

0:00:11.107,0:00:14.042
EXPRESS CONSENT OF THE HOLDERS[br]OF THE CORRESPONDING RIGHTS.

0:00:17.280,0:00:19.043
VISIT TO CHINA OF JOĂO BELCHIOR GOULART,

0:00:19.115,0:00:22.016
VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC[br]OF THE UNITES STATES OF BRAZIL.

0:00:22.085,0:00:23.916
THE CENTRAL STUDIOS OF[br]NEWS AND DOCUMENTARIES

0:00:23.987,0:00:26.923
OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.[br]BEIJING, AUGUST 1961 .

0:00:32.396,0:00:36.355
In the afternoon of August 13th,[br]Joăo GouIart,

0:00:36.434,0:00:40.234
the Vice-President of the Republic of the[br]United States of BraziI arrives in Beijing.

0:01:06.330,0:01:09.231
I'm the bearer of a[br]message to the Chinese people,

0:01:09.867,0:01:12.961
a message of friendship from[br]the Brazilian people,

0:01:13.037,0:01:18.305
I am undoubtedly contributing towards[br]a closer relationship between our peoples,

0:01:18.377,0:01:22.677
who can and should be good friends.

0:01:31.523,0:01:34.458
Zhou Enlai, Prime Minister[br]of the State Council,

0:01:34.526,0:01:37.393
talks with[br]Vice-President Joăo Goulart.

0:01:43.835,0:01:47.430
Liu Shaoqi, President[br]of the People's Republic of China,

0:01:47.506,0:01:50.373
welcomes Vice-President Joăo Goulart.

0:01:52.010,0:01:55.741
The guests of honor visit the museum[br]about the history of the Chinese revolution.

0:01:56.515,0:01:58.617
These Chinese characters mean:

0:01:58.617,0:02:01.780
" let's distribute the land,[br]through the strike of the hatchet,

0:02:01.853,0:02:03.946
we shall unlock a new world;

0:02:04.022,0:02:06.890
with the strike of the scythe,[br]we shall eliminate the old one."

0:02:10.697,0:02:14.827
On August 23rd,[br]Vice-President Joăo Goulart

0:02:14.901,0:02:19.838
ends his visit to China and leaves[br]Canton to return to Brazil.

0:02:20.540,0:02:24.374
Xeng Xeng, the vice-governor[br]of the Guangzhou province,

0:02:24.444,0:02:27.436
and other officials[br]of the province of the city,

0:02:27.513,0:02:30.812
together with a well-wishing crowd,

0:02:30.883,0:02:34.148
say goodbye to the guests of honor[br]at the railway station.

0:02:40.893,0:02:45.592
The friendship, closeness and cooperation[br]between the peoples of China and Brazil

0:02:45.665,0:02:48.133
are ever increasing.

0:02:50.236,0:02:52.204
Greetings to the Brazilian people.

0:02:53.639,0:02:56.200
May the guests of honor have a safe trip.

0:03:01.448,0:03:04.281
BRASÍLlA, August 25th, 1961

0:03:06.353,0:03:08.287
It was a little past 6 in the morning

0:03:08.355,0:03:10.755
when president[br]Jânio Quadros, as usual,

0:03:10.824,0:03:12.382
locked himself up in his office.

0:03:13.093,0:03:16.187
That day, however, he drafted[br]the terms of his resignation,

0:03:16.263,0:03:19.198
which would be sent to the National[br]Congress a few hours later,

0:03:19.266,0:03:22.793
stirring up a lethargic Friday session.

0:03:26.807,0:03:30.903
With expression and gestures that[br]did not betray his decision,

0:03:30.978,0:03:34.004
Jânio attended the Soldier Day[br]Service.

0:03:34.948,0:03:38.975
Defeated by what he called " terrible[br]forces" in his resignation note,

0:03:39.052,0:03:44.491
Jânio was photographed for the last time as[br]president alongside the " occuIt forces" .

0:03:45.026,0:03:47.494
Minister of Navy[br]Sílvio Heck warned:

0:03:47.562,0:03:50.326
if Vice-President Joăo Goulart[br]were to be inaugurated in office,

0:03:50.398,0:03:52.332
a civiI war would erupt in the country.

0:03:53.034,0:03:55.559
The backdrop for the coup was set.

0:03:56.638,0:03:58.868
I was informed of the resignation

0:03:58.940,0:04:03.536
by a phone call from the chief[br]of staff of the presidency of the republic,

0:04:03.945,0:04:05.469
minister Macedo Soares.

0:04:06.181,0:04:10.880
And immediately I though of[br]calling a meeting in Itamaraty

0:04:11.319,0:04:15.915
with those friends I could[br]talk to immediately,

0:04:16.291,0:04:20.750
in order to pay homage to the[br]resigning president.

0:04:21.728,0:04:25.460
And I was glad that idea was well-accepted,

0:04:26.000,0:04:30.027
because, not only my personal friends[br]met in Itamaraty

0:04:30.672,0:04:34.541
but also the diplomats that[br]were then in Rio de Janeiro -

0:04:34.610,0:04:37.670
Few had moved to Brasília yet, the transfer[br]of the capital had just happened -

0:04:38.047,0:04:39.912
and many workers.

0:04:40.416,0:04:45.353
From the most humble employees,[br]door-keepers, office-boys,

0:04:45.421,0:04:47.946
The drivers of the ministry,

0:04:48.023,0:04:54.189
to diplomats[br]who were then in Rio de Janeiro.

0:04:54.797,0:04:59.131
So we opened a bottle of[br]Champagne in honor of the president

0:04:59.468,0:05:04.531
And, in a moment of[br]conservative traditionalism,

0:05:05.241,0:05:09.610
we offered to those present[br]one last Itamaraty reception.

0:05:10.112,0:05:12.205
He received the news in Singapore,

0:05:12.715,0:05:15.115
at the Raffles hotel,[br]in the middle of the night.

0:05:16.051,0:05:19.748
An American telegraphic[br]agency called

0:05:19.822,0:05:23.691
seeking his comments[br]on the resignation of Jânio Quadros.

0:05:24.127,0:05:26.618
He had not been aware of such resignation[br]untiI just then.

0:05:27.130,0:05:28.324
He was surprised.

0:05:28.999,0:05:31.763
And I remember, I mean, I was told later,

0:05:33.136,0:05:37.539
that one of the participants[br]In that mission,

0:05:38.475,0:05:42.935
senator Barros de Carvalho, of PTB,

0:05:43.013,0:05:46.779
Said right away: " Dr. Jango, Let's[br]open a bottle of champagne

0:05:46.850,0:05:49.683
to celebrate the future president."

0:05:50.153,0:05:51.882
But Jango was a very cautious man,

0:05:51.955,0:05:54.924
very down-to-earth.

0:05:55.825,0:05:57.725
He said: " Look, Barros,[br]if you want to have champagne

0:05:57.794,0:06:00.922
there's nothing wrong with that.[br]We'll have the bar send up some.

0:06:01.264,0:06:05.564
Now, we will not be celebrating my[br]presidency,

0:06:06.169,0:06:08.569
but rather paying homage to[br]unpredictability."

0:09:02.716,0:09:06.015
Săo Borja, a frontier town,[br]at the Missions ŕrea,

0:09:06.086,0:09:08.577
is the birth and resting place[br]of two presidents:

0:09:08.655,0:09:12.421
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas and[br]Joăo Belchior Marques Goulart.

0:09:15.062,0:09:18.156
Joăo Goulart's bedroom[br]at Granja Săo Vicente

0:09:18.232,0:09:21.861
displays moments of his public life,[br]started with president Vargas' help.

0:09:24.037,0:09:27.871
The 1 7 years in between his[br]swearing in as state congressman in '47

0:09:28.308,0:09:31.244
and his overthrowing from power in '64,

0:09:31.312,0:09:35.749
only deepened his nationalism and[br]commitment to social justice,

0:09:35.817,0:09:38.786
the tragic reasons behind[br]the common destiny of both men.

0:09:40.321,0:09:45.088
By putting a gun to his chest[br]on the morning of August 24th, 1954,

0:09:45.593,0:09:48.061
Getúlio Vargas brought an end[br]to his own life

0:09:48.129,0:09:51.895
and also to the plans of his opponents[br]who wanted to achieve power,

0:09:51.966,0:09:54.127
following the trail[br]torn open by the coup.

0:10:00.008,0:10:03.375
Everything changed in those hours[br]between Vargas' suicide

0:10:03.444,0:10:07.175
and the resignation that had been demanded[br]the day before by a military uItimatum.

0:10:33.642,0:10:36.975
When Jango left for Porto Alegre[br]to bury his friend,

0:10:37.046,0:10:41.745
he took with him the will[br]and the political heritage of Getúlio.

0:10:48.057,0:10:50.787
Born on March 1st, 1918,

0:10:51.126,0:10:55.426
Jango, the seventh child of[br]Vicente and Vicentina Goulart,

0:10:55.497,0:10:57.431
affluent landowners,

0:10:57.499,0:11:00.798
spontaneously lived in close[br]contact with farm workers.

0:11:01.003,0:11:02.868
His youth years in Porto Alegre

0:11:02.938,0:11:06.669
were spent between the bliss of bohemian[br]life and the rigors of the academy.

0:11:07.476,0:11:11.004
In the country of lawyers,[br]Jango also got a law degree

0:11:11.081,0:11:12.878
and quickly climbed the steps of[br]a life in politics.

0:11:13.783,0:11:17.310
State congressman in 1947,[br]Federal congressman in 1950,

0:11:17.387,0:11:20.379
secretary of interior and justice[br]in Rio Grande do Sul,

0:11:20.457,0:11:22.391
national chairman for PTB.

0:11:22.459,0:11:27.658
In 1954, when Getúlio had to replace[br]his waves to the people

0:11:27.731,0:11:30.564
for commitments with the working classes,

0:11:30.634,0:11:33.626
Jango stepped out of the shadows,[br]joining the Ministry of Employment.

0:11:35.438,0:11:39.875
Side-by-side in the ministry[br]sat people from the old-republic,

0:11:39.943,0:11:43.743
Getúlio's comrades from the 1930 Revolution,[br]seasoned politicians.

0:11:43.813,0:11:46.441
Joăo Goulart, at age 36,

0:11:46.516,0:11:50.976
personified Vargas' wish to inject[br]new blood into Brazilian politics.

0:11:52.455,0:11:54.753
Jango became minister when[br]seamen were carrying out a strike

0:11:54.824,0:11:56.485
for better pay.

0:11:57.795,0:12:00.730
He mediated the conflict[br]and used his influence to

0:12:00.798,0:12:03.289
grant their claims.

0:12:04.201,0:12:09.036
To celebrate May 1st, he prepared[br]a fair gift to workers:

0:12:09.540,0:12:12.134
a 100% -increase in minimum wage.

0:12:12.543,0:12:15.603
Getúlio granted the increase[br]but dismissed Jango,

0:12:15.680,0:12:19.241
because the salary increase reignited[br]a military crisis,

0:12:19.317,0:12:22.684
that exploded in a manifesto[br]signed by 42 colonels.

0:12:23.220,0:12:25.518
BraziI and its army[br]had been closely following

0:12:25.589,0:12:28.683
the ongoing ideological battle[br]for a long time.

0:12:28.759,0:12:33.753
And this battle was[br]greatly strengthened

0:12:33.831,0:12:38.768
when Mr. Joăo Goulart[br]was minister of employment

0:12:39.103,0:12:41.071
in the Getúlio administration.

0:12:41.138,0:12:45.837
Surrounded by leftists[br]in his ministry,

0:12:45.910,0:12:51.747
Jango started adopting measures[br]that caused concern among the military.

0:12:52.084,0:12:55.485
And the colonels,[br]in light of the Brazilian atmosphere,

0:12:55.554,0:12:59.388
decided to warn[br]their military chiefs, generals,

0:12:59.458,0:13:02.154
and signed a manifesto.

0:13:02.594,0:13:07.691
To communicate their concern

0:13:07.766,0:13:11.725
about the path that BraziI was[br]following towards the left.

0:13:13.105,0:13:15.573
That was the purpose of the manifesto.

0:13:15.640,0:13:18.939
this manifesto was written[br]by a group of military officers

0:13:19.011,0:13:21.946
at the Superior War College and at the[br]General Command of the Military Forces.

0:13:22.014,0:13:24.778
The writer was General Golbery.

0:13:25.550,0:13:31.890
The man doing the lobbying[br]was then General Ademar de Queiroz.

0:13:31.890,0:13:34.358
The campaign against Getúlio was unrelenting.

0:13:34.993,0:13:38.760
Gregório Fortunato, head of[br]the president's Personal guard

0:13:38.831,0:13:41.231
tried to silence the opposition[br]with a gun.

0:13:41.634,0:13:44.762
The attack, wich injured[br]Journalist Carlos Lacerda

0:13:44.837,0:13:49.171
and killed air force major Rubem Vaz,[br]in the small hours of August 5th,

0:13:49.242,0:13:51.676
strengthened the conspiracy[br]against the government.

0:13:51.744,0:13:55.475
The dramatic outcome of the crisis,[br]with the president's suicide,

0:13:55.548,0:13:58.176
robbed the conspirators[br]of the thrill of victory

0:14:02.889,0:14:05.551
A defeated candidate[br]for a senate seat in '54,

0:14:05.625,0:14:09.584
during the '55 elections, Jango received[br]the votes from the labor class

0:14:09.662,0:14:11.562
which elected him Vice-President

0:14:11.631,0:14:14.600
and gave to Juscelino Kubitschek[br]the presidency of the republic.

0:14:15.334,0:14:17.962
Before the inauguration, the wedding.

0:14:18.037,0:14:23.031
On May 12nd, 1955, Jango got married[br]to Maria Teresa Fontela,

0:14:23.109,0:14:25.101
who had also been born[br]in his hometown of Săo Borja.

0:14:27.314,0:14:29.976
As vice-president, Jango represented[br]the always smiling JK

0:14:30.050,0:14:31.574
in dealings with the working class.

0:14:32.619,0:14:36.715
Securing the necessary stability[br]to allow JK to apply his Plan of Goals

0:14:36.790,0:14:38.859
and to increase industrialization,

0:14:38.859,0:14:43.626
PTB's political support protected the[br]salaries and the freedom of the workers.

0:14:47.134,0:14:49.125
With peace underway,

0:14:49.203,0:14:52.104
the constitutional rules govern Brazil.

0:14:54.041,0:14:57.568
While occupying the office of[br]President, during JK's absences,

0:14:57.644,0:15:01.580
Jango combined administrative know-how[br]and political expertise.

0:15:04.651,0:15:08.246
The visit to the Soviet Union[br]in late 1960

0:15:08.522,0:15:12.481
turned Vice-President Joăo Goulart[br]into the first Latin-American leader

0:15:12.559,0:15:16.656
to pierce the ideological barrier[br]buiIt by western countries around Moscow.

0:15:17.732,0:15:21.361
Welcomed by Alexei Kosygin[br]and Leonid Brejnev,

0:15:21.436,0:15:23.404
high-ranking soviet officials,

0:15:23.471,0:15:26.269
Jango broadened Brazil's political horizons.

0:15:26.341,0:15:29.310
Breaching the automatic alignment[br]with the United States,

0:15:29.377,0:15:31.971
he included the country among the[br]frontline of non-aligned nations.

0:15:34.415,0:15:38.374
Jango could not go to the Soviet Union[br]and not see the burial place of Lenin,

0:15:38.453,0:15:41.616
the hero of the 191 7 communist revolution.

0:15:42.023,0:15:45.789
The protocoI visit displeased[br]the military

0:15:45.860,0:15:49.387
which, in 1961 ,[br]tried to prevent his inauguration.

0:15:51.466,0:15:53.134
When visiting Leningrad,

0:15:53.134,0:15:56.763
the port where Russia's feudal[br]history began to sink,

0:15:56.838,0:15:58.601
Jango went onboard the Aurora cruiser,

0:15:58.673,0:16:02.336
from which the first shots of the[br]Bolshevik revolution were fired.

0:16:02.410,0:16:07.644
Jango would be reminded of those images[br]when granting freedom to Brazilian mariners

0:16:07.716,0:16:10.514
after the 1964 revoIt.

0:16:16.025,0:16:19.085
The trip's joyfuI and informal tone,

0:16:19.161,0:16:20.992
caused a meIting of the " cold war" .

0:16:26.001,0:16:29.801
Robots, mechanical arms, atoms.

0:16:30.506,0:16:34.374
Jango discovered in Russia a world[br]on the brink of the Sputnik age.

0:16:36.412,0:16:38.642
BraziI was on the brink of the " Broom age."

0:16:39.281,0:16:44.583
Jânio Quadros' victory in[br]the 1960 presidential elections

0:16:44.653,0:16:48.111
enabled UDN to quench its[br]thirst for power.

0:16:48.357,0:16:52.054
Carlos Lacerda, Afonso Arinos[br]and Magalhăes Pinto

0:16:52.127,0:16:56.827
were the hosts of a party that[br]turned Jânio into a born-again UDN member.

0:16:58.034,0:17:00.696
Banners, waves,

0:17:01.504,0:17:03.233
hugs and applause

0:17:03.306,0:17:05.398
surrounded the conversion ritual.

0:17:05.742,0:17:09.200
BraziI had caught the[br]"Jânio fever" .

0:17:09.445,0:17:13.246
<i>Jânio Quadros is the hope[br]Of this abandoned people</i>

0:17:14.517,0:17:16.246
<i>Sweep, sweep, sweep, sweep...</i>

0:17:16.319,0:17:19.185
<i>Sweep, sweep little broom</i>

0:17:19.556,0:17:22.150
<i>Sweep away all this shamefuI behavior</i>

0:17:23.193,0:17:25.923
<i>Because the people is tired</i>

0:17:26.463,0:17:28.863
<i>Of so much suffering</i>

0:17:30.867,0:17:35.429
In the eyes of the PTB and of the leftist groups,[br]Marshal Henrique Teixeira Lott

0:17:35.505,0:17:38.804
was the ideal presidential candidate.

0:17:44.482,0:17:46.609
Well-respected by the Armed Forces,

0:17:46.684,0:17:51.417
he had conquered the admiration of civilians[br]on November 1 1st, 1955,

0:17:51.489,0:17:53.957
when, as ministry of defense, he guaranteed

0:17:54.025,0:17:55.890
the inauguration of JK and Jango.

0:18:00.097,0:18:04.056
His candidacy had been launched in 1956,

0:18:04.135,0:18:05.932
when he received the " golden sword " ,

0:18:06.003,0:18:09.268
during a ceremony promoted[br]by sergeants and officers.

0:18:10.941,0:18:12.909
Jango was a candidate for reelection.

0:18:14.578,0:18:17.877
<i>BraziI needs a strong arm</i>

0:18:17.948,0:18:21.975
<i>I am, you are, we are voting for Lott</i>

0:18:22.887,0:18:25.583
The bond between military nationalism[br]and the labor party

0:18:25.656,0:18:29.387
included government plans for agricuItural[br]reform and illiterate vote.

0:18:30.227,0:18:33.994
<i>When its time to vote[br]I'll "Jang", I'll "Jang"</i>

0:18:34.066,0:18:37.763
<i>Jango, Jango[br]Jango Goulart</i>

0:18:39.137,0:18:42.903
<i>For Vice-President[br]Will "Jang" Jorge Freitas</i>

0:18:42.974,0:18:46.740
<i>Jango, Jango[br]Jango Goulart</i>

0:18:47.612,0:18:51.639
PSB, aiming to maintain its[br]successfuI alliance with PTB,

0:18:51.717,0:18:54.845
supported the Lott-Joăo Goulart slate.

0:18:55.754,0:18:58.188
Perpetual candidate Ademar de Barros,

0:18:58.256,0:19:01.191
and his same old Social Progressive Party,

0:19:01.259,0:19:03.318
pilfered popular votes.

0:19:03.929,0:19:07.524
First from Juscelino, now from Lott.

0:19:07.899,0:19:12.927
A solemn MiIton Campos was UDN's[br]bet for Jânio's slate.

0:19:13.004,0:19:16.565
In an attempt to free up his hands,[br]Jânio connived towards

0:19:16.641,0:19:19.838
a " Jan-Jan" slate,[br]which ended up being successful.

0:19:26.219,0:19:29.154
The 5 years of the JK[br]administration rocked Brazil.

0:19:29.655,0:19:33.591
Modernization trends ran rampant in the country,[br]as part of a " new" fever:

0:19:33.659,0:19:36.924
Bossa Nova, New Cinema, a new capital city.

0:19:37.630,0:19:41.896
The city's bold architecture[br]became a futurist frame

0:19:41.968,0:19:44.402
for a country full of[br]age-old contrasts.

0:19:45.338,0:19:48.000
JK left office feeling[br]certain he would come back.

0:19:49.308,0:19:53.574
Almost 6 million votes[br]brought Jânio to power.

0:19:55.715,0:19:59.014
Soon he'd pull a rabbit out of his hat.

0:20:02.355,0:20:05.984
Jânio initiated a program[br]of moral reforms.

0:20:06.692,0:20:09.388
Prohibited horse racing[br]during the week,

0:20:10.029,0:20:12.225
adopted slack suits as uniform,

0:20:12.299,0:20:16.497
prohibited cock fighting[br]and banned bikini-clad women from TV.

0:20:17.371,0:20:21.967
The country, in dire need of a leader,[br]had, at last, found its vice-policeman.

0:20:23.710,0:20:26.270
The government staggered in ambiguity.

0:20:26.346,0:20:29.975
Moralist internal policies sealed[br]its commitments

0:20:30.050,0:20:32.018
with middle-class standards.

0:20:32.986,0:20:36.046
Economic measures,[br]such as instruction 204,

0:20:36.123,0:20:38.318
which created a single tax[br]assessed on dollar transactions,

0:20:38.392,0:20:42.089
benefited exporters and[br]foreign investors.

0:20:42.629,0:20:44.563
The end of agricuItural subventions

0:20:44.631,0:20:48.226
caused increased food prices and inflation.

0:20:49.603,0:20:52.538
Foreign policies followed a[br]different mould,

0:20:52.606,0:20:57.009
The visit of president Sukarno inaugurated[br]a new possibility of talks

0:20:57.077,0:21:00.844
with the non-aligned block,[br]that was formed in the early 60s.

0:21:05.453,0:21:08.945
The president had this contradiction

0:21:09.023,0:21:13.687
between the expansion[br]of the Brazilian personality abroad

0:21:14.062,0:21:18.362
and a limitation on the country's[br]economic-financial status.

0:21:18.433,0:21:22.392
He had to advance policies that[br]were not contradictory,

0:21:22.470,0:21:26.531
but that had to abide by[br]those two contingencies,

0:21:26.608,0:21:28.599
those two requirements.

0:21:28.676,0:21:33.443
BraziI was ready to strengthen its[br]international identity,

0:21:33.815,0:21:37.808
but the country, at that time, really[br]depended on the countries

0:21:37.886,0:21:40.480
with which it had[br]economic-financial relations

0:21:40.555,0:21:43.991
in order to maintain its internal[br]financial stability.

0:21:44.792,0:21:46.953
The decoration of Ernesto " Che" Guevara

0:21:47.028,0:21:50.897
was too bold a gesture for the[br]Government's internal allies.

0:21:52.935,0:21:56.598
Carlos Lacerda, a fierce ally[br]up to then,

0:21:56.672,0:22:00.438
turned his back on Jânio and started[br]a crisis that would lead to his resignation.

0:22:08.183,0:22:10.617
In August 1961 ,

0:22:10.686,0:22:15.123
a handshake with Mao Tsę-Tung turned[br]Joăo Goulart into a pioneer again,

0:22:15.791,0:22:18.851
this time bringing[br]BraziI closer to the 3rd world.

0:22:21.530,0:22:25.125
Jango broke the barriers that separated[br]the western countries

0:22:25.200,0:22:27.134
from the People's Republic of China.

0:22:28.203,0:22:32.435
In Beijing he repeated the " meIting"[br]ritual that had taken place in Moscow.

0:22:33.275,0:22:37.302
For Jango, friendship between people[br]went beyond ideological frontiers

0:22:43.186,0:22:47.623
The visit acknowledged the Chinese people's[br]right to self-determination.

0:22:50.193,0:22:52.559
My Chinese friends,

0:22:53.196,0:22:58.065
during these last few days[br]with the Chinese people

0:22:58.134,0:22:59.829
and its officials,

0:22:59.903,0:23:05.967
I was able to see that this is not the[br]old China, full of legends and superstitions,

0:23:06.876,0:23:12.212
which westerners regard[br]with a mixture of vague fright

0:23:12.282,0:23:15.683
and reverential admiration[br]for the unknown.

0:23:16.219,0:23:21.953
Your country exhibits[br]a renewed youthfuIness

0:23:22.025,0:23:23.652
in and on itself.

0:23:23.727,0:23:25.752
In the first contact with your people,

0:23:25.829,0:23:30.631
in light of the warm welcome[br]extended to us,

0:23:30.701,0:23:36.867
I feIt like I was being hosted[br]by an old friend.

0:23:37.875,0:23:41.641
Let friendship grow ever closer,

0:23:41.712,0:23:46.979
between the People's Republic of China[br]and the United States of Brazil.

0:23:52.857,0:23:56.793
Let the friendship among Asian, African

0:23:56.861,0:23:59.728
and Latin-American people grow.

0:24:10.241,0:24:14.177
On August 25th, 1961 ,

0:24:14.245,0:24:16.806
news of the president's[br]resignation were everywhere.

0:24:17.883,0:24:21.683
Jânio left Brasília and took refuge[br]at the Cumbica Airbase in Săo Paulo,

0:24:21.753,0:24:25.018
where he awaited the[br]outcome of the events.

0:24:25.090,0:24:27.684
In doubt, one of[br]his assistants

0:24:27.759,0:24:30.489
brought the presidential ribbon.

0:24:31.763,0:24:33.799
With the Vice-President abroad,

0:24:33.799,0:24:36.267
Congress chairman Ranieri Mazzilli

0:24:36.334,0:24:38.962
became interim head of state.

0:24:39.037,0:24:43.337
The military ministers tried to avoid[br]Jango's return and inauguration.

0:24:43.575,0:24:48.342
And those that were involved[br]with the problem of the ongoing

0:24:48.413,0:24:49.903
battle in Brazil,

0:24:51.249,0:24:55.208
were against Jango's ascension,

0:24:56.254,0:25:01.214
even though we were not

0:25:02.928,0:25:06.865
against Jango himself,

0:25:06.933,0:25:10.232
but against the men that surrounded him

0:25:10.303,0:25:14.399
and that were leading him[br]into adopting a leftist standing

0:25:14.474,0:25:17.034
that was not what we wanted.

0:25:17.777,0:25:20.041
And it is important to note:

0:25:20.113,0:25:24.413
at that point, a revolutionary war[br]was underway in Brazil

0:25:24.951,0:25:29.820
urging a peaceful[br]take over of power.

0:25:30.356,0:25:33.848
And that was what we wanted[br]to avoid in Brazil.

0:25:34.360,0:25:38.160
We did not want BraziI to follow[br]in the steps of the Czech-Slovak republic.

0:25:39.031,0:25:44.230
My first gesture was to offer[br]guarantees to president Jânio Quadros,

0:25:45.037,0:25:48.268
because we believed, at first,

0:25:48.341,0:25:50.673
that he had been the victim of a coup.

0:25:51.978,0:25:54.640
Finally, we were able to get in contact,

0:25:55.215,0:25:57.945
via the journalist Castello Branco,

0:25:58.018,0:26:00.213
with the Cumbica airbase, in Săo Paulo.

0:26:00.287,0:26:04.155
And president Quadros told me[br]that he had actually resigned.

0:26:04.491,0:26:09.724
From then on, we protested[br]incessantly.

0:26:09.997,0:26:12.693
for the inauguration of the Vice-President.

0:26:13.734,0:26:16.635
I took all actions that[br]were incumbent on the state

0:26:16.703,0:26:20.264
in terms of mobilization

0:26:21.608,0:26:23.735
so as to ensure public order.

0:26:24.678,0:26:27.738
I got in touch with the[br]3rd Army Commander

0:26:27.815,0:26:31.945
and said that, in view of the situation,[br]which I was also aware of,

0:26:32.753,0:26:35.984
the State had to take all actions

0:26:36.056,0:26:38.684
to ensure pubic order.

0:26:38.759,0:26:40.249
And that, according to the Constitution,

0:26:40.327,0:26:43.387
only if we were unable to[br]ensure public order,

0:26:43.463,0:26:49.164
would we request help and protection[br]from the federal forces.

0:26:49.771,0:26:53.070
He agreed and I took all actions.

0:26:53.741,0:26:55.902
We mobilized all available[br]weapons

0:26:55.977,0:26:58.138
and got ready for resistance.

0:26:58.213,0:27:00.545
And we feIt that the entire country was closed.

0:27:00.615,0:27:05.052
All other states[br]accepted the military counciI rule,

0:27:05.119,0:27:07.679
except for governor Mauro Borges.

0:27:07.755,0:27:11.816
Here in Rio de Janeiro, governor[br]Lacerda gave repression a free rein.

0:27:11.893,0:27:16.853
In Săo Paulo, governor[br]Carvalho Pinto was also absent

0:27:16.931,0:27:19.798
and repression ensued.[br]The same happened in Minas.

0:27:19.868,0:27:23.429
And I sought to contact all[br]Generals and military chiefs

0:27:23.504,0:27:26.940
that I could, directly or indirectly.

0:27:27.475,0:27:31.935
It was, in fact, at that time that I had a[br]very harsh conversation

0:27:32.013,0:27:35.973
with General Costa e Silva,[br]the commander of the 4th Army in Recife.

0:27:36.285,0:27:40.415
I'll tell you, in summary, that it[br]was a very spontaneous movement,

0:27:40.489,0:27:42.889
a very natural movement, that got stronger;

0:27:42.958,0:27:45.950
we attempted to use[br]all available means,

0:27:46.028,0:27:48.553
especially the media,

0:27:48.631,0:27:51.896
which was our salvation.[br]We were able to bring information

0:27:51.967,0:27:55.596
not only to the public opinion[br]of the state and country,

0:27:55.671,0:27:58.265
I mean, we essentially[br]won that fight

0:27:58.340,0:28:00.638
via a public-opinion battle,

0:28:00.709,0:28:04.475
but also we managed[br]to inform the military themselves,

0:28:04.546,0:28:10.576
to a point when the military council[br]that took over the government

0:28:11.153,0:28:15.954
sent an order to a[br]military unit to go against the south

0:28:16.025,0:28:20.758
and it was the officers themselves[br]who met and refused to follow the order.

0:28:21.196,0:28:25.258
When I was its president, the National Union[br]of Students (UNE) called a national strike

0:28:25.335,0:28:29.135
and students were widely mobilized.

0:28:29.205,0:28:33.301
The Union's board decided[br]to relocate its headquarters

0:28:33.376,0:28:35.173
to Rio Grande do Sul, where,

0:28:35.245,0:28:38.078
together with the people[br]of Rio Grande do SuI and of Brazil,

0:28:38.148,0:28:41.743
they could take part[br]in the campaign for legality.

0:28:41.818,0:28:45.777
I had the opportunity to[br]talk to Brazilian university students

0:28:46.156,0:28:47.987
throught the chain of legality

0:28:48.491,0:28:52.621
and to take part in the entire[br]mobilization process of the population

0:28:52.696,0:28:56.462
to oppose the military coup[br]against president Joăo Goulart.

0:28:57.600,0:29:00.592
The people in the streets,[br]the resistance in the South,

0:29:00.670,0:29:02.695
the split in the armed forces,

0:29:03.073,0:29:07.100
gave back to the national congress[br]the controI over the political process.

0:29:07.177,0:29:10.635
this time politicians were[br]not discussing Jango's unseating,

0:29:10.714,0:29:11.942
but rather his inauguration.

0:29:12.516,0:29:16.543
Legality was reestablished[br]with a compromise.

0:29:17.288,0:29:20.086
The congress approved the[br]parliamentary amendment.

0:29:20.524,0:29:25.018
In the course of the voting[br]process, some were still undecided.

0:29:31.035,0:29:35.131
In his journey back, Joăo[br]Goulart exhibited aptitude and patience.

0:29:35.206,0:29:38.300
Upon hearing of the resignation,[br]he returned immediately to Brazil

0:29:38.376,0:29:39.638
through the longest route:

0:29:39.710,0:29:42.907
Paris, New York,[br]Buenos Aires and Montevideo.

0:29:43.881,0:29:45.041
The Pacific Route.

0:29:45.950,0:29:48.043
From the balcony of Piratini palace

0:29:48.119,0:29:50.212
he saluted the crowd calling his name.

0:30:09.975,0:30:13.570
Upon arriving in Brasília, politicians[br]and military officers celebrated

0:30:13.645,0:30:16.170
the peacefuI solution to the crisis.

0:30:16.248,0:30:19.240
Even those who had[br]sided with a military veto

0:30:19.317,0:30:21.478
welcomed the new president.

0:30:31.863,0:30:34.923
The Colonels of '54 were split.

0:30:35.267,0:30:39.067
ColoneI Antônio Carlos Muricy[br]was forced to leave his position

0:30:39.137,0:30:41.833
in Rio Grande do Sul[br]due to his opposition to Brizola.

0:30:41.907,0:30:45.104
General Golbery, frustrated[br]with Jânio's resignation,

0:30:45.177,0:30:47.702
left the army to set up lPES.

0:30:48.146,0:30:51.742
General Ernesto Geisel,[br]the military commander of Planalto,

0:30:51.818,0:30:55.686
aborted the " Mosquito Operation" , that[br]had been devised by the FAB officers,

0:30:55.755,0:30:58.952
to bring down the plane that[br]was flying Jango back to Brasília.

0:31:04.030,0:31:07.261
On September 7th, 1961 ,

0:31:07.333,0:31:11.463
Jango was inaugurated as president[br]and announced that his administration

0:31:11.537,0:31:14.199
intended to be the marker[br]of a new independence of Brazil.

0:31:15.308,0:31:20.109
Political parties, congressmen,

0:31:20.980,0:31:24.939
everybody knows that,[br]due to my very nature,

0:31:25.651,0:31:29.815
I tend to bring together[br]and not to set apart,

0:31:30.356,0:31:33.814
I'm a peacemaker, not an instigator,

0:31:34.360,0:31:38.319
I prefer to harmonize[br]rather than stimulate resentment.

0:31:38.731,0:31:43.294
We shall promote internal peace,[br]peace with dignity,

0:31:44.004,0:31:48.168
peace leading to the safety[br]of our institutions,

0:31:49.009,0:31:51.910
ensuring our democratic rights,

0:31:52.346,0:31:55.838
the permanent observance of the[br]will of the people

0:31:55.916,0:31:58.817
and the inviolability[br]of the national sovereignty.

0:32:04.625,0:32:07.116
Congressman Ranieri Mazzilli of PSB

0:32:07.361,0:32:10.296
returned the presidential ribbon[br]to Joăo Goulart.

0:32:11.632,0:32:15.295
However, the president would still[br]be under the rule of PSB

0:32:15.369,0:32:16.768
during the new regime.

0:32:22.142,0:32:23.905
The first parliamentary cabinet

0:32:23.977,0:32:27.743
was moderate and followed the style[br]of Prime Minister Tancredo Neves.

0:32:28.115,0:32:33.053
UDN and the Christian Democratic Party[br]made up the conciliation cabinet.

0:32:33.788,0:32:37.884
President Goulart's PTB[br]was in the minority.

0:32:37.959,0:32:39.893
Pressure from the population[br]would be used

0:32:39.961,0:32:42.759
to change the cadence[br]of ministerial decision-making.

0:32:43.798,0:32:46.358
The government met old[br]nationalist claims.

0:32:46.801,0:32:49.292
Cancelled the agreement[br]with Hanna Mining Corporation,

0:32:49.370,0:32:52.498
a muItinational mining company,[br]and signed the rural act.

0:32:53.808,0:32:59.678
When Mr. Joăo Goulart[br]became president of the republic,

0:32:59.747,0:33:01.874
we worked the fields

0:33:01.950,0:33:05.716
organizing peasant leagues,[br]peasant associations

0:33:05.787,0:33:07.379
and other associations,

0:33:07.822,0:33:09.585
to fight for agricuItural reform,

0:33:09.657,0:33:15.061
rallying for the most important claims[br]of poor countrymen in Brazil.

0:33:17.498,0:33:21.333
During his administration[br]we had more freedom

0:33:21.770,0:33:24.705
because we strengthened our organizations,

0:33:25.074,0:33:27.565
especially our unions.

0:33:28.077,0:33:33.276
The first National AgricuItural[br]Workers' Meeting was held,

0:33:33.349,0:33:35.943
which included all classes of[br]poor countrymen,

0:33:36.018,0:33:37.349
in Belo Horizonte.

0:33:37.720,0:33:42.248
In attendance during the meeting[br]were Mr. Magalhăes Pinto

0:33:42.791,0:33:43.985
and Mr. Joăo Goulart

0:33:44.393,0:33:47.726
as well as numerous senators[br]and federal congressmen

0:33:47.796,0:33:52.134
and other administrative[br]and political authorities

0:33:52.134,0:33:53.761
of the country.

0:33:53.836,0:33:56.100
Goulart was a supporter of base reforms.

0:33:56.171,0:33:58.969
AgricuItural reform, urban reform,[br]tax reform

0:34:00.142,0:34:02.235
So we joined this fight.

0:34:02.811,0:34:05.780
What we wanted was the participation[br]of rural workers

0:34:05.848,0:34:09.376
in the great mobilization process[br]that was going on in Brazil

0:34:09.452,0:34:11.976
beginning in 1960.

0:34:14.324,0:34:17.157
In May 1962

0:34:17.226,0:34:21.527
the government announced the intention[br]to amend article 1 41 of the Constitution

0:34:21.598,0:34:25.090
that determined the payment of[br]previous cash indemnification

0:34:25.168,0:34:26.658
for expropriation.

0:34:27.237,0:34:29.431
Without that change, agricuItural reform

0:34:29.505,0:34:33.306
would become merely a good[br]deal for speculators.

0:34:36.913,0:34:39.473
The ideological fight took to the streets.

0:34:39.916,0:34:42.077
Right-wing propaganda used Cuba

0:34:42.152,0:34:45.518
as a pretext to wear[br]its old costumes in public.

0:34:49.626,0:34:52.493
Leftists believed[br]in the success of the Cuban model.

0:34:55.931,0:34:59.369
Political mobilization to support[br]FideI Castro

0:34:59.437,0:35:01.428
extended all over Brazil.

0:35:03.240,0:35:05.299
Chief of police, Sir,

0:35:08.646,0:35:12.343
we are in a[br]democratic country...

0:35:13.617,0:35:15.050
We are in a country...

0:35:16.620,0:35:18.713
Chief of police, Sir,

0:35:21.292,0:35:23.055
It will be OK.

0:35:23.894,0:35:26.124
It will be OK because from now...

0:35:29.633,0:35:31.999
In Pernambuco, in the city of Caruaru,

0:35:32.636,0:35:34.763
communist leader David Capistrano,

0:35:34.839,0:35:38.206
who would suffer state-sponsored[br]violence come the 70s,

0:35:38.275,0:35:41.039
was facing the intolerant 60s.

0:35:47.919,0:35:51.582
Workers of Caruaru!

0:35:55.193,0:36:01.530
I call to all communist[br]leaders of Caruaru!

0:36:06.671,0:36:09.162
The escalating terrorist violence

0:36:09.241,0:36:12.005
would leave its mark[br]on the soviet expo,

0:36:12.077,0:36:15.240
that exhibited in Brazil[br]the new trends of the socialist world

0:36:15.313,0:36:17.304
and the new technology[br]of Eastern Europe.

0:36:19.718,0:36:23.313
The inquiry that looked into the attack[br]revealed that part of those actions

0:36:23.388,0:36:26.221
had been planned in the backrooms of[br]the government of Guanabara.

0:36:26.658,0:36:29.650
The list of those involved,[br]included the chief of the state police.

0:36:30.695,0:36:34.461
The National Union of Students[br]was a target of the terrorist actions

0:36:34.533,0:36:36.434
of extreme-right groups.

0:36:36.502,0:36:40.666
The anti-communist movement[br]gave rise to an action against

0:36:40.740,0:36:44.107
the National Union of Students with machine[br]guns being shot at the headquarters of UNE.

0:36:44.177,0:36:48.113
In fact, what was going on[br]was that in Brazil,

0:36:48.181,0:36:52.550
a fascist group was getting organized,[br]forming paramilitary organizations,

0:36:52.618,0:36:58.056
the right-wing was getting organized, its[br]activities funded by foreign organizations;

0:36:58.124,0:37:01.321
later, all that[br]was revealed.

0:37:01.394,0:37:04.329
All of that had a very clear purpose:

0:37:04.397,0:37:07.230
to prevent the people from[br]taking part in politics.

0:37:07.300,0:37:11.361
to curtaiI the participation of workers,[br]of the working class,

0:37:11.771,0:37:14.501
to curtaiI the participation[br]of rural workers,

0:37:14.574,0:37:16.838
to curtaiI the participation[br]of students.

0:37:16.909,0:37:19.434
Because we were actually advancing

0:37:19.512,0:37:21.673
towards increased democratization.

0:37:21.747,0:37:25.775
Economic democratization,[br]democratization of the land,

0:37:25.853,0:37:29.687
democratization of political power,[br]democratization of knowledge.

0:37:29.756,0:37:32.953
And the Brazilian upper class,[br]from the heights of its reactionary nature,

0:37:33.026,0:37:36.689
the large foreign groups,[br]large muItinational companies,

0:37:36.763,0:37:39.732
the great landowners,[br]the large bourgeoisie of Brazil,

0:37:39.800,0:37:43.668
could not accept[br]even the basic reforms

0:37:43.737,0:37:46.968
that president Jango Goulart[br]wanted to implement in Brazil.

0:37:50.911,0:37:54.904
The most audacious part of the[br]Brazilian government was its foreign policy.

0:37:54.982,0:37:58.349
Itamaraty established a[br]non-aligned diplomacy,

0:37:58.418,0:38:01.353
unfastening the knots that[br]bound the interests of the country

0:38:01.421,0:38:04.049
to the decisions that came from Washington.

0:38:04.124,0:38:07.093
The government resumed[br]relations with the Soviet Union,

0:38:07.160,0:38:10.095
voted against the[br]colonialist policy in Africa,

0:38:10.163,0:38:13.394
and supported Cuba's[br]right to self-determination.

0:38:14.802,0:38:18.431
The foreign policy[br]got stuck in the frontiers of economic dependency.

0:38:18.840,0:38:22.936
Pressure from the U.S. caused[br]minister Santiago Dantas to go to Washington,

0:38:23.011,0:38:25.079
where, in a cold weather,

0:38:25.079,0:38:27.912
he was to negotiate the limits of the[br]Brazilian foreign debt.

0:38:29.817,0:38:34.277
I believe that those days

0:38:34.355,0:38:39.987
spent with American and international[br]authorities in Washington

0:38:40.495,0:38:45.728
are part of the situation[br]I had the opportunity to announce

0:38:45.800,0:38:48.598
to the Brazilian people[br]before leaving Brazil

0:38:48.670,0:38:54.233
and that the resuIts of this visit will[br]meet the expectations of the Brazilian people.

0:38:54.509,0:39:00.778
Those are: that BraziI has no intention[br]of increasing its debt immoderately

0:39:00.848,0:39:05.252
instead,[br]we seek to establish

0:39:05.354,0:39:09.058
conditions that will allow the[br]country to face its commitments

0:39:09.058,0:39:11.549
according to its paying capabilities.

0:39:13.896,0:39:17.957
Joăo Goulart's trip[br]to the U.S. in ApriI 1962

0:39:18.033,0:39:21.662
suspended temporarily the increase[br]in the gap between both countries.

0:39:33.248,0:39:37.480
A priority in Jango's agenda[br]was to renegotiate the foreign debt.

0:39:38.187,0:39:42.749
For Kennedy, the important thing[br]was to redefine the political rules in Brazil.

0:39:44.026,0:39:47.928
Nationalization of U.S. companies[br]and the program of reforms

0:39:47.997,0:39:50.864
sounded like communism.

0:39:50.933,0:39:52.127
One week before,

0:39:52.201,0:39:55.660
governor LeoneI Brizola[br]expropriated in Rio Grande do Sul

0:39:55.739,0:39:58.173
the assets of Companhia Telefônica Nacional,

0:39:58.241,0:40:00.732
the Brazilian arm of lTT.

0:40:00.810,0:40:03.438
The U.S. welcomed Jango with open arms,

0:40:03.513,0:40:06.914
fearing that Brazil[br]could move away from the western block.

0:40:08.251,0:40:12.244
In UN, Jango explained, in person[br]to the international press

0:40:12.322,0:40:14.483
the meaning of the nationalizations.

0:40:14.791,0:40:16.918
The need we feIt

0:40:18.061,0:40:23.795
to talk about[br]the expropriation of companies,

0:40:23.867,0:40:28.167
as part of the discussions,[br]was caused exactly by the difficuIties

0:40:28.238,0:40:30.331
that they were creating,[br]at the time, in my country.

0:40:30.407,0:40:33.501
We can encourage[br]foreign-capital investments

0:40:33.576,0:40:36.602
if we pay fair[br]remuneration on their capital.

0:40:36.980,0:40:40.643
When I say " fair" ,[br]I wish to express

0:40:40.717,0:40:43.654
the country's ideal of justice.

0:40:43.654,0:40:47.920
It cannot yield excessive[br]profits either.

0:40:48.959,0:40:51.757
Profits that would lead[br]to very fast enrichment

0:40:51.829,0:40:54.764
in detriment of the national interest

0:40:54.832,0:40:57.426
or at the expense of[br]the country's economic stability.

0:40:57.968,0:41:00.630
So we wish to find a fair balance,

0:41:00.705,0:41:05.108
in which reasonable remuneration[br]is paid on the capital,

0:41:05.176,0:41:07.076
yielding profits,

0:41:07.144,0:41:11.205
but as a resuIt of activities that[br]are in the best interest of the nation,

0:41:11.949,0:41:15.783
so that the profits can also bring[br]about benefits for the country.

0:41:19.990,0:41:23.187
The department of state sent[br]two stars to Brazil.

0:41:23.260,0:41:25.785
The pale glamour of John Gavin

0:41:25.863,0:41:28.957
and the rehearsed faith[br]of father Patrick Peyton,

0:41:29.033,0:41:33.494
Hollywood vicar, a favorite of[br]9 out of 10 movie stars.

0:41:35.707,0:41:38.437
To mobilize the[br]middle classes,

0:41:38.510,0:41:42.814
father Peyton organized[br]a religious crusade under the motto:

0:41:42.814,0:41:45.874
" The family that prays together[br]stays together."

0:41:46.618,0:41:50.110
The purpose was to have Catholics[br]unite against communists.

0:41:51.089,0:41:54.581
And, at the personal request of Jango,[br]as press secretary,

0:41:55.327,0:41:58.626
I extended father Peyton[br]all kinds of courtesies,

0:41:58.964,0:42:06.996
and even gave him[br]television tapes

0:42:08.039,0:42:10.337
so that he could record his campaign.

0:42:11.376,0:42:14.402
The opposition transferred[br]the capital to Washington.

0:42:14.913,0:42:18.280
Dollar loans that had been denied[br]to the Brazilian government

0:42:18.350,0:42:23.254
funded directly the administration of[br]anti-Joăo Goulart governors.

0:42:23.723,0:42:26.351
The Whitehouse was the[br]headquarters of the government,

0:42:26.425,0:42:30.828
where Carlos Lacerda and[br]Ademar de Barros feIt at home.

0:42:31.697,0:42:33.528
I looked into the problem[br]of slums

0:42:33.933,0:42:36.993
and the president was[br]clearly impressed

0:42:37.069,0:42:39.230
with the data I showed him.

0:42:39.305,0:42:42.399
Rio de Janeiro, for example,[br]has an annual deficit

0:42:42.475,0:42:45.876
of 10 thousand homes,

0:42:45.945,0:42:48.379
and this deficit has been accruing over the[br]last 10 years.

0:42:48.447,0:42:50.847
Which means that we have a deficit,[br]in Rio de Janeiro alone,

0:42:50.917,0:42:52.509
of 100 thousand homes.

0:42:53.019,0:42:57.615
And not only was the president impressed,[br]but he also got in touch with Mr. Goodman

0:42:57.690,0:43:01.057
to try and move forward[br]the ongoing projects

0:43:01.127,0:43:03.493
relating to the slums in Guanabara.

0:43:03.563,0:43:06.396
We discussed a half-dozen matters;

0:43:06.465,0:43:10.630
the problem of the Port of Santos,[br]the problem of the Săo Sebastiăo Port.

0:43:10.704,0:43:15.300
The problem of the water supply[br]to the city of Săo Paulo;

0:43:15.375,0:43:18.572
we have water for 2.5 million inhabitants

0:43:18.645,0:43:22.206
and we need water for[br]4.5 million inhabitants.

0:43:23.050,0:43:24.950
We have huge problems,

0:43:25.018,0:43:30.547
new highways,[br]electricity for railroads,

0:43:30.991,0:43:33.619
new hydroelectric plants,

0:43:33.694,0:43:35.753
many problems

0:43:35.829,0:43:39.356
relating to the economy of Săo Paulo[br]and of the country.

0:43:39.433,0:43:41.799
The cabinet headed by Tancredo Neves[br]came to an end

0:43:41.869,0:43:45.236
when the prime minister resigned[br]to run in the elections.

0:43:45.305,0:43:48.240
The new cabinet,[br]headed by Brochado da Rocha

0:43:48.308,0:43:51.072
survived two months[br]of successive crisis.

0:43:51.144,0:43:56.013
The last prime minister, Hermes Lima,[br]a member of the Socialist Party,

0:43:56.083,0:43:58.517
came to wind up parliamentarism[br]in the country.

0:43:59.519,0:44:01.715
With presidentialism in sight,

0:44:01.789,0:44:06.249
the 1962 elections[br]became more important.

0:44:06.494,0:44:09.930
As part of the elections,[br]the right wing laid down its arms.

0:44:10.098,0:44:12.157
To stop the progress of the left,

0:44:12.233,0:44:16.135
Brazilian Institute for Democratic Action[br]- lBAD -,

0:44:16.204,0:44:17.865
the advanced arm of lPES,

0:44:17.939,0:44:20.772
injected over 2 million[br]dollars in the campaign

0:44:20.842,0:44:25.113
funding the campaign of[br]250 candidates to the federal congress

0:44:25.113,0:44:26.910
and several governors.

0:44:28.116,0:44:34.646
<i>Will the democratic institutions[br]prevaiI over the battle of relentless ambitions?</i>

0:44:35.523,0:44:37.150
<i>From crisis to chaos</i>

0:44:37.225,0:44:41.787
<i>The country can be dragged[br]into an irreversible crisis.</i>

0:44:42.497,0:44:48.436
<i>What are we doing to prevent[br]that the Brazilian people be faced</i>

0:44:48.503,0:44:53.168
<i>with the tragic choice between[br]anti-democratic solutions?</i>

0:44:53.542,0:44:58.172
<i>We, the intellectuals,[br]we, the company owners,</i>

0:44:59.248,0:45:02.740
<i>we, the men who have[br]the responsibility to rule,</i>

0:45:03.152,0:45:08.283
<i>we, who believe in democracy[br]and in free initiative,</i>

0:45:08.357,0:45:15.320
<i>we cannot remain silent while[br]the situation deteriorates day by day.</i>

0:45:15.397,0:45:18.161
<i>Omission is a crime.!</i>

0:45:18.233,0:45:24.604
<i>lf we remain isolated, we'll be crushed.[br]We must combine our efforts.</i>

0:45:25.240,0:45:29.734
<i>Let us direct the actions of the[br]democrats into one single path</i>

0:45:30.245,0:45:34.011
<i>so that we shall not be[br]victims of totalitarianism.</i>

0:45:34.316,0:45:39.322
<i>And it is exactly to coordinate[br]the thoughts and actions</i>

0:45:39.322,0:45:42.450
<i>of all those that do not[br]wish to remain silent</i>

0:45:43.560,0:45:46.552
<i>in light of the catastrophe[br]that threatens us,</i>

0:45:46.629,0:45:50.531
<i>that we have created[br]a new organism,</i>

0:45:50.600,0:45:56.232
<i>with a new message for the[br]new reality of Brazil.</i>

0:45:56.306,0:45:58.934
<i>We have one basic purpose.:</i>

0:45:59.242,0:46:03.611
<i>To prevent the difficuIt situation[br]that the country is facing</i>

0:46:03.680,0:46:07.844
<i>from compromising[br]our democratic institutions</i>

0:46:07.917,0:46:09.908
<i>and christian traditions.</i>

0:46:09.986,0:46:16.755
<i>The Institute for Social Research and Study[br]has these basic goals.</i>

0:46:17.560,0:46:21.496
<i>Its purposes are clear and well-defined.</i>

0:46:22.332,0:46:27.497
<i>The Institute shall execute a plan[br]to achieve such purposes as.:</i>

0:46:29.173,0:46:32.802
<i>The strengthening of the[br]democratic institutions,:</i>

0:46:33.644,0:46:36.943
<i>end of underdevelopment,:</i>

0:46:37.314,0:46:40.283
<i>currency stabilization,:</i>

0:46:40.651,0:46:45.987
<i>The moralization and efficiency[br]of the governmental structure.</i>

0:46:46.357,0:46:50.293
<i>But lPES cannot be reduced to words.</i>

0:46:50.661,0:46:52.390
<i>Action is necessary.</i>

0:46:52.930,0:46:55.398
All those dollars[br]were not enough to prevent the triumph

0:46:55.466,0:46:58.435
of politicians committed to[br]the reforms.

0:46:58.502,0:47:00.595
The number of congressmen from UDN dropped

0:47:00.671,0:47:02.935
while the number of congressmen[br]from PTB increased.

0:47:03.274,0:47:05.367
PSB maintained the majority.

0:47:05.443,0:47:08.344
The new congress[br]gained a different face.

0:47:08.712,0:47:11.237
Politicians regrouped[br]in fronts.

0:47:11.315,0:47:14.250
On the one side,[br]the Nationalist Parliamentary Front.

0:47:14.652,0:47:17.656
And on the other,[br]the Parliamentary Democratic Action,

0:47:17.656,0:47:19.590
the lair of reaction[br]against the reforms.

0:47:21.560,0:47:26.395
One of the most important aspects of[br]that group of right-wing congressmen,

0:47:26.465,0:47:30.299
was the fact that, even though it was[br]called " Parliamentary Democratic Action" ,

0:47:30.368,0:47:33.269
and had little or no democracy about it,

0:47:33.338,0:47:39.971
it managed to[br]turn congress

0:47:40.679,0:47:42.874
into a stage for conflicts.

0:47:43.315,0:47:49.276
Conflicts that were certainly[br]based on actual economic interests

0:47:49.654,0:47:54.114
but that were being presented[br]as ideological battles.

0:47:54.192,0:47:58.458
When asked to decide[br]the fate of parliamentarism,

0:47:58.530,0:48:01.294
the people returned to Jango the[br]powers that had been stripped from him.

0:48:02.334,0:48:05.235
15 million people voted.

0:48:05.303,0:48:08.467
Almost 10 million said[br]"no" to parliamentarism.

0:48:08.741,0:48:11.369
Jango had 3 more years[br]of government ahead of him.

0:48:12.745,0:48:17.375
The president, with a minority in congress,[br]organized a conciliatory cabinet

0:48:17.750,0:48:19.183
where PSB had a majority[br]of the representatives

0:48:19.252,0:48:21.516
and the left-wing[br]held the most influence.

0:48:32.431,0:48:36.299
Democratization in the use of land,[br]illiterate vote,

0:48:36.369,0:48:40.669
rules to govern rents,[br]fair basis for minimum wage.

0:48:41.040,0:48:45.033
Those were the highlights[br]of a government program

0:48:45.111,0:48:47.705
that could achieve[br]greater social harmony.

0:49:01.428,0:49:04.022
Jango intended to end hunger[br]and misery,

0:49:04.097,0:49:08.466
in a country where justice had always[br]been the dark side of democracy.

0:49:11.338,0:49:15.434
The situation in the northeast received[br]special attention from the government.

0:49:16.410,0:49:19.641
The president's plan[br]in '64 received

0:49:19.713,0:49:24.946
the same opposition he had attracted[br]back in '54 as minister of employment.

0:49:25.819,0:49:29.380
Strike seeker,[br]promoter of class battles

0:49:29.456,0:49:31.083
and enemy of capitalism.

0:49:34.261,0:49:38.698
The agricuItural workers, mobilized by[br]the social transformation process,

0:49:38.765,0:49:42.030
received a wakeup call[br]about the longstanding poverty in the fields.

0:49:42.436,0:49:46.703
The perspective of small changes[br]in a country with great inequalities

0:49:46.774,0:49:48.435
brought about many illusions.

0:49:49.711,0:49:53.511
Thousands of workers,[br]landless and jobless,

0:49:53.581,0:49:56.277
embarked aboard a train of hope,

0:49:56.351,0:50:00.082
leaping from the pages of a book[br]onto the political scene.

0:50:00.755,0:50:05.158
With the reforms, Jango[br]made the country live its utopia.

0:50:17.872,0:50:20.864
The president needed the support[br]of the military.

0:50:21.142,0:50:24.202
The tradition of military[br]intervention in the political life

0:50:24.279,0:50:26.213
no longer had the hues of adventure.

0:50:26.881,0:50:31.909
The improvisation of the 20s had[br]been replaced by the ideology of the late 40s.

0:50:32.887,0:50:36.790
The Superior War College,[br]created in 1950

0:50:36.859,0:50:39.528
to mirror the North-American War College,

0:50:39.528,0:50:41.655
assembled its own political model,

0:50:41.697,0:50:45.292
based on the concept of[br]safety and development.

0:50:47.569,0:50:49.605
Challenging the disciplinary rule,

0:50:49.605,0:50:53.974
sergeants elected two representatives[br]in the October '62 elections.

0:50:54.043,0:50:55.442
RevoIting against the legal decision

0:50:55.511,0:50:57.741
that prevented the investiture[br]of the elected representatives,

0:50:57.813,0:51:01.408
the sergeants followed a[br]military tradition and rebelled.

0:51:01.483,0:51:04.543
Jango had to punish them to[br]prevent a breach of discipline

0:51:04.620,0:51:06.918
that could bring down[br]the government itself.

0:51:06.989,0:51:11.358
Unions, students and politicians[br]rallied for the rebelling sergeants.

0:51:11.794,0:51:14.092
The president pardoned the sergeants,

0:51:14.163,0:51:17.997
in a decision that usually[br]was only granted to officers.

0:51:20.235,0:51:24.036
The political activities of the sergeants[br]intimidated the military chiefs.

0:51:24.107,0:51:28.271
General Ozino Alves, a nationalist[br]with a good reputation among the ranks

0:51:28.345,0:51:31.405
was personally trying,[br]as head of the 1st army

0:51:31.481,0:51:34.279
to have the officers[br]support the government.

0:51:53.336,0:51:56.601
Joăo Goulart would[br]soon commit a fatal mistake.

0:51:56.973,0:52:00.670
As many other progressive[br]heads of state in Latin America,

0:52:00.744,0:52:02.871
<i>he paid the price for his na:ďvetę</i>

0:52:02.946,0:52:05.414
in trying to settle[br]the military dispute over lunch.

0:52:05.982,0:52:09.213
The plot against Goulart[br]was well underway.

0:52:09.285,0:52:12.881
Telegrams confirmed that the minister[br]of war of the Jango administration,

0:52:12.957,0:52:15.949
general Amaury Kruel, was,[br]himself, part of the military group

0:52:16.026,0:52:18.893
plotting the coup d'etat.

0:52:19.697,0:52:22.825
Together at the palace, they[br]once again swore

0:52:22.900,0:52:26.597
loyalty to the president[br]and allegiance to the constitution.

0:52:27.004,0:52:29.768
The intention of the military chiefs

0:52:29.840,0:52:33.833
was exactly to have Jango[br]reach the end of his term of office,

0:52:34.612,0:52:40.710
since we only intended to start[br]an armed fight as a last resort.

0:52:41.719,0:52:46.383
We did prepare to[br]be able to face

0:52:46.457,0:52:48.550
any government action.

0:52:50.594,0:52:55.054
But, by late '63,

0:52:55.566,0:53:00.026
we received notice that the government[br]had been preparing a coup,

0:53:01.038,0:53:08.104
and those news were confirmed by[br]an individual we held in high esteem

0:53:09.714,0:53:11.204
and trust,

0:53:11.716,0:53:16.847
so we contemplated the possibility of[br]taking action before the government.

0:53:17.722,0:53:20.425
The armed forces tend to adopt[br]interventionist actions,

0:53:20.425,0:53:24.885
because usually in Brazil[br]social conflicts

0:53:24.963,0:53:28.533
are settled via the intervention[br]of the armed forces.

0:53:28.533,0:53:31.798
So the political entities behind[br]those conflicts

0:53:31.870,0:53:34.236
are the ones that invite the intervention[br]of the armed forces.

0:53:34.306,0:53:35.898
The manner in which such[br]intervention can be prevented

0:53:35.974,0:53:39.432
is to have the armed forces turn into[br]a neutral entity,

0:53:39.511,0:53:40.876
which is only possible

0:53:40.946,0:53:43.540
with the political and ideological[br]division of the armed forces.

0:53:46.718,0:53:51.418
The economic crisis, with an inflation[br]threatening to go beyond the 100% mark

0:53:51.491,0:53:54.051
would be one of the obstacles[br]affecting social development.

0:53:54.126,0:53:58.062
The general command of workers,[br]the compact group of PTB,

0:53:58.130,0:54:01.361
LeoneI Brizola and the[br]National Union of Students

0:54:01.434,0:54:04.926
called for basic reforms[br]as the immediate solution.

0:54:05.338,0:54:08.705
The three-year plan of Celso Furtado[br]and Santiago Dantas

0:54:08.774,0:54:11.504
suggested, first,[br]the sanitizing of the economy.

0:54:13.112,0:54:15.774
This is a very important point,

0:54:15.848,0:54:22.276
since it touches the very nature[br]of the Joăo Goulart administration.

0:54:22.355,0:54:24.585
Joăo Goulart had not been elected[br]president of the republic,

0:54:24.657,0:54:29.185
he had actually been part of a[br]PSD-PTB coalition.

0:54:29.262,0:54:32.561
And the head of the coalition was PSD,[br]the majority party.

0:54:32.632,0:54:36.135
When Jango was sworn into office,[br]he had to adjust such forces.

0:54:36.135,0:54:43.508
And l'd say that it led...[br]not so much to a dichotomy,

0:54:43.577,0:54:45.772
but rather to a double[br]orientation of the government,

0:54:45.846,0:54:47.939
or the forces[br]that supported the government.

0:54:48.015,0:54:53.078
One group was intent on recovering[br]controI over the situation.

0:54:53.153,0:54:55.314
I mean, the economy[br]was in a state of disarray,

0:54:55.389,0:54:57.823
and, as I said,[br]it faced a strong inflationary surge,

0:54:57.891,0:55:00.451
lack of payments,[br]domestic and foreign problems.

0:55:00.527,0:55:02.518
And it was necessary to recover[br]controI over that.

0:55:03.163,0:55:04.824
And my opinion, even back then,

0:55:04.898,0:55:07.492
is that it is impossible[br]to recover controI without growth,

0:55:07.568,0:55:09.832
in an orderly fashion.[br]Hence the three-year plan.

0:55:09.903,0:55:14.772
l'd say: if we recover the reigns of the[br]situation, we'll make the economy grow

0:55:15.142,0:55:17.975
so we'll be able to introduce reforms,

0:55:18.045,0:55:20.981
that are the essence[br]of the government's policies.

0:55:20.981,0:55:25.111
That is why the three-year plan ended[br]with a list of the structural reforms

0:55:25.185,0:55:26.413
that were necessary.

0:55:26.486,0:55:30.321
But they resuIted from[br]an increased controI over the economy

0:55:30.391,0:55:33.360
and, therefore, a consensus[br]was necessary

0:55:33.428,0:55:37.831
to ensure a solid standing[br]for the government.

0:55:38.199,0:55:42.499
What happened was that the different[br]groups that supported the government

0:55:42.570,0:55:43.662
could not reach a consensus.

0:55:43.738,0:55:47.709
At least with regard to this strategy,[br]they couldn't .

0:55:47.709,0:55:50.974
And there were powerfuI groups that[br]believed that it was more important

0:55:51.045,0:55:53.809
to launch immediately[br]the reform plans.

0:55:53.881,0:55:56.907
And that is what prevented a consensus.

0:55:56.985,0:56:02.150
And president Joăo Goulart was[br]torn between the two groups.

0:56:02.924,0:56:06.087
Attacked by unions[br]and business owners,

0:56:06.160,0:56:08.651
the three-year plan never left the drawer.

0:56:08.730,0:56:10.630
As a remedy for the economic crisis,

0:56:10.698,0:56:13.496
it had an effect that was[br]unacceptable to the government:

0:56:13.568,0:56:15.627
limits on salaries.

0:56:18.773,0:56:20.833
The General Command of Workers,

0:56:20.909,0:56:24.367
completely immersed[br]in institutional debates,

0:56:24.446,0:56:27.643
abandoned the strengthening[br]of its union foundations.

0:56:27.950,0:56:29.645
CGT exchanged the work at production lines,

0:56:29.718,0:56:32.118
where it worked side-by-side[br]with the workers,

0:56:32.187,0:56:35.486
for activities developed[br]side-by-side with politicians.

0:56:35.557,0:56:37.752
Strike was a word of order,

0:56:37.826,0:56:40.852
heard only by employees[br]of state-owned companies

0:56:40.929,0:56:44.922
sometimes with the cautious support[br]of industrial and trade workers.

0:56:45.601,0:56:49.662
When the command of workers realized[br]its mistake, it was too late.

0:56:49.738,0:56:51.899
March was around the corner.

0:56:51.974,0:56:53.669
ENOUGH EXPLOlTATlON

0:56:53.742,0:56:57.143
Jango intended to change[br]the face of Brazilian capitalism

0:56:57.212,0:57:01.774
by reducing social inequalities, giving[br]capitalism a more humanitarian, less

0:57:01.850,0:57:03.249
savage appearance.

0:57:03.318,0:57:07.049
Among his allies, his goals[br]were often mistaken

0:57:07.122,0:57:09.819
for an intention to end capitalism.

0:57:09.893,0:57:13.829
Other times, his allies thought he had[br]no intention of ending capitalism,

0:57:13.897,0:57:18.800
He had to put together a strategy[br]while battling the personal discomfort

0:57:18.868,0:57:21.530
of being the rich president[br]of a poor country.

0:57:23.106,0:57:25.904
The President was aware of[br]the influence of the church.

0:57:26.276,0:57:29.905
It was up tp Jango to convince the[br]high catholic hierarchy

0:57:29.979,0:57:34.245
that the social reforms that he[br]intended to carry out in Brazil

0:57:34.317,0:57:37.650
would establish the principles of justice[br]that were defended by Christianity.

0:57:38.988,0:57:43.857
The factions that supported Brizola, organized[br]all over the country in groups of 1 1 ,

0:57:43.927,0:57:47.488
described Brizola's battle[br]for power with the following slogan:

0:57:47.564,0:57:50.727
" A brother-in-law is not a relative.[br]Brizola for president."

0:57:55.138,0:57:59.508
The family ties were an[br]obstacle created by the constitution.

0:57:59.877,0:58:01.845
The proposed amendment

0:58:01.912,0:58:04.574
served as a weapon for the propaganda[br]against the government.

0:58:07.017,0:58:11.818
Travestied as a defender of the constitution,[br]the right wing got stronger.

0:58:12.289,0:58:16.055
The noisy campaign convinced[br]the middle class, the military,

0:58:16.127,0:58:20.393
the church and business owners that the[br]government wanted to change the constitution

0:58:20.464,0:58:22.329
to put an end to democracy.

0:58:25.636,0:58:28.730
In an interview to the[br]Los Angeles Times,

0:58:28.806,0:58:33.004
Governor Carlos Lacerda[br]announced that the Brazilian military

0:58:33.077,0:58:36.171
were setting the exact date[br]to remove Joăo Goulart from power.

0:58:37.047,0:58:40.881
Military ministers, indignant,[br]wanted to have Lacerda punished.

0:58:45.122,0:58:47.113
JANGO FLlES TODAY TO[br]PROPERTY lN BRASÍLlA

0:58:47.893,0:58:49.952
Jango tried to use a state of emergency

0:58:50.028,0:58:53.395
to overcome, in a political manner,[br]the military reaction against the governor

0:58:53.465,0:58:56.093
and reestablish the authority of his administration.

0:58:56.501,0:59:00.403
The left wing suspected that the action[br]could adversely affect it.

0:59:02.107,0:59:08.603
One needs to look back on[br]those difficuIt and complex days,

0:59:08.680,0:59:12.207
when the pressure mounted[br]against us.

0:59:12.284,0:59:13.808
When it came from everywhere.

0:59:14.019,0:59:16.852
From our country and from abroad.

0:59:17.789,0:59:21.088
People truly didn't want

0:59:21.159,0:59:23.252
fundamental reforms to be made in Brazil.

0:59:24.029,0:59:27.328
We had been informed that,[br]in Săo Paulo, Ademar de Barros,

0:59:28.033,0:59:30.228
and in the state of Rio de Janeiro,[br]Carlos Lacerda,

0:59:30.302,0:59:35.103
were actively getting ready[br]to carry out a revolution or coup d'etat.

0:59:35.807,0:59:38.299
The state of emergency was[br]called in Rio de Janeiro

0:59:38.377,0:59:41.642
during a meeting between Jango,[br]his ministry

0:59:41.714,0:59:43.579
and the military ministers.

0:59:43.649,0:59:46.243
The news that got to[br]Brasília about the state of emergency

0:59:46.319,0:59:48.514
were really daunting for us.

0:59:49.055,0:59:52.149
We did not know at that time[br]if the correlation of powers

0:59:52.225,0:59:56.025
allowed the installation[br]of a state of emergency in this country

0:59:56.095,0:59:58.859
that would not be later[br]changed by the majority forces,

0:59:58.931,1:00:02.423
by the reactionary part of PSD,[br]in alliance with UDN,

1:00:02.501,1:00:04.366
into an instrument against workers.

1:00:04.437,1:00:06.769
An instrument against[br]the labor rights that had been achieved.

1:00:06.839,1:00:09.364
Regardless of Joăo Goulart's will.

1:00:09.742,1:00:12.267
After Jango arrived in Brasília

1:00:12.345,1:00:15.371
and we found out that the project[br]for state of emergency

1:00:15.448,1:00:19.544
had started to be amended,[br]to enable violations of domicile,

1:00:20.086,1:00:25.753
and allowing all of the abuses[br]that became commonplace after '64,

1:00:25.826,1:00:29.193
we came to the conclusion[br]that we'd oppose the state of emergency.

1:00:29.263,1:00:32.255
To this day I'm not sure[br]if that was the right decision.

1:00:35.802,1:00:38.202
To avoid defeat, Jango capitulated.

1:00:38.505,1:00:40.029
lsolated in congress,

1:00:40.107,1:00:43.474
opposed by governors[br]Lacerda, Magalhăes and Ademar,

1:00:43.543,1:00:47.980
suffering an economic embargo on the part of[br]the U.S., Jango had no alternative:

1:00:48.048,1:00:50.243
he tried to mobilize the citizens

1:00:50.317,1:00:53.184
by personally raising[br]the flag of reform.

1:00:54.288,1:00:56.950
In January 1964,

1:00:57.224,1:01:01.183
the president revived and regulated[br]the law on remittance of profits,

1:01:01.561,1:01:04.553
which had been approved by the[br]Congress over one year before.

1:01:07.601,1:01:10.695
By March, a lunch party[br]held at the Military Base

1:01:10.771,1:01:14.263
and the warm welcome extended[br]by a number of officers

1:01:14.341,1:01:16.572
were not enough to erase[br]the restlessness and doubts

1:01:16.644,1:01:18.908
from the worn-out expression[br]of the president.

1:01:19.747,1:01:22.272
The adhesion of low-ranking

1:01:22.350,1:01:26.787
and military officers to[br]the nationalist governmental project

1:01:26.854,1:01:31.154
expressed the efforts of most[br]of the sectors of the Brazilian society

1:01:31.225,1:01:34.160
towards the construction[br]of a fair democracy.

1:01:41.336,1:01:45.067
The menace represented by the reforms[br]that threatened the Brazilian powerful,

1:01:45.139,1:01:46.902
came to life in March.

1:01:47.275,1:01:50.073
In its strategy of popular mobilization,

1:01:50.144,1:01:53.238
the government called a mass meeting[br]in Rio de Janeiro.

1:01:53.314,1:01:55.714
The " meeting of the Central" ,[br]as it was called,

1:01:55.783,1:01:58.980
was scheduled for Friday, 13th.

1:02:01.456,1:02:03.924
Everything had been carefully planned.

1:02:04.292,1:02:08.093
From amplifiers to security,[br]nothing could go wrong

1:02:08.163,1:02:11.530
when the president took[br]the message of reform to the people.

1:02:11.934,1:02:14.698
The setting for the last act[br]had been prepared.

1:02:16.372,1:02:22.572
March '64 was a month[br]of intense activity

1:02:22.644,1:02:24.805
and many concerns.

1:02:26.882,1:02:30.716
Subversive activities promoted[br]by the government were on the rise

1:02:30.986,1:02:36.356
and we had decided to face whatever[br]the government could dish out.

1:02:36.925,1:02:40.190
When the meeting on the 13th was held,

1:02:40.729,1:02:45.189
we considered that meeting[br]to be an intimidation,

1:02:45.267,1:02:49.601
a strike against the army. Carried out[br]next door to the army headquarters,

1:02:49.671,1:02:56.305
with posters that were clearly[br]subversive against the democratic order

1:02:56.679,1:03:00.547
That meeting deeply affected the military.

1:03:01.017,1:03:03.281
And a few days before the 13th,

1:03:03.753,1:03:08.622
one of my subordinates told me

1:03:08.691,1:03:14.652
that a group of officers were planning[br]to put an end to that movement

1:03:14.731,1:03:20.067
in the most violent manner possible.[br]I saw such an intention as alarming.

1:03:21.037,1:03:24.996
I brought the fact to the knowledge[br]of General Castelo Branco

1:03:25.075,1:03:26.542
at the army headquarters

1:03:26.609,1:03:28.543
and to the knowledge[br]of general Costa e Silva

1:03:28.611,1:03:31.637
at the department of production[br]and construction works.

1:03:32.782,1:03:36.616
Both of them, general Castelo[br]in particular,

1:03:36.686,1:03:43.422
were very concerned and said:[br]"but that is unacceptable!

1:03:43.494,1:03:47.794
the meeting must take place,[br]we should not interfere

1:03:47.865,1:03:50.163
we must stop this from happening."

1:03:50.734,1:03:56.969
It was really important that[br]the meeting took place.

1:03:57.408,1:04:04.746
Because we were aware that the rebellion[br]in the military ranks would increase

1:04:04.815,1:04:10.845
against a government that wanted[br]to disestablish the democracy in Brazil.

1:04:11.388,1:04:14.323
Therefore, together[br]with other officers,

1:04:14.391,1:04:16.450
including general Aragăo,

1:04:16.527,1:04:20.054
who had also been informed[br]of the plan,

1:04:20.131,1:04:26.559
we took action and, on the morning of the 13th,[br]after arriving at the headquarters,

1:04:27.438,1:04:34.174
I sought one of those officers[br]that were part of the group and asked:

1:04:35.547,1:04:40.143
" How's it going?[br]ls it settled? ls it going to happen?"

1:04:40.218,1:04:46.123
" General, no one is interfering.[br]There is only one I couldn't talk to."

1:04:46.191,1:04:48.284
" Go out there and talk to this 'one'

1:04:48.360,1:04:52.421
The meeting is not to sustain[br]any interference from us."

1:04:53.465,1:04:56.263
The immediate consequence:

1:04:56.868,1:05:01.532
the next day, in the ministry, the meeting[br]was all that everyone talked about

1:05:01.606,1:05:04.632
and revoIt was widespread.

1:05:04.809,1:05:10.441
So we had gained the support[br]of many people who, up to then,

1:05:10.515,1:05:13.541
still hadn't decided to[br]part ways with legality.

1:05:13.818,1:05:15.786
Because it's very hard,[br]as I said before.

1:05:16.821,1:05:24.422
So the meeting on the 13th meant that we[br]got the support of many individuals...

1:05:25.231,1:05:26.425
upstanding, loyal individuals,

1:05:26.499,1:05:31.436
that up to then, had still been[br]attached to the idea of absolute legality.

1:05:32.538,1:05:36.440
The meeting of the Central[br]was a kind of...

1:05:38.711,1:05:42.147
attempt to speed up the[br]project of reforms.

1:05:43.516,1:05:46.349
And many people advised[br]him not to do that meeting.

1:05:46.852,1:05:49.878
That, from a certain point of view,[br]it would mean an aggravation.

1:05:51.624,1:05:55.424
And that he should not announce[br]those reforms,

1:05:55.928,1:05:59.955
many of which would not[br]be possible to implement.

1:06:00.533,1:06:02.626
Then, I clearly remember Jango saying:

1:06:02.935,1:06:07.235
" I don't have a problem[br]with staying in office or leaving,

1:06:07.306,1:06:10.673
my problem is that I have[br]to carry out those reforms.

1:06:10.743,1:06:12.769
l'd rather fall,[br]but fall with my chin up."

1:06:28.528,1:06:30.291
RAlMUNDO ALMElDA MUST GO!

1:06:30.364,1:06:32.525
LET'S GO, ARRAES[br]THE PEOPLE CAN'T TAKE lT AN Y LONGER!

1:06:43.243,1:06:46.212
THlS TlME, THE GOVERNMENT[br]AND THE PEOPLE ARE NOT ALONE!

1:06:50.250,1:06:51.718
HOUSEWlVES AGAlNST TAX DODGlNG

1:06:51.718,1:06:53.208
WOMEN'S LEAGUE lN THE STATE[br]OF GUANABARA

1:06:56.156,1:06:59.785
FULL MONOPOLY NOW![br]ALL THE OlL BELONGS TO PETROBRAS.

1:07:04.332,1:07:06.300
SUPPORTlNG JANGO'S BASE REFORMS

1:07:19.180,1:07:20.579
By the late afternoon,

1:07:20.648,1:07:24.982
200 thousand people gathered[br]at the Central Station square.

1:07:25.687,1:07:29.817
The crowd keyed the speakers up.[br]Jango did not disappoint.

1:07:30.058,1:07:32.219
By his side, his wife Maria Teresa

1:07:32.293,1:07:35.421
soothed the tension[br]of the moment.

1:07:35.697,1:07:36.994
On the same wooden stage

1:07:37.065,1:07:40.296
that Getúlio Vargas used for[br]his public appearances,

1:07:40.368,1:07:42.734
Jango announced the[br]execution of his program.

1:07:42.804,1:07:47.138
A few hours before, he had signed the[br]decrees that expropriated unproductive lands

1:07:47.208,1:07:52.203
alongside federal highways and railroads[br]and took over private refineries.

1:07:56.051,1:07:59.646
AgricuItural workers will find

1:07:59.988,1:08:03.549
that their most important[br]and fairest claim

1:08:03.625,1:08:06.651
will have been met in many places.

1:08:06.729,1:08:12.429
The claim for a plot of land[br]in which to work.

1:08:12.668,1:08:15.933
A plot of land to harvest crops.

1:08:16.738,1:08:20.765
Then, that worker and his family,

1:08:21.676,1:08:26.136
his dejected family,[br]will be able to be their own bosses,

1:08:26.215,1:08:30.675
because up to now they've been working for[br]the owner of the land they rent,

1:08:30.752,1:08:34.279
or for the owner[br]of the land they loan.

1:08:47.770,1:08:51.969
Today, in the eyes of the nation,

1:08:53.376,1:08:58.109
with the solidarity[br]of the people united in this square,

1:08:59.082,1:09:01.243
a square that belongs[br]only to the people,

1:09:01.818,1:09:05.310
the government,[br]that also belongs to the people,

1:09:05.388,1:09:07.822
and to the people alone,

1:09:08.390,1:09:11.554
reaffirms its unshakable goal

1:09:12.060,1:09:16.292
to fight with all its might

1:09:16.733,1:09:19.895
to improve the Brazilian society[br]in a quest

1:09:20.403,1:09:25.363
Not only for agricuItural reform,[br]but also for tax reform.

1:09:26.376,1:09:31.404
For full electorial reform,[br]for illiterate vote,

1:09:31.482,1:09:35.077
for the eligibility of all Brazilians.

1:09:35.152,1:09:40.350
for the purity of democratic life,[br]for economic emancipation,

1:09:40.424,1:09:42.153
for social justice

1:09:42.225,1:09:45.787
and, together with its people,[br]for the progress of Brazil.

1:09:59.977,1:10:04.073
In Săo Paulo, the ruling class[br]was also mobilized against the reforms.

1:10:04.849,1:10:09.343
With the support of the state government,[br]the rural society and sections of the church,

1:10:09.420,1:10:13.288
the " family march, with God[br]and for freedom" was organized.

1:10:13.858,1:10:17.795
Veterans of '32 and members[br]of traditional families of Săo Paulo

1:10:17.863,1:10:21.321
held a rosary in one hand[br]and banners on the other,

1:10:21.399,1:10:22.764
with a few of their slogans:

1:10:23.134,1:10:28.663
" Civism shall kill communism." " In defense[br]of the Constitution and of legality."

1:10:32.077,1:10:34.272
Jango and his family went to Săo Borja

1:10:34.346,1:10:37.440
to spent the holy week holidays,[br]in March 1964.

1:11:02.007,1:11:03.872
Earlier pictures in the family album

1:11:03.942,1:11:07.401
reveal the relaxed lifestyle of[br]of a farmer president.

1:11:07.480,1:11:11.109
<i>His life with Maria Teresa,[br]the barbecues, the chimarrăo,</i>

1:11:11.183,1:11:13.151
the horse riding along the fields,

1:11:13.219,1:11:15.983
all of which was tinted by[br]an anxious mood this time around.

1:11:16.923,1:11:19.858
In fact, that would be the[br]last time Jango and his family

1:11:19.926,1:11:21.860
spent time together at the ranch

1:11:21.928,1:11:26.922
where he'd briefly stay in April, lonely[br]and on his way to the exile in Uruguay.

1:12:40.707,1:12:41.867
By late March,

1:12:41.942,1:12:45.470
after watching the movie[br]about the battleship Potemkin,

1:12:45.546,1:12:49.073
the Brazilian navy[br]was seduced by a dream.

1:12:50.618,1:12:52.711
Gathering in the steeI workers' union,

1:12:52.787,1:12:56.348
during the celebration of the[br]2nd anniversary of their association,

1:12:56.424,1:12:58.392
which had been kept a secret from the Navy,

1:12:58.459,1:13:00.552
hundreds of mariners claimed their rights:

1:13:00.928,1:13:04.762
freedom for mates held in confinement,[br]better meals

1:13:04.832,1:13:06.322
and the right to get married.

1:13:09.170,1:13:13.038
In attendance, as a role modeI and witness,[br]was an elderly Joăo Cândido,

1:13:13.107,1:13:14.836
a hero who had survived the rebellion

1:13:14.909,1:13:17.844
that brought an end to[br]physical punishment back in 1910.

1:15:00.150,1:15:03.381
Like in the movie,[br]the population supported the rebels.

1:15:13.430,1:15:16.524
Gathered in mutiny at the[br]Navy Club,rallying for discipline,

1:15:16.600,1:15:20.058
officers called for the punishment[br]of the rebellious mariners.

1:15:22.306,1:15:25.173
Back in Rio,[br]Jango finds a solution:

1:15:25.242,1:15:28.905
the mariners are arrested[br]and subsequently released.

1:15:33.818,1:15:35.945
The Minister of Navy quits.

1:15:36.520,1:15:39.318
Minister of the Army,[br]Jair Dantas Ribeiro,

1:15:39.390,1:15:43.087
left office and was hospitalized,[br]due to renal problems.

1:15:44.128,1:15:46.756
The impact of the events in the Armed Forces

1:15:46.831,1:15:51.427
caused the adhesion of legalist officers to[br]the movement that deposed the president.

1:15:52.203,1:15:55.866
For them, it was intolerable[br]to see hierarchy crumbling.

1:15:59.476,1:16:01.637
Rumors of a military rebellion[br]had already been around

1:16:01.712,1:16:05.114
when the president attended,[br]on March 30th,

1:16:05.183,1:16:06.741
at the headquarters[br]of the Automobile Club,

1:16:06.818,1:16:09.582
a ceremony in his honor, sponsored by[br]the Association of Sergeants

1:16:09.654,1:16:11.519
and sub-officers of the military police.

1:16:12.490,1:16:16.950
The president energetically prohibited[br]any subversion in the name of order.

1:16:18.163,1:16:20.256
His improvised greeting[br]to the subordinates

1:16:20.332,1:16:24.200
was a belated warning[br]to higher-ranking officers.

1:16:25.103,1:16:27.230
JANGO: WE DO NOT WANT[br]A CLOSED CONGRESS.

1:16:35.113,1:16:37.104
In the early hours of March 31st,

1:16:37.182,1:16:39.548
a few hours after the end of the celebration,

1:16:39.618,1:16:44.214
the troops of general Olímpio Mourăo Filho,[br]commander of the 4th Military Region,

1:16:44.289,1:16:45.984
marched over Guanabara.

1:16:46.258,1:16:49.785
The rebellion, coming from Minas Gerais,[br]triggered the coup.

1:16:54.400,1:16:57.198
In Guanabara, army tanks[br]rolled into the cities

1:16:57.270,1:16:59.261
without resistance.

1:17:01.874,1:17:04.866
The middle class exorcized its ghosts

1:17:04.944,1:17:08.175
by setting the building[br]of the National Union of Students on fire

1:17:12.285,1:17:16.221
In the afternoon of ApriI 1st,[br]in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro,

1:17:16.622,1:17:18.590
victory was already being celebrated.

1:17:22.428,1:17:25.295
President Joăo Goulart[br]had left Guanabara,

1:17:25.365,1:17:27.925
the enemy quarters, and gone to Brasília.

1:17:28.301,1:17:31.532
The Capital was not safe[br]for the president either.

1:17:31.604,1:17:33.435
Jango went to Porto Alegre.

1:17:34.640,1:17:37.734
The battle in Congress[br]would soon be over.

1:17:37.810,1:17:40.677
Presiding over the tumuItuous[br]session of ApriI 1st,

1:17:40.747,1:17:42.909
senator Aldo de Moura Andrade,

1:17:42.983,1:17:46.976
in an act of solemn disregard[br]for the destiny of the legal institutions,

1:17:47.054,1:17:49.614
declared the office of president[br]of the republic to be vacant

1:17:49.690,1:17:53.353
while the head of state, Joăo Goulart,[br]was still on Brazilian soil.

1:17:53.994,1:17:58.931
<i>The president of the republic[br]has left the headquarters of the government.</i>

1:17:59.666,1:18:03.261
<i>He left a headless nation behind.</i>

1:18:06.907,1:18:07.965
<i>That's not true.!</i>

1:18:09.009,1:18:13.537
<i>In a very grave time in our history.</i>

1:18:15.682,1:18:21.951
<i>When it is necessary that the head of state</i>

1:18:22.022,1:18:25.423
<i>remain in the command of the government.</i>

1:18:26.360,1:18:28.453
<i>He has abandoned the government.</i>

1:18:30.130,1:18:34.795
<i>And I hereby give notice to the[br]National Congress...</i>

1:18:38.239,1:18:39.797
<i>This abandonment...</i>

1:18:41.876,1:18:44.709
<i>This abandonment configures...</i>

1:18:46.714,1:18:50.707
<i>the need to have the National Congress,[br]as the civiI power,</i>

1:18:52.053,1:18:56.956
<i>immediately take[br]the action expected from it</i>

1:18:57.025,1:18:58.993
<i>Under the Brazilian Constitution</i>

1:19:03.531,1:19:10.061
<i>in order to restore[br]in this turbulent nation</i>

1:19:12.440,1:19:14.340
<i>the authority of the government...</i>

1:19:15.376,1:19:18.004
<i>and the existence of the government.</i>

1:19:19.380,1:19:21.815
<i>We cannot allow...</i>

1:19:22.418,1:19:25.717
<i>BraziI to remain without a government,[br]abandoned.</i>

1:19:31.760,1:19:34.957
<i>Under our responsibility</i>

1:19:35.764,1:19:40.463
<i>is the people of Brazil.[br]The people. The order.</i>

1:19:41.770,1:19:46.400
<i>That being so, I hereby declare[br]the office of president of republic to be vacant.</i>

1:19:50.346,1:19:51.608
<i>Conspirator.!</i>

1:19:53.315,1:19:54.577
<i>Conspirator.!</i>

1:20:02.324,1:20:06.124
In Rio Grande do Sul, the defeat[br]was not yet consummated.

1:20:06.729,1:20:10.689
Former governor LeoneI Brizola[br]used the radio as his best weapon.

1:20:11.468,1:20:15.529
People on the streets promised to repeat[br]the resistance of '61 .

1:20:19.743,1:20:22.644
When president Joăo Goulart[br]arrived in Porto Alegre,

1:20:23.446,1:20:25.812
in the middle of the full-blown crisis,

1:20:26.349,1:20:31.184
a meeting was held at the residence[br]of the commander of the 3rd army,

1:20:31.755,1:20:34.315
who was general Ladŕrio Teles,

1:20:34.391,1:20:38.953
a great man and[br]military chief.

1:20:39.429,1:20:43.126
President Joăo Goulart was in attendance[br]together with eight generals and myself.

1:20:44.434,1:20:46.265
And my proposal was:

1:20:46.503,1:20:50.132
that the president retreated[br]to the interior of Rio Grande do Sul,

1:20:50.207,1:20:54.143
precisely to Săo Borja,

1:20:55.946,1:21:00.441
and that, at that time, he appointed[br]General Ladŕrio as minister of the army

1:21:01.519,1:21:04.784
and I would accept the appointment[br]for the office of minister of justice.

1:21:05.856,1:21:08.791
And we would organize the resistance.

1:21:09.527,1:21:11.119
General Ladŕrio said

1:21:11.195,1:21:14.926
he agreed with my proposal[br]completely.

1:21:15.533,1:21:20.937
And that the 3rd army had enough[br]weapons to organize civil

1:21:21.005,1:21:25.237
corps that could include[br]over 100 thousand men,

1:21:25.309,1:21:26.776
in addition to the army troops.

1:21:27.345,1:21:31.281
And that he considered the situation[br]to be complex, difficuIt,

1:21:31.349,1:21:35.945
with a number of followers[br]within the 3rd Army,

1:21:36.020,1:21:39.251
but he thought it was possible[br]to defend legality.

1:21:39.557,1:21:42.993
The final decision of the meeting was[br]to be made by the president.

1:21:44.161,1:21:48.758
Who decided that no resistance[br]would be offered

1:21:49.134,1:21:54.128
because he considered it to be[br]too high a price to be paid in blood

1:21:54.206,1:21:57.972
by the Brazilian people[br]to restore its rights.

1:21:58.243,1:22:02.009
In fact, I got myself ready

1:22:02.247,1:22:07.549
for a potential reaction[br]of the state of Minas Gerais,

1:22:07.919,1:22:11.013
one year and a half before March '64.

1:22:12.257,1:22:15.317
When I appointed[br]ColoneI Josę Geraldo

1:22:15.394,1:22:19.194
to command the Military Police,[br]I gave him the task

1:22:19.264,1:22:22.427
of preparing the police for a reaction.

1:22:23.135,1:22:24.159
Because I was sure,

1:22:24.236,1:22:28.400
that with the difficuIties[br]I had with the government,

1:22:30.642,1:22:33.941
they would end up[br]attempting an intervention in Minas.

1:22:34.579,1:22:35.637
And I would react.

1:22:35.947,1:22:40.976
So I got ready for a reaction[br]to a potential intervention

1:22:41.621,1:22:44.749
rather than to depose a president.

1:22:45.291,1:22:50.228
Magalhăes had assumed a[br]national responsibility.

1:22:51.264,1:22:55.257
And in this case he thought he should[br]use Palŕcio da Liberdade to develop

1:22:55.335,1:22:57.895
a government that had a national[br]characteristic as well

1:22:58.237,1:23:04.142
So he called MiIton Campos,[br]Josę Maria de Alckmin and myself.

1:23:04.577,1:23:09.537
I was informed of that[br]a few weeks beforehand.

1:23:09.982,1:23:12.849
And was told that I would be called

1:23:12.919,1:23:17.447
the day my presence was needed[br]in Belo Horizonte.

1:23:17.990,1:23:22.825
My office, which was[br]that of nonspecific minister -

1:23:22.895,1:23:25.864
the three of us, MiIton Campos,[br]Josę Maria de Alckmin and l,

1:23:25.932,1:23:29.334
were appointed nonspecific secretaries.

1:23:29.703,1:23:32.228
And my duty as nonspecific secretary

1:23:32.306,1:23:37.710
was to attain potential[br]international support

1:23:38.178,1:23:41.978
to have recognition of our belligerent status,

1:23:42.049,1:23:46.713
if the actual conditions of[br]the movement we were expecting

1:23:46.787,1:23:48.277
came to that.

1:23:48.355,1:23:51.051
Recognition of a belligerent[br]status, as you know,

1:23:51.125,1:23:55.255
entails the supply[br]of elements that can support

1:23:55.329,1:23:57.593
the political movement underway.

1:23:57.998,1:23:59.192
It was not necessary.

1:23:59.700,1:24:03.466
We knew, we trusted we'd succeed.

1:24:04.037,1:24:06.232
And there was a meeting among ourselves,

1:24:06.306,1:24:11.334
during which we tried to estimate[br]how long it would last.

1:24:11.412,1:24:15.371
The estimation was that the fight[br]would last for six months. At least.

1:24:15.449,1:24:19.682
I was regarded as an optimist,

1:24:19.754,1:24:21.722
I thought that it would[br]be over in one month.

1:24:21.790,1:24:23.621
The only one who[br]got it right was Golbery,

1:24:23.691,1:24:26.353
who said: " it will fall apart[br]like a castle of cards."

1:24:26.494,1:24:28.325
Despite the surprise,

1:24:28.396,1:24:33.333
despite the weakening that[br]the government had been experiencing,

1:24:34.068,1:24:38.266
if president Joăo Goulart[br]had decided to resist,

1:24:39.307,1:24:41.673
to counter-strike -

1:24:41.743,1:24:44.735
he still had troops,[br]he still had elements here in Rio,

1:24:44.813,1:24:49.648
to take over the Guanabara palace,[br]where Lacerda had been scheming -

1:24:49.717,1:24:53.278
he could have won that fight.

1:24:53.354,1:24:56.585
Or at least put up[br]a longer fight.

1:24:57.091,1:24:59.685
But he decided not to resist,

1:24:59.761,1:25:03.993
which, in my opinion, was the right decision,[br]because it avoided bloodshed,

1:25:04.065,1:25:08.662
and today, after those informations[br]were released by the Americans,

1:25:08.737,1:25:13.731
we became aware of the involvement[br]of the American government

1:25:13.809,1:25:16.903
in the military coup that[br]was underway in Brazil.

1:25:16.979,1:25:20.847
The story that the U.S. had sent[br]ships to Brazil

1:25:20.916,1:25:22.315
was old news.

1:25:22.384,1:25:25.615
It had even been mentioned in

1:25:26.388,1:25:30.722
an American talk show called[br]"Firing Line" , with William Buckley.

1:25:30.793,1:25:34.285
He was interviewing at that time,[br]in the early 70s,

1:25:35.064,1:25:39.160
governor - former governor[br]at that time, Carlos Lacerda -,

1:25:40.135,1:25:44.196
when someone from the audience stood up[br]and said: " look, that is not true,

1:25:44.273,1:25:47.800
I was in the Caribbean at the time,[br]embarked, doing military work,

1:25:47.877,1:25:51.369
and the ship I was in[br]was rerouted to the Brazilian coast

1:25:51.447,1:25:52.675
at the time of the revolution.

1:25:53.148,1:25:56.482
There were stories like that.[br]And tales too

1:25:56.553,1:26:01.581
that maybe the U.S. had actually[br]sent ships to the Brazilian coast,

1:26:01.658,1:26:03.250
but that they were only tankers.

1:26:03.326,1:26:05.521
What was discovered about[br]Operation " Brother Sam"

1:26:05.595,1:26:07.529
is that it was much bigger.

1:26:07.597,1:26:10.623
I mean, in fact, it included[br]the four tankers,

1:26:10.700,1:26:12.895
the four tankers were full

1:26:12.969,1:26:17.838
to ensure the supply of fuel[br]for the revolution

1:26:17.908,1:26:21.002
if the movement had to last,[br]if it faced too much resistance

1:26:21.077,1:26:23.477
and had to last for[br]over one month.

1:26:23.780,1:26:26.943
There were 136 thousand barrels of[br]regular gas,

1:26:27.017,1:26:29.349
aviation kerosene,[br]all that.

1:26:29.819,1:26:33.687
Battleships were also[br]involved,

1:26:34.124,1:26:36.251
six destroyers[br]if I'm not mistaken

1:26:36.693,1:26:39.423
One aircraft carrier was sent to the[br]Brazilian coast,

1:26:39.496,1:26:42.294
a ship that specialized[br]in carrying helicopters,

1:26:42.365,1:26:45.392
24 combat and transport planes.

1:26:45.469,1:26:48.734
A large amount of ammunition was embarked,

1:26:48.806,1:26:51.502
which never made it to Brazil,

1:26:51.576,1:26:53.441
but that was loaded[br]into ships in the U.S..

1:26:53.744,1:26:56.975
Those ships, from different points[br]in the Atlantic,

1:26:57.048,1:26:59.573
converged at the Brazilian[br]coast.

1:26:59.650,1:27:04.110
A few hours before sunrise[br]on ApriI 2nd,

1:27:04.188,1:27:07.282
the entire operation was demobilized[br]when news came

1:27:07.358,1:27:10.350
that the military[br]had already taken over.

1:27:10.428,1:27:12.191
This was the Operation " Brother Sam" .

1:27:15.933,1:27:19.562
On ApriI 2, with the people of[br]Rio Grande do SuI demobilized,

1:27:20.104,1:27:23.801
Jango went to Săo Borja and,[br]from there, to his exile in Uruguay.

1:27:55.173,1:27:57.141
ENLlST HERE.

1:28:44.257,1:28:48.421
In Rio, the police of Carlos Lacerda[br]arrested a Chinese trade mission,

1:28:48.494,1:28:50.257
under charges of terrorism.

1:28:51.264,1:28:54.358
It was up to Sobral Pinto, the old advocate[br]of political prisoners

1:28:54.434,1:28:56.732
to prove the innocence of the diplomats.

1:28:58.104,1:29:02.131
Communist leader Gregório Bezerra, was[br]dragged through the streets of Recife,

1:29:02.208,1:29:03.505
and arrested.

1:29:08.948,1:29:10.882
Among the prisoners, one traitor:

1:29:11.285,1:29:15.221
soldier Josę Alselmo dos Santos,[br]known as corporal Anselmo.

1:29:15.622,1:29:17.852
A leader of the association of mariners

1:29:17.925,1:29:20.792
and head of the rebellion[br]at the metal workers' union,

1:29:20.861,1:29:24.627
years later he would be[br]exposed as a police undercover agent

1:29:24.698,1:29:26.461
by the armed activists.

1:29:27.401,1:29:31.269
In Rio de Janeiro, the middle class[br]would perform its version

1:29:31.338,1:29:34.068
of the " march, with God and for freedom" ,

1:29:34.141,1:29:36.200
with the victory guaranteed.

1:29:36.376,1:29:38.367
<i>" The right to be born. "</i>

1:29:40.347,1:29:45.148
This civic furor would soon be[br]used to support the campaign

1:29:45.219,1:29:47.244
" Donate gold for the good of Brazil" ,

1:29:47.321,1:29:51.257
an attempt at solving[br]the economic problems of the country

1:29:51.325,1:29:53.623
with acts of patriotic charity.

1:29:55.662,1:29:56.993
After their arrival in Rio,

1:29:57.064,1:29:59.965
Mourăo and Magalhăes were commended[br]for the triumph

1:30:00.033,1:30:02.628
of a movement that[br]they apparently headed.

1:30:05.340,1:30:09.640
The way I see it, there were[br]two coups in '64.

1:30:11.045,1:30:15.539
The first was a typical[br]Latin-American coup.

1:30:16.017,1:30:20.954
Certain civiI forces[br]supporting a military movement

1:30:21.022,1:30:24.651
that was initiated in Minas Gerais

1:30:24.726,1:30:27.854
and that actually,

1:30:27.929,1:30:31.126
in its exterior appearance,

1:30:32.033,1:30:37.061
was actually what we know[br]about Latin-American history.

1:30:37.605,1:30:42.668
Now, during the course of that coup,[br]another one took place.

1:30:43.044,1:30:44.102
On the inside.

1:30:44.712,1:30:46.407
That was the one that lingered

1:30:46.481,1:30:51.419
and expelled all[br]civiI and military characters,

1:30:51.787,1:30:54.255
that took part in the first coup.

1:30:55.057,1:30:56.684
That was the coup that remained,

1:30:56.992,1:31:02.624
it was this coup that[br]buiIt a military core

1:31:03.465,1:31:04.796
and an economic system.

1:31:04.867,1:31:08.564
Because, in fact,[br]there were two movements.

1:31:09.471,1:31:15.034
<i>The one from Minas, which I refer to[br]as a na:ďve, patriotic movement,</i>

1:31:15.110,1:31:18.773
that wanted only to bring[br]order to the country,

1:31:19.148,1:31:23.244
and wanted nothing for itself.[br]I never did.

1:31:23.819,1:31:26.049
So much so that, after my[br]arrival in Rio de Janeiro,

1:31:27.022,1:31:29.957
Carlos Lacerda[br]and Juscelino came to me,

1:31:30.025,1:31:34.052
saying it was time I took over[br]and I told them

1:31:34.129,1:31:37.428
I had not carried out the movement[br]to become president of the republic.

1:31:38.100,1:31:43.971
It was not to claim anything for myself.

1:31:44.040,1:31:48.534
What I wanted was to have[br]BraziI find its true way

1:31:49.112,1:31:51.137
of order, of tranquility.

1:31:53.516,1:31:57.418
In Rio de Janeiro there was[br]a group that got ready.

1:31:58.088,1:31:59.680
That really got ready.

1:32:00.724,1:32:04.751
It seems that LincoIn Gordon[br]was connected to this group.

1:32:05.395,1:32:08.125
Because this group had money.

1:32:08.198,1:32:13.158
We, back in Minas, did it[br]with our own funds.

1:32:13.904,1:32:14.871
Which was not much.

1:32:16.539,1:32:18.939
And we never got any indemnification.

1:32:19.876,1:32:23.607
Because president Castelo...

1:32:24.314,1:32:25.941
was part of the other group.

1:32:27.083,1:32:29.143
The appointment of general Castelo Branco

1:32:29.220,1:32:32.917
instituted in BraziI the system[br]of indirect elections for president

1:32:32.990,1:32:36.551
with a single candidate protected[br]by institutional acts.

1:32:36.827,1:32:41.560
I hereby declare the Honorable Humberto[br]de Alencar Castelo Branco

1:32:41.632,1:32:43.623
vested in office[br]of president of the republic

1:32:44.268,1:32:49.467
of the United States of Brazil

1:32:51.575,1:32:58.504
I shall defend and fulfill, with honor[br]and loyalty the Constitution of Brazil.

1:33:04.188,1:33:08.557
We shall plunge ahead[br]knowing that the remedy

1:33:08.926,1:33:12.487
against the ill effects[br]of the extreme left

1:33:12.563,1:33:15.862
shall not be the birth[br]of a reactionary right.

1:33:19.838,1:33:22.773
My deeds shall be those

1:33:23.208,1:33:27.235
of an uncompromised[br]head of state

1:33:27.946,1:33:30.779
during the process[br]of election of the Brazilian

1:33:30.849,1:33:36.151
to whom I shall convey this office[br]on January 31 , 1966.

1:33:38.323,1:33:42.760
1964 closes the '54 cycle of colonels.

1:33:43.328,1:33:46.388
This time they were united[br]and had a plan.

1:33:46.465,1:33:49.366
The concepts developed[br]in the Superior War College

1:33:49.434,1:33:52.767
replaced social justice[br]for development

1:33:52.838,1:33:54.829
and democracy for security.

1:34:04.349,1:34:07.513
Castelo Branco's cabinet[br]had politicians from UDN

1:34:07.587,1:34:10.556
and technocrats, now at[br]the service of the new order.

1:34:10.923,1:34:14.051
But the true core of power[br]after '64

1:34:14.127,1:34:16.561
laid in the hands of the brothers in arms.

1:34:17.330,1:34:19.958
General Costa e Silva[br]in the ministry of war,

1:34:20.033,1:34:23.127
General Ernesto Geisel[br]as Head of the Military Household

1:34:23.202,1:34:26.865
and General Golbery do Couto e Silva,[br]who used lPES records

1:34:26.939,1:34:29.737
to set up the National Information Service.

1:34:30.043,1:34:33.410
During the Castelo Branco administration,[br]old alliances were recovered.

1:34:33.846,1:34:36.076
The law on remittance of profits[br]was revoked,

1:34:36.149,1:34:40.176
and the trust of the United States in the[br]Brazilian democracy was reestablished.

1:34:40.553,1:34:44.011
Annulling the decree on[br]expropriation of unproductive lands,

1:34:44.090,1:34:46.752
the new president put the minds[br]of large land owners at ease.

1:34:47.293,1:34:49.261
With the new economic guidelines,

1:34:49.328,1:34:52.786
the International Monetary Fund[br]came to the assistance of its ally.

1:34:53.232,1:34:55.325
A rigorous controI on salaries

1:34:55.401,1:34:58.394
would fund development and the[br]fight against inflation.

1:34:59.306,1:35:01.672
After sending to prison[br]or to exile

1:35:01.742,1:35:05.075
the main leaders of[br]the left and of the union movement,

1:35:05.145,1:35:09.309
the military put an end to the[br]ambitions of their civiI allies.

1:35:09.383,1:35:12.045
Ademar de Barros,[br]Governor of Săo Paulo,

1:35:12.119,1:35:15.316
was an ally of Castelo Branco[br]but ended up being discharged and unseated,

1:35:15.389,1:35:16.720
charged with bribery.

1:35:19.426,1:35:21.257
Lacerda's dreams of becoming president

1:35:21.328,1:35:25.162
were over when marshal Castelo Branco[br]extended his own term of office,

1:35:25.232,1:35:29.191
and cancelled the presidential[br]election of 1965.

1:35:32.005,1:35:33.996
lRREVERSlBLE DEClSlON:[br]GOVERNORS-ELECT TO BE VESTED lN OFFlCE.

1:35:35.042,1:35:40.378
The elections for state governor[br]turned JK into the heart of the civiI resistance.

1:35:41.448,1:35:44.315
The victory of the opposition[br]for state governor

1:35:44.384,1:35:46.717
in Minas and in Guanabara[br]alarmed the government.

1:35:47.422,1:35:48.855
Pressured by the hard-core[br]segment of the armed forces,

1:35:48.923,1:35:52.381
Castelo Branco[br]enacted Institutional Act No. 2,

1:35:52.460,1:35:54.360
banning political parties

1:35:54.429,1:35:58.126
and turning the elections for governor[br]into indirect ones.

1:36:00.368,1:36:04.998
A cordial JK, after being unseated,[br]followed the same lPM ritual,

1:36:05.073,1:36:08.770
walking the same path that[br]many other Brazilians would follow.

1:36:16.885,1:36:18.944
Jango the farmer, exiled in Uruguay,

1:36:19.020,1:36:21.580
lived in angst over the[br]uncertainties of the wait.

1:36:21.656,1:36:24.090
His most wanted return[br]had no scheduled date.

1:36:24.759,1:36:26.351
The anguish of those days

1:36:26.427,1:36:30.158
caused his children's birthdays[br]to go almost uncelebrated.

1:36:32.100,1:36:34.591
The desire to see Brazil[br]become a democracy again

1:36:34.669,1:36:38.299
led Jango, in exile, to unite[br]with Carlos Lacerda and JK

1:36:38.374,1:36:41.241
<i>to structure the Ample Front, a movement[br]that was banned soon thereafter.</i>

1:36:41.744,1:36:45.475
Opposition movements had[br]less and less freedom

1:36:46.148,1:36:51.176
Lacerda would be the most illustrious name[br]in the next list of unseated politicians.

1:36:56.158,1:37:00.185
The successor of Marshal Castelo Branco[br]was General Costa e Silva.

1:37:00.829,1:37:04.788
Against the will of Castelo,[br]the minister of war was made candidate.

1:37:12.341,1:37:16.175
In the Congress, under the applause of Arena[br]and before a silent MDB,

1:37:16.245,1:37:17.974
Costa e Silva was inaugurated.

1:37:18.514,1:37:22.416
The new president was sworn in[br]under a new Constitution,

1:37:22.484,1:37:27.320
enacted in 1967 with deep[br]restrictions on the liberal principles

1:37:27.390,1:37:31.053
of the previously untouched[br]Constitution of 1946.

1:37:44.908,1:37:48.173
Marginalization of the people[br]and failed political solutions

1:37:48.245,1:37:50.475
led the way to opposition marches.

1:37:50.547,1:37:53.107
Protests promoted[br]by students,

1:37:53.183,1:37:57.415
intellectuals and professionals,[br]under violent repression,

1:37:57.487,1:37:59.455
led the way to radicalization.

1:38:03.426,1:38:04.859
The defeat of populism

1:38:04.928,1:38:08.420
caused disenchantment with[br]traditional political formulas

1:38:08.498,1:38:12.491
and launched a new motto:[br]"armed fight."

1:38:16.574,1:38:19.099
From the Caraíbas area[br]to the southern mountains,

1:38:19.176,1:38:22.509
stretched the revolutionary wave of the 60s.

1:38:23.714,1:38:26.274
Tupamaros in Uruguay,[br]Douglas Bravo in Venezuela

1:38:26.350,1:38:30.548
and father Camilo Torres in Colombia[br]started guerrilla activities.

1:38:31.122,1:38:33.852
Rangers trained in the U.S.

1:38:33.924,1:38:37.382
were chasing Ernesto Che Guevara.

1:38:37.461,1:38:39.725
The formidable shadow of Che

1:38:39.797,1:38:44.029
would disappear on October 8, 1967.

1:38:44.101,1:38:47.593
The death of the guerilla commander,[br]that had been announced so many times,

1:38:47.672,1:38:50.334
would soon be acknowledged[br]by FideI Castro in Havana.

1:38:51.475,1:38:53.705
...also a dark photograph.

1:38:55.479,1:38:57.106
This is the picture.

1:39:00.551,1:39:01.848
You can be sure

1:39:02.954,1:39:07.914
that I wish Che had adopted

1:39:08.560,1:39:11.723
at least certain preventive measures.

1:39:12.164,1:39:16.931
He often led the way[br]on exploration units.

1:39:25.177,1:39:28.510
On the other hand, it is also[br]possible that he

1:39:28.580,1:39:33.847
was very conscious[br]of the mission he had chosen

1:39:34.920,1:39:37.150
and of the subjective value of men.

1:39:52.137,1:39:56.268
In the heart of America,[br]in the province of La Higuera, in Bolivia,

1:39:56.676,1:39:59.668
a helicopter brought[br]the tied-up body of Guevara.

1:40:00.279,1:40:03.874
General Hugo Bŕnzer[br]inspected the operation in person.

1:40:04.283,1:40:08.117
He was nervous, as a hunter[br]feeling inferior to his prey.

1:40:10.723,1:40:15.251
Ernesto Che Guevara, the exemplary[br]activist, was dead.

1:40:15.628,1:40:19.086
His image holding a shotgun,[br]with a star on his cap

1:40:19.165,1:40:21.133
would reemerge not only in the 3rd world,

1:40:21.200,1:40:26.763
but also in the '68 rebellions in[br]Paris, Prague, Berlin, Berkeley.

1:41:04.344,1:41:08.371
Édson Luiz, a young man[br]shot to death in Rio de Janeiro,

1:41:08.449,1:41:12.351
would be the first victim of the[br]clash between the police and students.

1:41:19.092,1:41:24.860
<i>Those who remain silent over your body</i>

1:41:25.432,1:41:30.563
<i>Agree to your death</i>

1:41:30.637,1:41:32.333
THE YANKEES HAVE MURDERED[br]A BRAZlLlAN MAN

1:41:32.407,1:41:37.174
<i>By sword and fire</i>

1:41:37.245,1:41:43.878
<i>Deep down in the tear</i>

1:41:44.719,1:41:50.555
<i>Shot in the chest</i>

1:41:51.392,1:41:53.758
<i>OUR PEOPLE ARE BLEEDlNG[br]Those who remain silent die with you</i>

1:41:53.828,1:41:57.161
<i>Those who remain silent die with you</i>

1:41:57.398,1:42:02.597
<i>Deader than you are now</i>

1:42:03.137,1:42:04.399
ARM Y GO HOME

1:42:04.472,1:42:10.411
<i>A watch on the floor of the square</i>

1:42:10.678,1:42:15.308
<i>Ticking, telling the time</i>

1:42:16.751,1:42:21.883
<i>Set by anger</i>

1:42:23.459,1:42:24.756
MURDERS. VENGEANCE

1:42:24.827,1:42:29.161
<i>In the fire, mirroring</i>

1:42:29.832,1:42:34.895
<i>The shine of your hair</i>

1:42:36.105,1:42:42.237
<i>Those who shouted live on with you</i>

1:42:56.358,1:42:59.816
His death prompted great[br]movements of protest on the streets.

1:43:02.197,1:43:05.394
On the other hand, it was decided by[br]the meeting of intellectuals

1:43:05.467,1:43:07.697
that they would attend the march[br]en masse.

1:43:08.203,1:43:12.072
I'll be there and hope[br]you will too.

1:43:12.142,1:43:14.167
- How about you, Tônia?[br]- We will all be there.

1:43:14.244,1:43:18.510
I'll go as a woman, as an actress,[br]as a mother, as a citizen.

1:43:18.582,1:43:21.745
I'll go because I want[br]the pubic opinion

1:43:22.152,1:43:27.613
to known that we have a lot of courage[br]to unmask the myth

1:43:27.691,1:43:30.717
that the students are doing something[br]wrong, that they are troublemakers.

1:43:30.794,1:43:34.457
They are our hope and we[br]have our arms open for them,

1:43:34.531,1:43:36.897
to accept their claims.

1:43:37.334,1:43:40.030
I'm very proud that[br]my kids are taking part in it.

1:43:40.103,1:43:43.163
I'll be on the streets. I have[br]two kids who are university students.

1:43:43.473,1:43:47.409
l'd rather they be on the streets[br]than smoking marijuana.

1:43:47.477,1:43:49.877
Partying and smoking marijuana.

1:44:04.061,1:44:09.795
<i>Let's take a walk on the hidden forest,[br]My love</i>

1:44:11.569,1:44:15.471
<i>Let's take a walk down the avenue</i>

1:44:16.941,1:44:23.176
<i>Let's take a walk through the high path,[br]My love</i>

1:44:24.982,1:44:29.180
<i>There are mountains looming over the asphalt</i>

1:44:35.292,1:44:37.192
The pretext for the toughening up of the regime

1:44:37.261,1:44:41.197
was the speech by opposition[br]congressman Mŕrcio Moreira Alves,

1:44:41.265,1:44:45.133
the government's attempt to sue him[br]and the denial of the Congress,

1:44:45.202,1:44:47.295
to protect its sovereignty.

1:44:48.306,1:44:51.366
<i>President Vargas</i>

1:44:51.843,1:44:55.244
<i>President Vargas</i>

1:44:55.914,1:44:58.940
<i>President Vargas</i>

1:44:59.317,1:45:05.119
<i>Let's go for a walk[br]In the United States of Brazil</i>

1:45:06.858,1:45:10.794
<i>Let's go for a walk in disguise</i>

1:45:12.597,1:45:17.296
In December 1968,[br]again on a Friday 13th,

1:45:17.369,1:45:21.863
the government closed the Congress[br]and enacted Institutional Act No. 5.

1:45:25.343,1:45:29.279
The toughening up of the regime and[br]the repression of civiI organizations

1:45:29.347,1:45:30.974
neutralized the opposition.

1:45:31.550,1:45:36.783
Censorship on newspapers, radio and TV[br]concealed any sign of protest.

1:45:41.294,1:45:44.752
The church, which had supported[br]the forces that removed Jango from power,

1:45:44.831,1:45:49.165
reappeared in the late 60s[br]as the only organized institution

1:45:49.235,1:45:51.760
to defend justice and[br]human rights.

1:45:52.371,1:45:56.273
The murder of father Henrique,[br]a direct assistant to D. Hęlder Câmara,

1:45:56.342,1:45:59.243
marked with blood[br]the new standing of the Church.

1:46:01.047,1:46:05.814
The repression, the ban[br]on people's movements,

1:46:05.885,1:46:08.877
the obstruction of union movements,

1:46:09.756,1:46:12.589
caused the Church to be the[br]last remaining place

1:46:12.658,1:46:15.889
where people's movements[br]can get organized.

1:46:17.063,1:46:20.260
In a way, the Church is[br]the only institution to which

1:46:20.333,1:46:22.358
a retired general could[br]not be appointed

1:46:22.435,1:46:24.494
chairman of the Episcopal Conference

1:46:24.570,1:46:25.969
or Archbishop of Săo Paulo.

1:46:26.940,1:46:30.501
So that brought people to the[br]Church.

1:46:31.411,1:46:33.174
After the initial success,

1:46:33.247,1:46:36.216
marked by kidnappings[br]and bank robberies,

1:46:36.283,1:46:39.844
the urban guerrilla, isolated[br]from the people, began to crumble.

1:46:39.920,1:46:43.981
Former congressman Carlos Marighella,[br]who used to head the Communist Party,

1:46:44.057,1:46:47.549
the founder of the National Action[br]for Liberty, ALN,

1:46:47.628,1:46:51.325
died in Săo Paulo in an ambush[br]put together by police forces.

1:46:52.766,1:46:54.434
ALLENDE'S LAST SPEECH[br]SEPTEMBER 1 1 , 1973

1:46:54.434,1:46:57.403
All I can say to the workers is:[br]I shall not resign.

1:46:58.105,1:47:00.039
Standing at a historical[br]crossroads,

1:47:00.107,1:47:03.008
I shall repay the loyalty of[br]the people with my life.

1:47:03.076,1:47:06.637
In Chile, another alternative[br]was attempted:

1:47:06.713,1:47:09.978
one coalition that brought together[br]communists, socialists,

1:47:10.050,1:47:14.987
liberals and progressive Catholics[br]elected senator Salvador Allende.

1:47:15.055,1:47:20.016
The defeated candidate in the[br]'52, '58 and '64 elections,

1:47:20.094,1:47:23.086
Allende came to power in 1970

1:47:23.164,1:47:25.962
proposing a pacific route[br]towards socialism.

1:47:26.034,1:47:27.934
lMAGES OF ALLENDE'S CAMPAlGN - 1964

1:47:28.002,1:47:29.993
The elation of Allende's administration,

1:47:30.071,1:47:33.404
the attempt to conciliate[br]socialism and liberty,

1:47:33.474,1:47:36.671
ended up in a bloodbath[br]sponsored by the U.S.

1:47:39.080,1:47:41.275
<i>Long live Chile.[br]Long live the people.</i>

1:47:41.716,1:47:43.445
<i>Long live the workers.</i>

1:47:44.152,1:47:47.781
In 1973, the CIA and ITT

1:47:47.856,1:47:51.223
financed the overthrowing[br]and assassination of Allende.

1:47:52.760,1:47:57.288
In 1975 no democracy[br]was left standing in the southern cone.

1:47:57.765,1:48:00.233
But the scenario[br]would get even more somber.

1:48:00.702,1:48:05.402
Police and paramilitary organizations[br]organized Operation Condor,

1:48:05.474,1:48:09.308
with the purpose of preventing all political[br]and oppositional actions in the continent.

1:48:10.179,1:48:13.808
In Washington, a bomb brought[br]to an end the life of Orlando Letelier,

1:48:13.883,1:48:15.282
a former minister[br]of the Allende administration.

1:48:15.784,1:48:19.618
In Buenos Aires, senator Michelini[br]of Uruguay was kidnapped and killed.

1:48:20.222,1:48:23.714
General Juan Josę Torres,[br]the president of Bolivia,

1:48:23.792,1:48:27.888
and general Carlos Prates,[br]former commander-in-chief of the Chilean army,

1:48:28.464,1:48:31.194
were killed in bombings.

1:48:32.201,1:48:35.534
President Joăo Goulart[br]knew that his name was

1:48:35.604,1:48:37.504
on that list of doomed presidents.

1:48:38.540,1:48:40.872
His greatest dream,[br]his greatest wish

1:48:40.943,1:48:42.205
was to go back to Brazil.

1:48:42.278,1:48:45.042
I believe deep down he couldn't[br]stand that instability any longer,

1:48:45.114,1:48:48.447
To go from country[br]to country in Latin America,

1:48:48.517,1:48:52.112
and later even thinking[br]about moving to Europe...

1:48:52.187,1:48:55.089
Because his wish,[br]his hope

1:48:55.158,1:48:57.285
was to be able to go back to Brazil.

1:48:58.128,1:49:03.259
His dreams were halted[br]on December 6, 1976.

1:49:03.833,1:49:06.324
At his farm in Mercedes, Argentina,

1:49:06.403,1:49:09.964
where he lived with Maria Tereza,[br]Jango died of a heart attack.

1:49:13.343,1:49:14.901
SĂO VICENTE RANCH

1:49:15.011,1:49:19.243
Journalist Carlos Castello Branco[br]described his death:

1:49:20.917,1:49:24.819
President Joăo Goulart,[br]unable to return to Brazil,

1:49:24.888,1:49:29.382
compelled to leave Argentina[br]and advised not to stay in Uruguay,

1:49:29.459,1:49:31.324
died like a lost cowboy,

1:49:31.394,1:49:33.589
looking for a way[br]back home.

1:49:42.539,1:49:45.407
His desire to go home[br]was very strong.

1:49:45.843,1:49:48.812
In the split second that[br]separates life from death,

1:49:49.213,1:49:52.239
the images of his youth in[br]Săo Borja were relived,

1:49:52.316,1:49:56.013
his inauguration in Brasília, the images[br]of March 13th in the Central Station,

1:49:56.320,1:49:58.015
of Vargas' funeral.

1:49:58.656,1:50:00.146
The kind gestures from the people

1:50:00.224,1:50:03.318
and his role in the fight[br]for a better society,

1:50:03.394,1:50:07.455
which caused him to be the[br]only Brazilian president to die in exile.

1:50:07.531,1:50:09.089
WELCOME TO BRAZlL.

1:50:16.440,1:50:18.101
On December 7,

1:50:18.175,1:50:21.770
the body of Joăo Goulart crossed[br]the border back to Brazil

1:50:21.846,1:50:23.871
to be buried in Săo Borja.

1:50:24.648,1:50:28.550
12 years had elapsed[br]since he left for the exile.

1:50:29.587,1:50:32.852
The family, friends,[br]former assistants

1:50:33.225,1:50:36.319
spread over the casket of the former[br]president of the republic

1:50:36.395,1:50:37.657
the flag of amnesty.

1:50:38.597,1:50:41.327
Silence was the official version[br]of the government.

1:50:46.371,1:50:48.339
JANGO WILL REMAIN WlTH US

1:51:16.535,1:51:18.162
CENTRAL CEMETERY

1:51:53.940,1:51:58.900
THE EVENTS OF THAT DAY[br]ARE STlLL CLEAR lN M Y MEMORY:

1:51:58.978,1:52:02.937
IN A DARK BEDROOM,

1:52:03.015,1:52:07.975
TRYlNG TO ESCAPE THE WORLD[br]THAT REACHED ME THROUGH THE RADlO,

1:52:08.054,1:52:13.015
I WAS LITTLE MORE THAN A BOY,[br]CRYING TO DEATH

1:52:13.127,1:52:17.086
OVER PRESlDENT JANGO'S[br]JOURNE Y-ESCAPE.

1:52:19.433,1:52:25.394
THE YEARS WENT B Y, MATURlTY CAME, AND[br]A DAlLY DOSE OF lNJUSTlCE AND HATRED,

1:52:25.472,1:52:31.433
OPPRESSlON, LlES AND FEAR,[br]HAVE MADE ME NOW, AS AN ADULT,

1:52:31.512,1:52:37.473
ON BEHALF OF THE TRUTH AND HlSTORY,[br]REAFFlRM THE BO Y:

1:52:37.551,1:52:43.512
THE TEARS THAT WERE SHED lN 64[br]ARE STlLL FAlR. - FERNANDO BRANT